The cause of war

In May of the fourth year of Taiping and Xingguo (AD 979), Liu Jiyuan of the Northern Han Dynasty had fallen, and Song Taizong returned to Zhou Zhen to transfer troops to the north, hoping to recover Jiyuan with a newly won division. However, the three armed forces have not yet been rewarded in Taiyuan, and no one dares to say whether the soldiers of various armed forces will be unwilling. Only Hou Yu in front of the temple is in favor of the Northern Expedition. "Take a ride, there is potential; Don't lose, sometimes. This broken bamboo is easy to take advantage of. " Hearing this, Zhao Guangyi got what he wanted, so he was very happy. He immediately ordered Cao Bin of the Tang Dynasty to dispatch troops from all over the country. At that time, most generals in Song Jun were much calmer than Zhao Guangyi, and their troops were so crowded that they could not store enough food. However, Zhao Guangyi sent a letter to the commissary of JD.COM and Hebei, and shipped it to the north of the city for supply within a time limit. Did the Sixth Army, the Attaché, arrive at the designated place on time? Zhao Guangyi was furious and tried to deal with it according to military law, but was resisted by liegeman. At that time, the defense of Liao had actually been deployed. In March, when Qiu Han, Yelv Shanbu and Yelv Sha rescued the Northern Han Dynasty, they ordered Yelv Sidi (also translated as "Hida") and King Saha (Ish) of Room B, etc. To lead troops to defend the land of Yan indicates that they have considered the possible attack of Song Jun. Liao country often stationed Han soldiers in Youzhou, including, Guan Yu, Xiao Wu and other troops, about 18 thousand riding. And its subordinate generals, Khitan, Jiunv, Xi, Nanbeipi. , responsible for 1950 cultural relics. If the Khitans invaded the south on a large scale, they generally mobilized soldiers from Tokyo (Liaoyang Prefecture) and Zhongjing (Dading Prefecture), with more than 200,000 troops. On June 13, Zhao Guangyi, Song Taizong set out from Zhou Zhen and went to Jintaitun on June 19 to recruit hundreds of people as guides. On the 20th, I went to Dongyizhou (when Yizhou was set up in Song and Liao Dynasties, Song belonged to the west and Liao belonged to the east), and crossed Juma River into the territory of Liao Dynasty. Liu Yu, the secretariat of Liao Yizhou, and Liu Houde, the judge of Zhuozhou, successively offered Yizhou and Zhuozhou to surrender to Song Jun, and Song Jun made rapid progress. On June 23rd, Zhao Guangyi's army went to the south of Youzhou and was stationed at Baoguang Temple. At that time, the commander in Nanjing, Liao (known as Youzhou in Song Dynasty, and Liao was the seat of Nanjing Xijin Mansion), was responsible for understanding the things left behind in Nanjing, while the "Ma bu" or horse stance just look army commanded to learn from the past in Nanjing. In addition, Lu Ye, the king of Liaobei Academy, handed it to the west, and the whole army ordered Xiao Qiugu and others to station in the north of the city. Fu Qian and Kong Shou, commanders of Song Jun Pioneer East-West Class, are patrolling the north of the city. They met the Liao army in Shahe and immediately fought with the vanguard troops. Later, the army arrived soon, and then people from all walks of life gathered together to defeat Emperor Xi, Qiu Gu and Fang Yi, and captured many people, but more than 500 people were captured alive. Wang Yelu of Liaonan Academy obliquely shot (also translated as "Sezhen") and stationed troops in Shengli Kou (now northwest of Tianshou Mountain in Changping, Hebei Province). Seeing that Song Jun's momentum was like a rainbow, he didn't dare to directly conflict with it, so he took advantage of his new defeat, took the green flag as a fake, and accommodated the defeated army with the mouth of victory to lure the enemy. When Zhao Guangyi got the report of horse exploration, he had the heart of underestimating his enemy. He urged the army to continue the attack, and Song Jun soldiers chased them and beheaded them more than 1,000 steps. While Jie Ti took the opportunity to suddenly attack the rear of Song Jun, Song Jun retreated and confronted Jie Ti's army in the north of Qingsha River (now 20 miles north of Beijing). The defenders of Liaoning City and Nanjing City won this unity, and their determination to stick to it became more firm. On June 25, Song Jun saw that Yelv Xietie was short of troops and had to defend by risks. He could only support the enemy of Youzhou, so he left only one army to fight against it and besieged Youzhou with one army. Song Taizu and Chinese Ambassador Hou Zhaoyuan led more than 10,000 troops to attack the southeast; Cui, our ambassador in Heyang, and Guan Jiangshou, a general in Inner Mongolia, led more than 10,000 troops to attack the northwest. Zhang Xin and Liu Yu led an army to attack the northeast; Meng Xuanzhe attacked the southwest with our military strength. Pan Mei knows the affairs of the Youzhou government. Yelvxiezhen led Dahlan Khan, commander of Bohai Sea, to the Song Dynasty, and Zhao Guangyi took him as commander of Bohai Sea. Since then, Song Jun outside the city surrendered to the Liao army guarding the city in various ways, which made the people in the city have second thoughts. Later, his Tielin ordered Li Zhalu village and his men to surrender. Originally outside the city, Liao Imperial Lantern and Law School entered the city to increase their defense. When * * * made a defense, the defenders settled down to defend the city. On June 26th, Zhao Guangyi marched from Baoguang Temple in the south of the city to the north of the city, and captured the Liao army in Qingsha River. On the first day of the war, many people died and won more than 300 horses. However, the Liao army is still fearless in times of crisis. On 30th, Zhao Guangyi was besieged by the warlord again, and 300 people from Song Jun entered the city overnight, but they were captured by the Yale ancient war. Later, they found and blocked the tunnel dug by Song Jun, and prepared for reinforcements. At that time, Nanjing and Liao were surrounded and shook in the distance. Liu, the satrap of Liaoshun, and Liu Shouen, the satrap of Jizhou, led the army to the Song Dynasty.

