Confucius Temple is a ritual temple dedicated to Confucius. In the second year after Confucius' death (478 BC), Lu Aigong changed the main hall where Confucius lived to Shoutang, with three rooms displaying Confucius' "clothes, crowns, Qin, cars, books" and "temple sacrifices", that is, sacrifices were made on time every year. Although Confucius was a famous academic master at that time, Confucianism was only a school, and Confucius' position was not high, so the original Confucius Temple was just the former residence of Confucius. After the Han Dynasty, the status of Confucius and Confucianism gradually improved. It has a history of more than 2700 years. From 220 AD to before liberation, Confucius Temple was rebuilt and expanded more than 70 times. After more than 2000 years of renovation and expansion, the Confucius Temple in Qufu has formed a large-scale ancient architectural complex. Covering an area of about 1.4 million square meters, there are 466 halls, 54 doors and 1.7 pavilions. Its scale and the Forbidden City, chengde mountain resort and known as the three ancient buildings in China.
The overall layout of Confucius Temple has developed from the former residence of Confucius for a long time, with a history of more than 2,400 years. The architectural effect pursued by the development of Confucius Temple is achieved by setting off the great achievements of Confucius and the profoundness of Confucianism through the environment created by the whole building complex. Therefore, the artistic expression of Confucius Temple architecture is firstly the integrity of its overall layout and architectural sequence; Secondly, the treatment of its single building and the layout of its courtyards, halls, halls, buildings, doors and pavilions fully show its important role; Third, the subtlety of individual architecture fully embodies the unparalleled architectural artistic achievements of ancient architects in China in design and construction. From the overall architecture, Confucius Temple adopts the ancient traditional palace-style architectural form. But it has been rebuilt and expanded many times in history. Whenever it is rebuilt and expanded, it will inevitably be limited by the shape and scale of the previous generation of Confucius Temple buildings. However, the Confucius Temple complex finally succeeded in using the previous generation's heritage, which not only reflected the continuation of historical heritage, but also maintained its overall integrity. This unique architectural form is contributed by many factors. First of all, the Confucius Temple is an extension of Confucius' former residence, which preserves many historical sites about Confucius, such as the old house well, the poetry auditorium, Ruby, the Golden Temple, and the apricot altar built to commemorate Confucius' lectures. Secondly, the king's ancestral temple factors, such as the door halberd system, the sleeping system in front of the house and behind the house, etc. Third, the court factors, such as the five-door system of the emperor, the watchtower system of the city, and the east-west door system. The fourth is the clan's family temple factors, such as opening temples, worshipping temples and family temples. The fifth is the factor of sacrifice. In addition to Confucius, Si Pei and the Twelve Philosophers, there are more than 200 people who sacrifice in the Confucius Temple, including sages, Confucians and ancestors. In order to accommodate a large number of worshippers, it is necessary to set up a porch, thus forming a porch courtyard. In addition to the above factors, it also highlights Confucius' status as a saint and the sanctity of Confucius' Taoism, such as Chi Pan, Bishui, Paifang, etc., and uses the bookstore to symbolize Confucius' great academic achievements. Confucius Temple successfully used the expression technique of combining traditional courtyard combination with environmental contrast, and achieved the purpose of exaggerating Confucius' outstanding contribution in academic and education and his lofty position in ancient society. It is a unique architectural form among the ancient buildings in China.
Please follow the plan and we will visit one by one.