War process

On June 30th, Emperor Yeluxian of Liao Dynasty learned that Nanjing was besieged. Yelv Xixi, Xiao Qiugu and Yelv oblique shot were not defeated, but they could only support them, so they rushed to send Yelv Xia, the prime minister of Fu Nan, to rescue them. His official name is Yelvxiuge, and he volunteered. The Liao Lord changed Xidi to Xiuge. On the sixth day of July, does the army arrived in Youzhou, and Zhao Guangyi commanded various armies to attack. The two armies fought in the Gaoliang River, and Yale was defeated because of fatigue. But at that time, Song Jun stormed Youzhou for nearly twenty days in a row, and the foot soldiers were already exhausted, so although they were defeated, they only chased for more than ten miles from noon to evening. To Zhao Guangyi's surprise, Yelvxiuge led an army to catch him by surprise, and everyone rushed at him with torches. Song Jun didn't know how many men he had, but he was afraid of starting a war before him, so he wanted to take the Gaoliang River as a defense. Yelvxiuge first accepted Yelvxiuge's defeated troops and told them to go back and fight again, which was at loggerheads with Song Jun. Subsequently, they commanded elite cavalry respectively with Yelv Xietie, advanced from the left and right wings of Yelv Dashi, and attacked Song Jun at night, showing the trend of flanking. The situation was fierce, and Yelvxiuge took the lead and was beaten out of the water by Sanchuang. Hearing the arrival of reinforcements, Yale School in the city also opened the door and lined up, beating drums all around, and the residents in the city shouted loudly. Yelvxiuge continued his onslaught. When Song Jun realized that he was surrounded and could not resist the onslaught of the Liao army, he had to retreat in succession. Yelusha ran after her, while Hugh and Shetty ran after Song Jun. Song Jun suffered a crushing defeat and more than 10,000 people died. They retreated to the south overnight and fled for the road. Zhao Guangyi was separated from the generals, who couldn't find their subordinates. Seeing the critical situation, Zhao Guangyi's courtiers quickly found a donkey cart to take Zhao Guangyi and quickly fled the south. Yelvxiuge was seriously injured when he passed out and could not ride a horse. He was driven around by a light car, giving orders to him and continuing his pursuit. All the way to the gates of Zhuozhou, there are countless weapons, seals, food and grass, and money.

Rewards and punishments after the war

After dawn on the seventh day of July, Zhao Guangyi first arrived outside Zhuozhou, when the defeated troops in Song Jun had not arrived. He bypassed Zhuozhou City and went straight to Jintaitun. When he saw that the army had not arrived, he dared to stop driving and wait and see. On the ninth day of September, when Zhao Guangyi saw that the army had not arrived, he sent people to explore. He didn't know that the army was still holed up in Zhuozhou, and he planned to establish Wang Dezhao, a military county in Taizu, so he ordered Cui Han to send a message to transfer troops. In order to prevent the invasion of the Khitan, Zhao Guangyi ordered Cui Han, our commander, Meng Xuanzhe to station troops in Dingzhou, and Heyang, our commander, stationed troops in Cui Guannan. Liu Shouyun Prefecture is the capital, Li is the viceroy, and Tun Town. All the above armies are under Liu's command, and they are cheap to fight. It could have been, but Zhao Guangyi just gave the generals a plan and ordered them to enter the plan if the Khitans attacked. After the replacement, I returned to the south from Jintaitun and returned to Tokyo on July 28. On the second day of August, Zhao Guangyi was punished for breaking the law. Shi Shouxin, who stayed in Xijing, was demoted as our envoy of Chongxin Army, and Liu Yu, our envoy of Zhang Xinjun, was demoted as our observer of Suzhou. At the same time, because of the unfavorable Northern Expedition, even Taiyuan's reward was exempted. At that time, many people thought it was impossible. Prince Wang Dezhao (son of Zhao Kuangyin, also called "Prince" instead of "Emperor's Nephew" at that time) said, "Reward Taiyuan first, and you can be punished for breaking the law." Song Taizong was furious at that time, remembering that the generals intended to make him emperor when they couldn't find themselves, and he was even more angry, saying, "It's never too late to marry you!" Dezhao was forced to prove himself, and after returning to his private house, he drew his sword and killed himself. The Liao army won, and there were rewards and punishments. Han Derang, the left-behind man in Nanjing, and Rickas, the third secretary, are under the command of Nanjing's "ma bu" or horse stance just look, which can calm people's hearts, guard the city and give them a letter of commendation. In those days, the defeat of Baimaling was blamed on Yelusha, and this time it was offset by the defeat of Song Jun. Jerusidi retreated from the enemy and hit him with his sword. Although Sahe, the king of Fannie and Freddie, got cold feet, his army was not in chaos and he was pardoned. The enemy of Ji Wang (or translated as "Emperor" and "Ta 'er") died in Baimaling, and those who fled first under his command were all beheaded, all under the supervision of the staff. Then get together to entertain the soldiers and give them rewards respectively.

Influence and significance

The Battle of Gaolianghe was the first large-scale active attack of the Song Dynasty on the territory of Liao State, and it was also the first effort of the Song Dynasty to recover the lost land in Yanyun, which ended in failure. The failure, in addition to the loss of manpower, material resources and financial resources, the most important thing is to seriously dampen Song Jun's self-confidence. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Song Dynasty, almost all wars have been invincible. In 960, Erli rebellion was suppressed, Jinghu Lake was incorporated in 963, Bashu was leveled in 965, Lingbiao was taken in 97 1 year, and Jiangnan was broken in 975. Except for a little effort in the Northern Han Dynasty, there was almost no failure. The imperial army of the Song Dynasty, carefully selected and tempered by Zhou Shizong and Song Taizu, is undoubtedly an elite force as strong as a tiger, and has established a high degree of self-confidence after an overwhelming unified war. Song Jun's self-esteem plummeted after World War I with Gaolianghe. Of course, this is also a good thing. Song Jun will never underestimate his enemies again. After this victory, the Liao army began to despise the Song people, and thus began a raging invasion to the south. The Song-Liao War, which lasted for 25 years, really started.