Wan Ren Palace Wall, formerly known as Yangshengmen, is the south gate of Qufu City in Ming Dynasty. In the seventh year of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 15 12), the Confucius Temple was destroyed by the peasant rebels led by Liu Liu and Liu Qi. Emperor Zhengde ordered the construction of Chengwei Temple, so the wall of Qufu in Ming Dynasty was built around Confucius Temple and Confucius House, and it was completed in the first year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1522). Set the south gate opposite the south gate of Confucius Temple. Because the South Gate was built for the Confucius Temple, we should regard the South Gate and the Confucius Temple as a whole. In order to show respect and praise for Confucius, Hu, a scholar in the Ming Dynasty, wrote a stone forehead on the door of the palace wall, which means Zigong language in The Analects of Confucius. Wu Shu, the uncle of Dr. Lu, once said to the doctors, "Zi Gong is more knowledgeable than Confucius." Hearing this, Zi Gong said to his uncle Sun Wu Shu, "Man's knowledge is like a palace wall. My wall is not shoulder-high, so it is easy for others to see how many things are in it. My teacher's wall is several meters high (one Mi Yue is eight feet), so others can't see what's inside. Only when you find the door and walk in can you see the grandeur inside. Zong thought that several palace walls were still not enough to express his praise for Confucius, so he changed it to "Wan Ren Palace Wall". In the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Qianlong came to Qufu. In order to show his admiration for Confucius, he changed the stone forehead written by Hu Maozong, wrote the same four words in his own hand and stood on the city gate. Now see the "Wan Ren Palace Wall" stone forehead, which is the imperial inscription of Emperor Qianlong.
Jin Shengyu Zhen Fang was built in the 17th year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1538). The word "Jinshengyu Town" was written by Hu Yongzong, a scholar in Ming Dynasty. There are shallow carved Yunlong playing beads on the square, and a round carving is placed at the top of each column, commonly known as "Xiao Tian". There is a single-hole stone bridge behind the house, and there is a dragon on the bridge, which is called "Dragon Bridge". This bridge was built in the 16th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (AD 1677).
The word "Jin Sheng Yu Zhen" comes from Mencius? Under Zhang Wan, Mencius said, "Confucius is a masterpiece. There is a great success, Jin Shengyu Zhen. The golden scorpion also has a beginning organization, and the jade scorpion also has an end organization. " Confucius is a combination of sages and sages, and he will always be one. The original meaning of "Golden Sound" refers to the sound made by Zhong, an ancient musical instrument in China, and the original meaning of "Jin Sheng" refers to the sound made by Qing, an ancient musical instrument in China. In ancient times, playing music began with striking "Zhong" and ended with striking "Qing". The original intention of Jin Shengyu Zheng is a perfect piece of music. Mencius compared Confucius' thought to a perfect piece of music. Borrowing Mencius' meaning here means that Confucius' thought is perfect, integrating the achievements of ancient sages and sages, and reaching the ultimate significance.
Lingxingmen was built in the 13th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 15). At first, it was a wooden structure. In the 19th year of Qing Qianlong (A.D. 1754), when the Duke of Feast Kong Zhao Huan rebuilt the Confucius Temple, he replaced it with a stone pillar and an iron beam. At the top of the four stone pillars are four heavenly generals, and on the flat beam in the middle is a flame orb, which symbolizes that this door is guarded by heavenly generals and becomes a towering Tianmen.
Xing, that is, Xing, was first seen in historical materials. Emperor Gaozu ordered a sacrifice to Ling Xing. The ancients thought that Ling Xing was the "celebration master" and was in charge of the official star. In the sixth year of Tiansheng (AD 1028), the door was built on the outer wall of the suburban platform, that is, the door was built on the outer wall of the rooftop, which looked like a window lattice, hence the name "Guo". The Confucius Temple has a star gate, which means worshipping Confucius like heaven. This was recorded in Ding Jing Health Records and Jinling New Records in the Song Dynasty. In addition, there is an inscription in the Confucius Temple: "Set up a spirit to promote the door and recruit people from all over the world". Wherever there is a Lingxing door, its door leaves must be lattice structure, so it means dredging. Confucius Temple attracts scholars from all over the world to study here with this concept.
On the east and west sides of Lingxingmen, there is a dismount tablet engraved with the words "Officials are waiting to dismount here". In feudal society, all officials who came to Qufu to worship Confucius, regardless of their positions, had to get off the sedan chair and military attache before coming to the Confucius Temple to show their respect for Confucius. This monument was erected in the second year of Chang (A.D. 1 19 1), and there is only one in the east.
Taihe Yuan Qi Square was built in the 23rd year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1544), all of which are stone structures. The word "Taihe Yuan Qi" was written by Shandong Governor at that time.