comment

1. The reason why Song Jun failed in this campaign was because Song Jun had a hard struggle before reaching Youzhou, which cost a lot and was not fully supplemented, and the combat effectiveness of the troops had been weakened. The Liao army was stronger than Mazhuang, and its fighting capacity and morale were not greatly weakened because of the First World War of Baimaling. Song Taizong knows nothing about his bosom friend, but he can't know him. After pacifying the Northern Han Dynasty, he got carried away and made the mistake of underestimating his enemy. He thinks he can easily destroy Youzhou. Now, it seems that Song Jun should give full play to its own advantages when the siege is blocked and Liao army reinforcements attack, and adopt the policy of encircling the main points and Dayuan, so that Liao army reinforcements can attack first, and then Li Can can attack Youzhou. 3. In siege, after encountering the loyal opposition of Liao army, Song Jun lacked sufficient siege equipment and determination, did not deploy enough troops to stop the enemy's reinforcements, and occupied a strategic position to stop the enemy's reinforcements. When the Liao soldiers arrived at the gates of Youzhou without hindrance, they had to mobilize the exhausted army to attack the city in a hurry. Against the siege, the whole army was wiped out. Liao army took advantage of cavalry, relied on solid Yugoslav capital, consumed tired Song Jun, reinforced cavalry in time, and defeated Song Jun's offensive. 4. Song Jun's failure had a negative impact on the future war with Liao.

Battle of wild goose gate

brief introduction

In the second year of Liao Ganheng (Song Taiping rejuvenating the country for five years, in 980), during the Song and Liao wars, the Liao army attacked Yanmen (now Daixian County, Shanxi Province) and was defeated by Song Shoujun led by Pan Mei and Yang Ye.

background

After the Song Dynasty attacked the Liao Gaoliang River, Emperor Taizong of Zhao Guangyi was defeated, so he stationed troops in Hebei and Hedong to defend against the Liao army's attack. He ordered Pan Mei to deploy the capital of Hedong Sanjiaokou, and Yang deployed the military and horses stationed in Sanjiaokou (now North Gucheng Village, Taiyuan, Shanxi) and Daizhou (namely Yanmen) to defend the border and the Liao Empire. In the first year of Ganheng (979), Liao attacked Mancheng (now northern Hebei) and suffered a heavy defeat (see the Battle of Mancheng). In March of the following year, he sent troops to attack Yanmen. When Pan Mei led the army to Daizhou, thousands of Yang's troops rode out from (now Northwest Village, Daixian County, Shanxi Province) and detoured to the north exit of Yanmen; Since he started his career, he defeated the Liao army in the North Ridge of Yanmen, beheaded Xiao Du Li, the deputy commander of Ma Su, captured Hui alive, and captured many horses and armor.