"Taihe" refers to the qi of heaven and earth, the qi of the sun and the moon, and the qi of yin and yang. The original meaning of "primitive energy" is the primitive substance that forms the world. Later, some materialists called the five elements of "gold, wood, water, fire and earth" "vitality", and everything in the world is made up of five elements. The "vitality" here is the qi of heaven and earth, sun and moon, yin and yang, and it is the foundation of the growth of all things. "Taihe Yuan Qi" means that Confucius thought embodies the essence and noblest side of the whole human thought, which can make human thought reach a supreme position like the birth of everything in the world.
Behind Taihe Yuan Qi Square is Taishangdian Square, formerly known as Xuanshengdian Square. Its construction date has not been found yet. Xuansheng Temple Square was already on the temple map in the 16th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (AD 1503). In the seventh year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1729), it was changed to Xuansheng Temple as the Supreme Hall. This workshop is made of white marble and jade. "Supreme" means supreme.
Taihe Yuan Qi Square is located in the first courtyard of Confucius Temple. There is a wooden workshop in the east and a wooden workshop in the west. This second square was built in the 13th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 15) and rebuilt in the 7th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1729). It has three rooms and four pillars, with an arch and six arches at the top. There are eight stone monsters under the square, four in the middle are "Tianlu" and four on both sides are "evil spirits".
"the virtue of heaven and earth, the way of ancient and modern times" means that Confucius' contribution to mankind is as great as heaven and earth, and Confucius' thought is unparalleled, and it is supreme regardless of ancient and modern times or the future.
Originally the main entrance of Confucius Temple, Shengshimen was built in the 13th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 15), expanded in the 12th year of Hongzhi (A.D. 1499), and was named "Shengshimen" in the 8th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1730). This gate is built on a high platform, and there are embossed Yunlong play beads and stones on the front and back imperial roads, which were carved in the Ming Dynasty. "The Holy Stone Gate" was written by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty.
The word "holy time" comes from Mencius? Under Zhang Wan, Mencius compared the four ancient sages in China and pointed out: "Bo Yi, the sage is pure; Yi Yin, a saint; Liu Xiahui, holy and also; Confucius is also a saint. " It is considered that Boyi is a holy and pure person who opposes the destruction of King Wu and dies without eating Zhou Su. Yi Yin helped Don destroy it. After Tang died, he assisted Waic. After Zhong Ren's death, Tang Jia acceded to the throne. Because Tai Jia destroyed the soup method, he was exiled by Yi Yin. Three years later, Tai Jia repented and was reinstated by Yi Yin. Mencius called Yi Yin a saint. Liu Xiahui was a doctor in Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was demoted three times and remained in office. Asked why he didn't leave, he replied, "Why don't you just serve others?" Why do you go to your parents' country when you are working for others? "Later, when Qi attacked Lu, he sent people to Qi to persuade Lu to withdraw. Without a single soldier, he quit Qi, so Mencius said he was a saint. By comparison, Mencius thinks that Confucius is a saint who will always be a saint and is the most suitable saint for the times. No matter which period or dynasty, Confucius' thought should become orthodox.
When I entered the holy stone gate, it suddenly opened. In the huge square courtyard, ancient trees are towering, green grass is flourishing, and there is a waist door symmetrical from east to west. Three arch bridges across the water set off the red gate, and stone bonsai adorned it, which made people relaxed and happy and suddenly entered the realm of "God". Those who worship saints climb high, and those who visit see first. Associated with this situation, the waist door in the east reads "Look" and the waist door in the west reads "Lift up". "A quick glance" means a quick glance, while "Levin" comes from The Analects of Confucius? Zi Han. "The height of Yang is the height of drilling" means that Confucius' Tao is unfathomable. Looking up, the higher you look, the higher you will learn Confucius' thoughts and theories. As soon as I entered the door, I felt that learning was endless. This gate was built in the 12th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (AD 1499). In the past, only emperors were allowed to worship at the main entrance, and ordinary people could only enter the temple through Yanggao Gate.