process

From April to May in the seventh year of Song Taiping's rejuvenation, the Liao army sent troops to attack Mancheng, Yanmen and Fuzhou (now Fugu, Shaanxi Province), all of which were defeated by Song Jun. In July of the second year of Duangong, the Liao spy learned that the escort trench was sent to the army (now west of Xu Shui, Hebei Province), and Yelvxiuge led tens of thousands of riders to intercept it. When Yin Jilun led the Song Dynasty to ride a night patrol, he discovered the Liao army. He followed the Liao army and made a surprise attack during its breakfast. Yelvxiuge escaped first when he was injured. The Liao army was shocked and many people died. In the first year of Daoguang (995), Liao led Han Dewei to attack Linzhou (now northwest of Shenmu, Shaanxi Province) by tens of thousands, and was defeated by Song Qing Yu twice. From the end of the seventh year to the eighth year of the Northern Song Dynasty, Li, the leader of Tangut in Xixia, attacked Xia, Yin and Yi countries, and was defeated and forced to retreat to Kanazawa. 1July, 1999, Wang Ting Town (now south of Uxin Banner, Inner Mongolia) was attacked and won. Later, he found his camp, took advantage of the virtual raid, captured his mother and wife alive, and the Li brothers fled. In February (985) of the second year of Yongxi, Li pretended to make an appointment to inspect Cao. At that time, he ambushed Lu Chuan (now northwest of Jiaxian County, Shaanxi Province), trapped and killed Cao, attacked Yinzhou and entered Huizhou (now Jingyuan, Gansu Province), claiming that it would be difficult for him to stay for the army. Song sent heavy troops to attack the city, Li was defeated, and the troops attacked Yanzhou (now Dingbian, Shaanxi). In October of the first year of Chunhua (990), Li pretended to surrender to Li Jipeng, and suddenly attacked and defeated Li Jipeng, surrounded him. When he heard that Song Jun was coming, he pretended to obey and was appointed as an observer in Yinzhou. In the first month of the second year, Yinzhou was captured. Five years, raid Lingzhou. Ordered troops to attack for Hexi military forces, Li Jipeng rebelled against the Song Dynasty, secretly took refuge in Li, and begged for help from Liao. Song Jun defeated Li at 500 feet (now southeast of Lingwu, Ningxia), destroyed the city, moved people to Yinsui and other states, and arrested Li Jipeng to return to the DPRK. Li escaped from the desert and gave his horse to Song, who dismissed him. In March of the first year of Zhiping (1064, the second year of Xixia Gonghua), Xixia sent an envoy to hang Song Renzong. Because of the dispute between him and Song Yin, the two sides spoke ill of each other. In the autumn of that year, Emperor Xixia sent 654.38+ 10,000 troops to attack Qingfeng, Jingyuan and Lu in Song Dynasty, and the battle between Song and Xia resumed, which lasted for 34 years. Song's attempt: to capture Hengshan Mountain and the southeast of Tubo (now eastern Qinghai and southern Gansu) to break the soldiers around the summer, the general plan adopted was: to choose soldiers and move, and to take advantage of the gap; If you suppress and caress at the same time, you will lower your crowd; Repair the foundation according to the danger and advance step by step. Xixia tried to defend the risk according to the fortress and break Song Jun's attack. The general plan adopted is to lure the enemy deeper, cut off the route of providing food and wait for an opportunity to attack; Externally, we still insist on uniting Liao and resisting Song. At the beginning of the war, Xixia was still on the offensive. In the autumn of three years, he dared to lead tens of thousands of troops to besiege Dashuncheng (now northeast of Huachi, Gansu) and Rouyuan Village (now Huachi). Song Jun, determined to clear the field, attacked his camp at night, so I dare you to retreat. In the first month of four years, after Zongshen succeeded to the throne, he first occupied the southeast of Tubo with the strategy of fighting and caressing, and then the east and the west went hand in hand and attacked the summer deeply. In October, Song Zhiqing built a city and planted troops to attack Suizhou. Xixia sent more troops to Yinzhou to prevent the Song attack.

result

In December, if you die, Zi Bingchang will succeed to the throne, and Queen Liang will be the Regent. In the third year of Xining (1070, the first year of Xixia National Day), due to the frequent harassment of border areas by Xixia troops, the Song Dynasty stopped trading with Xia Dynasty. Xixia attacked the celebration road on a large scale and went straight to Gyeongju at the gates. Later, Dong Zhan, the leader of Tubo in the Song Dynasty, led the army to attack the Xia territory from the rear, and the Xixia army retreated. At the beginning of the fourth year, he planted a mountain for Hengshan Mountain, led an army to attack Xixia, and rushed to Wuluocheng (now northeast of Mizhi, Shaanxi Province) to build several villages. Since then, the prelude to strangulation of Xixia fortress has been opened.

Great lakes alliance

Open classification: history, historical events, Northern Song Dynasty, foreign treaties.

Chán's deep alliance was an agreement between the Northern Song Dynasty and Liao after many wars.

Time: December of the first year of Jingdezhen, Song Zhenzong (1004).

Location: Songzhou (now Puyang, Henan)

Characters:

With, Liao and Liao Shengzong's Long Xu and Song Tongping against Kou Zhun.

Background:

In the first year of Jingdezhen, Song Zhenzong (1004), Liao emperors Xiao Taihou and Lu Ye Long Xu led troops into the Song Dynasty in the name of recovering Waqiaoguan (now the old Nanguan in Xiongxian County, Hebei Province). Attack Suicheng, capture the Prophet Song alive, and attack Dingzhou. Song tackled Yunzhou to defend Wang Jizhong and Song Jun to defend the city. Song Tingchao wavered in the wild, and Zhenzong feared the enemy and wanted to move the capital to the south to flee. Wang Qinruo advocated moving the capital to Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, and Chen Yaomao advocated moving the capital to Yizhou, Sichuan Province. Due to the insistence of Kou Zhun and Bi, the Prime Ministers of Pingzhang, in desperation, they had to bid for the war in Guanzhou (now Puyang, Henan).