There is a water crossing in front, and the three bridges span vertically. There is a stone fence around the water, which is named "clear water" because the water is "like a wall". There is golden water in front of Tiananmen Square in Beijing. The word "clear water" here means that the Confucius Temple is equivalent to the palace, hence the name "clear water bridge". It was built in the 13th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 15). In the 12th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (AD 1499), a stone fence was added. This river has a bottom. It turns out that this river is a small wall. In the 16th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (AD 1677), the small wall was changed into a stone railing.
Hongdaomen was built in the tenth year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 1377). It turned out that there were three doors, which were the main entrance of the Confucius Temple at that time. During the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty, when the Confucius Temple was rebuilt, it was converted into five. In the eighth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1730), Yong Zhengdi was appointed as "Hongdaomen", and the word "Hongdao" was inscribed by Emperor Qianlong and erected on the threshold.
There are two stone tablets under Hongdaomen, and the east tablet is the Qufu County Records carved in the Yuan Dynasty, which records the historical evolution of Qufu before the Yuan Dynasty and has high historical value. Xibei is the "epitaph of Mr. Wang" in Yuan Dynasty, which has high calligraphy value. The second monument was originally located in the old county town village in the east of Qufu City, and moved to the Confucius Temple in 1964.
Dazhongmen is the main entrance of Confucius Temple in Song Dynasty. It was built in Song Dynasty and rebuilt in the 12th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1499). The three-character tablet "Dazhongmen" was written by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty.
There is a blue tile turret on both sides of the Dazhong Gate, each with three rooms, which is square platform. The rectangular outline formed by these two turrets and the east and west turrets behind Confucius Temple is the outline of Confucius Temple in Yuan Dynasty. The main buildings of Confucius Temple are all within this outline. The turret was built between the Yuan Dynasty and Shun Dynasty (A.D. 133 1). The watchtower of Confucius Temple is modeled after the watchtower of the Forbidden City, which is intended to make Confucius Temple as grand as a palace.
Wentongmen was built in the Song Dynasty, originally three, and expanded to five during Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty. During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, it was called "the same door", and in the seventh year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1729), it was changed to the same door. This door is unique, with no walls on the left and right. In the past, traditional palace-style buildings in China often used a small building as a barrier in front of the main building to show solemnity, and Wentong Gate served as the barrier of Kuiwen Pavilion. The word "Tongwenmen" was written by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty.
Kuiwen Pavilion, formerly known as the Library Building, was built in the Song Dynasty and has five double eaves. In the sixth year of Jin Mingchang (A.D. 1 195), it was changed to Sanyan and named Kuiwenge. In the seventeenth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1504), it was changed to seven rooms, and the Emperor Gaozong Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty inscribed pavilions and plaques.
Kuiwen Pavilion is 30. 1 m wide from east to west, 23.35 m deep from north to south 17.62 m high. It has three cornices, four arches and eight octagonal pillars under the eaves. Its internal structure is a two-story laminated wooden frame with a dark floor in the middle. Imperial scriptures are stored in the upper room, printing plates are stored in the underground building, and imperial incense silks are stored in the lower room.
"Kui", the name of the star. One of the 28 residences. Legend has it that it is the head of the West White Tiger, with a total of 16 stars, which is "hooked, like a word map". The Book of Filial Piety talks about "Zhu Kui's Articles", and later generations further described Kuixing as "the head of civil servants". Therefore, Jin Zhangzong named the original library "Kuiwen Pavilion" to praise Confucius as a public servant in the world.
Since the expansion of Kuiwen Pavilion in the 17th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (AD 1504), it has experienced hundreds of ups and downs and hundreds of earthquakes. In Xibeiting, there is a tablet which records a great earthquake in Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. "There are nine in the world and one survives." In other words, 90% of the houses collapsed, and Kuiwenge was safe and sound. In the early 1980s, due to the long history and disrepair, some wood of Kuiwen Pavilion decayed and the roof of the Pavilion was twisted, so National Cultural Heritage Administration presided over and organized ancient architecture experts to jointly draw up a restoration plan, and allocated/kloc-0.2 million yuan to repair Kuiwen Pavilion one year ahead of the original construction period. The restored Kuiwen Pavilion has completely maintained its original specifications and style.
There is a stone tablet in the east and west of Kuiwenge Gallery, and in the east is Kuiwenge Fu, written by Li Dongyang, a famous poet in Ming Dynasty, and by Qiao Zong, a famous calligrapher. In the west, there is a book on the Reset of Kuiwenge Pavilion. It is recorded that in the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty (AD 15 1 1), Liu Liu and Liu Qi led a peasant uprising army to capture Qufu and occupy the Confucius Temple. After the book in Kuiwenge Pavilion was "burned out", it became the emperor. In the Qing Dynasty, the collection of books in Kuiwen Pavilion increased, and it was moved to Confucius House for preservation in the late Qing Dynasty.
In Kuiwen Pavilion, there is now a display of Confucius' sacred objects. There are three sets of Confucius' sacred pictures, one is the painting of Ming Dynasty sacred pictures, the other is the carved wooden board of Ming Dynasty sacred pictures, and the third is the stone carving of Ming Dynasty sacred pictures in Wanli period. What is on display here is a printed sacred figure of the Ming Dynasty board. A complete set of 120 pictures of the holy land depicts the main activities of Confucius.
Outside Kuiwen Pavilion is the Ming Tombs Pavilion, which contains 13 inscriptions and preserves 57 inscriptions, which were built in Tang, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China. The two monuments in the middle of Nanpai were built from the Yuan Dynasty to the 5th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1268) and the 6th year of Yuan Dade (A.D. 1302). The last two buildings were built in the sixth year of Ming Chang in the Jin Dynasty (A.D. 1 195), and the rest were buildings in the Qing Dynasty. According to the architectural development of Confucius Temple, the stele pavilion in Qing Dynasty should be built in front of the gate. In order to show himself, the Qing emperor crowded the stone tablet in front of the pavilion, so there was a crowded phenomenon of double eaves interspersed in this courtyard. Therefore, some people say that this kind of building structure is uneven, with two corners touching and huge eaves intersecting, which is called "intrigue" in ancient architecture, and there is "intrigue" in Epang Palace Fu, but it is impossible to know what its architectural structure looks like.
The contents of the inscriptions on the Thirteen Monuments Pavilion are all records of the emperors and ministers building temples, offering sacrifices to temples and telling these things. From the perspective of calligraphy, there are different seal characters and seats in real cursive scripts, including Mongolian, Manchu and Chinese inscriptions. Through the stone pavilions of the Ming Tombs, we can see the development and changes of architectural technology in past dynasties.
Among the 1372 inscriptions in the Confucius Temple, the heaviest one is the Kangxi Imperial Monument (located to the east of Dachengmen) built in the 25th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi. The monument weighs 35 tons and the water tray weighs 65 tons. The stones of this monument were collected from the western hills of Beijing. At that time, the monument was carved from Beijing and then transported from Tongzhou to Jining along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. It took more than two months. Then it was transported from Jining to Qufu, and from Jining to Qufu, 90 miles, 600 migrant workers and 443 cows were requisitioned. In the cold winter, the ground is splashed with water and frozen, and the monument slides on the ice. According to the literature, it costs more than 600 taels of money to travel 90 miles a day and transport for 15 days and nights.
Dachengmen was called Yimen in the early Song Dynasty. In the third year of Song Chongning (AD 1 104), Dacheng Hall was named Dachengmen. The original Sanmen was rebuilt after two fires in the twelfth year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty and the second year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty. This door is a yellow tile painted arch with four stone pillars in the front and back, four deep carved Yunlong flat columns in the middle of the front and back, and the other four shallow carved patterns. There are embossed dragons on the front and back steps, all carved in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. There are five gates, which divide the Confucius Temple into three roads, with the holy gate in the east and the courtyard as a place to worship the last five generations of ancestors of Confucius. On the west is the gate of enlightenment, which enshrines Confucius' parents. There are three doors in the middle of the road, each with a door in the east and a door in the west. The middle road is a place for offering sacrifices to Confucius and his wife and the sages and Confucian scholars of past dynasties.