Process:

When the Liao army arrived in Dingzhou, the two armies confronted each other. Wang Jizhong took the opportunity to persuade Xiao Taihou to make peace with the Song Dynasty. Liao was afraid of being attacked between Scylla and Charybdis, and proposed peace talks, which was initially rejected by Zhenzong. 1 1 month, the Liao army was defeated by Song Jun in Shuozhou, and the Liao army of Kelan army failed to withdraw due to the problem of grain and grass. The main force of Liao army concentrated at the gate of Yingzhou (now Hejian, Hebei Province) and attacked the city day and night. Song Jun Shoujiang Ji bird's nest guarding the city, fighting for more than ten days. LiLin Xiao and Xiao Guanyin slaves led the army to conquer qi zhou, and Xiao Taihou and others led the army to join them to jointly attack Jizhou and Zhou Bei (now Qinghe, Hebei). Song Tingze "wrote a letter to the various overseers, and named the Tianxiong Army of the State Military Association". The Liao army conquered Deqing (now Qingfeng, Henan) and surrounded Yizhou on three sides. Song general Li Jilong guarded Yizhou City.

With courage, the United Army of Liao led dozens of Qingqi to patrol under Zhoucheng. Zhang Huan, general of Song Jun, shot an arrow in the head of LiLin Xiao, commander-in-chief of Liaoning Army, and the morale of Liaoning Army was frustrated. Xiao Taihou and others cried when they heard that Tal was dying, so they "stopped working for five days". "Liao History" contains: "There will be a battle with Song, and (Xiao) will be in the crossbow, and our soldiers (Liao soldiers) will lose their support and negotiate peace. Or is the sky tired of its chaos, so that people in the north and south can rest! " At this time, Song Zhenzong and his party arrived at the named state. Kou Zhun urged Song Zhenzong to board the gatehouse in the northern city of Kuizhou to show his bid. "Long live the armies, they are heard in dozens of miles, and the momentum is a hundred times." .

Date and Representative of the Convention:

The two sides reached an armistice agreement in early1February, and Cao Liyong was in charge of negotiations with Xiao Taihou in Songting. At the beginning of the second year, a peace treaty was signed with Liao.

Contract content:

First, the Liao and Song Dynasties were brotherly countries, and the Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao was young, calling Song Zhenzong his brother, and later generations still looked down upon the world with contempt.

2. Taking Baigou River as the national border, the two sides withdrew their troops. (Liao returned to Song Suicheng and Ying and Mo Zhou. After that, all thieves and fugitives crossing the border must not stop hiding from each other. The city at the junction of the two dynasties is as usual, and there is no city god to build.

Third, provide100000 silver and 200000 silk to Liao every year. Delivery to Xiongzhou.

Four, the two sides set up a monopoly market at the border to carry out mutual trade.

After the conclusion of the Covenant, there was no large-scale war between Song and Liao for more than 100 years. Because Gezhou is also known as Ge Yuan, it is called "Ge Yuan League" in history.

Impact and significance:

At that time, Manchu eliminated a few warring factions, and all advised Zhenzong to move the capital to avoid the war, and finally reached an alliance with Kou Zhun's unparalleled courage. Compared with moving the capital, the 300,000-year tribute is nothing to mention. (At that time, the annual income of the Song Dynasty was more than 65,438+10,000 yuan, while the military expenditure of a medium-sized war in the Song Dynasty was as high as 30 million yuan. ) It is not an exaggeration to reach the peak of the Northern Song Dynasty-Renzong Dynasty is even called the peak of China feudal society. The land in southern Liaoning was recovered, but the 30-year tribute and Fu Bi's promise of 200,000 yuan in the future were undoubtedly a big pie from the sky for the financially strapped Khitan. However, the Khitan had been friends with the Song Dynasty for a hundred years, and the Khitan fighters no longer went south. The disadvantages are clear at a glance.