On the east side of the gate, there is a stone fence with a juniper tree, which is said to have been planted by Confucius himself.
The earliest record of this kind of tree can be found in Ji Jian, Feng Shiwen in the Tang Dynasty: "In the west and south of Wenxuan King Temple in Qufu, Yanzhou, there are cypress trees with pine leaves, each five or six feet high and already withered. According to legend, it was planted by the master, and its tree died in Yongjia for three years. " He planted three cypress trees by hand and died in Yongjia, Emperor Huaidi of Jin Dynasty (AD 309). In the 13th year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (6 17), it came back to life, and in the 2nd year of Emperor Taizong (667), it died. Song Kangding was reborn in the first year (A.D. 1040), and Jin Zhenyou was destroyed by fire in the second year (A.D. 12 14). At this point, it is said that the cypress planted by Confucius became extinct. In the 31st year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1294), Castanopsis eyrei seedlings from Dong 'an site were transplanted here by Professor Zhang, a school of thought, and were the fourth generation of hand-planted Castanopsis eyrei. In the twelfth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1499), the Confucius Temple caught fire and the trees were burned to death, leaving only the trees. In the second year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (AD 1724), a fire broke out again, and the tree was burned down, leaving only a stump about half a meter high. Stump has been preserved until before the Cultural Revolution, which was sawed off in the early stage, and the roots of the fourth generation of trees are still preserved in the stone fence. The juniper tree, which is quite towering now, is a regenerated juniper tree revived in the tenth year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1732). Therefore, if it is planted by Confucius, it happens to be the fifth generation tree. The hand-planted cypress tree is tall and strong, surrounded by two people, with branches and crowns like umbrellas, a copper-like tree body, 15 or 16 meters high and its head facing south. I don't know why, the shape of the hand-planted cypress revived in the Qing Dynasty is almost the same as that of the original hand-planted cypress on the stone carvings in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. Some people think it has something to do with geographical location. I wonder if I can explain it clearly. On second thought, it seems reasonable.
Our ancestors always attached great importance to planting trees. "This tree will flourish in the future, and Confucius will flourish in the future", which is linked with the fate of Confucius' descendants. In the Song Dynasty, Mi Yuanzhang (Mi Fei) linked the cultivation of Li Gou with the fate of feudal rulers, and there was a poem to prove it: "The horned dragon monster is quite masculine. It has been fighting against the stone for two thousand years and has rectified the chaos as before."
There is a monument in the east of the tree, "Li Hou planted by a master", which was established in the 28th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1600). This was written by Yang Guangxun in the Ming Dynasty.
Before the Song Dynasty, there were no apricot altars in Confucius Temple. The present Xingtan is the main hall of Confucius Temple before the Song Dynasty. In the second year of Song Tianxi (A.D. 10 18), Daofu Kong, the 45th grandson of Confucius, supervised the renovation of the Confucius Temple, expanded the main hall and moved its position backward. To commemorate Confucius' lecture, an earthen platform named "Xingtan" was built in the original main hall. The Jin Dynasty built a pavilion on the altar, which was rebuilt in the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1267) and in the third year of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1569).
Xingtan is a place to commemorate Confucius' lectures, which was first recorded in Zhuangzi? "Fisherman's Chapter" "Confucius swims in the forest, sits on the apricot altar, and his disciples read books, drilling bullets and playing drums". As for the original apricot altar, or where there is an apricot altar, there is no textual research. Generally speaking, the records in Zhuangzi are credible, but the second part of Zhuangzi is generally considered to be forged, and The Fisherman's Chapter is from the second part of Zhuangzi. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish the authenticity of the original records of Xingtan, and it is still impossible to verify them.
There are two stone tablets in the Xingtan. On the west of the back, the word "Xingtan" was written by the literati party in the third year of Jin Cheng 'an (A.D. 1 198). It was set up in the pavilion by the fifty-first generation of Confucius, and on the south, it was written by Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, which read: "How long is it worth starting over?"
The architectural structure of Xingtan is quite unique. This kind of structure is also rare in China. It is surrounded by mountains, cross ridges, huge horns and double eaves, yellow tiles, carved beams and painted buildings, exquisite and gorgeous, and has unique architectural characteristics from all angles. There is a square stone fence around the pavilion, and there is a water ripple stone incense burner in front of the pavilion, which is a relic of the Jin Dynasty.
Dacheng Hall is the main building of Confucius Temple and the central place for offering sacrifices to Confucius. In the third year of Song Chongning (A.D. 1 104), according to the meaning of "Confucius is a master" in Mencius, the imperial palace was declared as "Dacheng". Praise the unprecedented perfection of Confucius' thought, which embodies the achievements of ancient sages and sages.
Dacheng Hall was built in the second year of Song Tianxi (A.D. 10 18). The Dacheng Hall we see now was rebuilt after the fire in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty. Dacheng Hall is nine rooms wide and five rooms deep. Daxiong Hall is 24.8 meters high, 45.69 meters wide and 24.85 meters deep, with double eaves and nine ridges, yellow tiles flying, staggered arches and carved beams and painted buildings. There are cloisters all around, and the roof at the top is one person high. There are ten large stone pillars under the front eaves, which are 5.98 meters high and 0.8 1 meter in diameter by carving and water milling. Each pillar has two dragons standing opposite each other, winding up, carved with pearls in the middle, surrounded by clouds and decorated with lotus stone seats. From bottom to top, they are all deeply carved, with flying clouds and different expressions. Looking from a distance, the dragons in Xiangyun hover and fly, which makes people feel very surprised. The 18 stone pillars under and behind the cloisters on both sides of Dacheng Hall are eight-sided and eight-sided columns, with shallow carved dragons playing with pearls on them, and 72 dragons playing with pearls on each side.
Your Highness has a double-deck pedestal. In front of the pedestal, there is a large terrace more than two meters high, which is about 45 meters wide from east to west and 35 meters long from north to south. There are two large relief dragons in the south, surrounded by a double stone fence, and there are 24 stone beheadings on the east, west and south sides under the stone fence. The double-layer stone fence is neat and simple in design, with multiple channels and four links. The big terrace is a place where dances and music are played when offering sacrifices to Confucius. The whole Dacheng Hall is magnificent, with neat structure, grand scale, sudden volley, covered with gold foil and flying in groups, which has obvious oriental architectural characteristics. It is called the Three Oriental Halls together with the Hall of Supreme Harmony in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Hall of Song Tianqi in Dai Temple in Tai 'an.
There are 9 large shrines in the Hall of Ursa Major, with 17 statues. In the middle is Confucius, sitting 3.35 meters high, wearing twelve crowns and twelve costumes, holding the truth in his hand. It has been controversial in history that Confucius was honored as the queen of literary selections. In the seventeenth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 739), Confucius was posthumously named "King of Wenxuan", but this "king" is not exact because there are princes. Some people think it belongs to the king, others think it belongs to the prince. In the second year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (A.D. 1009), nine clans were sealed, with nine chapters, from metric to metric. Therefore, it seems that the "king" of the "king of literary selections" before the Song Dynasty should belong to the "king" of the marquis, and later with the further rise of Confucius' status, it was confirmed as the "king" of the king. Therefore, the clothes worn by Confucius are the twelve chapters of the Western Zhou Dynasty imperial service (emperor system).
Among the shrines on both sides of Confucius, there are four pairs, namely Fu Hui and Shu Ji in the east and Zong Shen and Ya Sheng in the west. The statue of Sipei is 2.6 meters high, wearing nine official uniforms and holding a bow in his hand, just like ancient times. Then there is the statue of "Twelve Philosophers".
In addition to the statue of 17, there is also a giant plaque of 10 square in Dacheng Hall (partially not repaired), in the middle of which is the calligraphy of Emperor Kangxi, and the "tenderness is here" of Emperor Guangxu, with Xianfeng and Daoguang on both sides and the "pillar of time" of Emperor Qianlong on the south. , and the door in the middle of the "life without noble" is Yong Zhengdi.
Behind Dacheng Hall is the Bedroom Hall. The sleeping hall is a place for offering sacrifices to Mrs. Confucius. Mrs. Confucius, a Song native in the late Spring and Autumn Period, married Confucius at the age of 19 and died seven years before Confucius. There are few records about Guan Qi's family in ancient books. In the first year of Xiangfu in Song Dynasty (A.D. 1008), Zhenzong posthumously named Confucius as "Mrs. Yunguo", in the third year of Yuan to Shun (A.D. 1332), she was named "Mrs. Dacheng Zhi", and in the eighth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1332), she was officially appointed at the beginning of Lu Aigong Temple. There were special shrines for sleeping halls in the Tang Dynasty. In the early days, there was a statue of official Qi, which was later changed to a portrait. When it was rebuilt after the fire in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, it was changed to a wooden memorial tablet, with the words "Mrs. Supreme Lord" written on it, covered with a woodcut shrine and a table in front of it.
On both sides of Dacheng Hall are east and west. Founded in the Tang Dynasty, there are more than 20 rooms, which were expanded to 100 rooms during Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty, including the corner gates at both ends. In the 12th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty and the 2nd year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, it was destroyed by thunder and fire twice, and now it is a building in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty. There are 88 rooms with corridors and doors, 100 rooms, each with a total length of163m. The two rooms are places where sages and Confucian scholars are worshipped.
To the north and west, the Jade Rainbow Pagoda is now on display. The calligraphy of Yuhonglou was carved by Kong Yuji, the sixty-eighth grandson of Confucius and the fifth son of the feast duke Kong Chuanduo. Kong Jiyun (A.D. 1727- A.D. 1794), with a solid font, is an alphabetic husband with the name of Gu Yuan and the name of Xue Gu. In the thirty-third year of Qing Qianlong (AD 1768), Juren was a candidate for painting and calligraphy in China, and was the son-in-law of Zhang Zhao, a famous calligrapher in the criminal history at that time. Studied under Zhang Zhao, he devoted his life to the study of calligraphy art, and was as famous as Liang at that time, and was also called "Southern Liang North Hole". Yuhonglou is the number of his study, so the calligraphy post he carved is called "Yuhonglou calligraphy post". There are 584 stone carvings in Yuhonglou, printed and mounted as 10 1 book, so it is also called "10/post". The whole Yuhong Loushu calligraphy post is carved by Kong. It is a precious calligraphy treasure in China and has high appreciation and research value.
The last temple of Confucius Temple is Shengji Temple. Monument Hall, with simple modeling, was built in the 20th year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty (AD 1592) and was presided over by Inspector General He Guang. He collected portraits and documents about Confucius and gave them to Cao Zhang, a painter in Wu Jun County, for supplementary painting and carving them into stone carvings. This is the earliest complete stone carving comic book in China-The Picture of the Sacred Objects. The sacred temple is specially used to store sacred maps. Each sacred object is 38 cm high and 60 cm wide, with a total of 120, which depicts the main activities of Confucius in his life.
So the front door is the original site of Confucius' former residence. Although humble, it is the oldest place in the Confucius Temple. The original Confucius Temple is here. There is a royal pavilion inside, which is said to be the seat of the temple where Confucius lived before his death.
Confucius lived in Queli, so the street opposite his house is Queli Street, and Que refers to Stone Que. In the Han Dynasty, there were two stone que buildings in the south of this street, which moved into the Confucius Temple when it was expanded in the Yuan Dynasty. "Li" refers to a village or street, which is named after the stone que.
After the Confucius Temple Poetry Auditorium in Qufu, Shandong Province, the east of the well. When Qin Shihuang burned books, Confucius' grandson, the ninth generation Confucius, hid Confucian classics such as The Analects of Confucius, Shangshu, Book of Rites, Chunqiu and Xiaojing in the wall of Confucius' former residence. In the Ming Dynasty, in order to commemorate Confucius' achievements in preserving Confucian classics, Lubi Monument was engraved.