[Keywords:] Guangnan Zhuang Ma Gui drum bronze drum towel dance reference:
Guangnan County is located in Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. It is called "the hometown of bronze drums" because many bronze drums have been unearthed and found here. Up to now, there are 38 bronze drums unearthed, discovered and registered in Guangnan County. Guangnan county is dominated by Zhuang nationality, which originated from Baiyue tribe in ancient times and is the original ethnic group of Judingpu people. Zhuang people regard bronze drums as "artifacts" and have been with Zhuang people for more than two thousand years. All Zhuang villages in Guangnan County will have bronze drums handed down from generation to generation. However, due to historical reasons, although there is no bronze drum handed down from generation to generation in every village, there is a bronze drum handed down from generation to generation in Magui Village, Nasa Town, Guangnan County.
First, "Ma Gui Drum" and the artistic charm of bronze drum.
(A) "Ma Gui Drum" and sacrificial bronze drums
Ma Gui drum belongs to Majiang bronze drum (Majiang bronze drum: a kind of bronze drum represented by the bronze drum unearthed in Majiang County, Guizhou Province. ), the drum surface has a sun awn, which is willow-shaped and pointed.
Outward, there is a halo outside the awn, and the second and fourth halos decorate the zodiac; There are frog ornaments on the drum surface, and the squatting frog is small, about 4 cm high, and its expression is dull; There are also chest nail patterns on the drum surface, which are arranged in a circle with the sun pattern on the drum surface as the center and the spacing is equal. The outer halo of the chest nail is the Yun Leiwen, which constitutes a mass between interstellar clouds; There are wavy lines on the feet and aquatic animals such as fish in the middle.
"Ma Gui Drum" is preserved by the Dai family in the village and has been passed down to the 12th generation. Every year from the first day of the first lunar month to the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the custom of knocking and jumping on bronze drums is still preserved. On the first day of the first month, the Dai clan personally selected the first bucket of new water for the New Year as a bronze drum to "wash your face" and "wash your body", burn incense and sacrifice to the drum, and drop duck blood and wine on the drum. The whole village drinks blood from generation to generation, praying for clan peace, abundant grain and prosperous population in the coming year. After the bronze drum is made, it is hung on the eaves in front of the hall and rotated for divination. When the drums stop facing, it is certain that this is a good year. After divination, the patriarch beats the drum, and the rhythm is to knock three times and stop once. It is said that this is a dialogue with the gods, praying for the gods and ancestors to bless peace and good weather.
(2) Tonggu towel dance
On the third day of the first month, the Dai family danced with the villagers with bronze drums and towels. Towel dance, Zhuang language is "Xinima", "Juala", "Juaye" and "Juaye", which is named after the dancers dance with a towel in each hand. There are twelve sets of movements in the towel dance in Magui Village: clearing the way, sowing, transplanting rice, planting seedlings, planting cotton, offering sacrifices to ancestors, weaving cotton, picking grain, celebrating a bumper harvest and ending. Rhythmic squat. The formation is: two rows, crossing each other, in a circle. Foot movements include stamping, sucking legs and jumping. Hand movements include: swinging upward with one hand, swinging sideways with one hand, swinging upward with both hands, swinging downward with both hands, crossing hands, etc. The villagers in Magui Village wore festive costumes and danced happily with the accompaniment of bronze drums and horns. After each group of movements, they will shout "yo-ho" and then jump off a group of movements, symbolizing their expectation for a better life and full of pride.
Second, the cultural implication of bronze drum dance
(A) the mysterious primitive religious culture
1, animism
The sacrificial ceremony of bronze drum before the bronze drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum drum In primitive society, people have a confused understanding of everything in the universe, thinking that everything in the universe can protect and harm human beings, so they have awe of everything. The sound of bronze drums can travel thousands of miles, prompting them to think that bronze drums are "artifacts" that can be uploaded from the sky to the world. So the ancient concept has continued to this day.
2. Frog totem worship
"The emergence of any distinctive regional culture is often related to the special local cultural conditions." The Zhuang people take frogs as totems, and there are four squatting frogs on the edge of Ma Gui drum, which also reflects this concept.
There are two legends about frogs in Zhuang area. First, the frog is a child of God, punished for breaking dogma, responsible for reporting rain or shine to the world and supervising human behavior. So Zhuang people are afraid of frogs. Second, there was no rain in ancient times, and the crops were yellow. People asked the gods for rain, but the gods should not. Finally, people took the frog as a sacred object and sat down on the bronze drum, and offered pigs and ducks as sacrifices, which moved the frog, and truthfully reported the human drought to heaven, asking for wind and rain to relieve the drought. Since then, people's worship of frogs has become a fixed framework, and frogs have been cast on drums. Therefore, in the mind of the strong, frogs are animals that can call the wind and rain. Casting frogs on drums can convey good wishes to the sky and pray for good weather and people's health. In addition, the strong fertility of frogs is also the reason why Zhuang people worship frogs in order to seek their own good wishes for reproduction.
3. Three-dimensional and four-dimensional world outlook
Zhuang's creation epic Buluotuo clearly said: "The universe is a sphere, which was originally connected. Later, it was divided into upper, middle and lower realms, consisting of heaven, earth and water. The upper bound is heaven, where the gods live. The middle boundary is the ground, inhabited by human beings; The lower bound is the world of water, sea dragon king and water demon. " The same is true of Ma Gui drum, which is decorated with sun patterns, Yun Leiwen, nipple patterns and frogs, representing the upper bound; At the bottom of the drum, there are patterns of images such as waves, aquatic plants and fish, which represent the lower bound. 19 19 The Azhang Drum unearthed in Azhang Village, Guangnan County, Wenshan Prefecture depicts the life of ancient people who were ready to kill cows with knives, dancers wearing feathers and people rowing dragon boats, symbolizing the life of the middle class.
(B) a strong rice culture
"Labor creates man himself." (Engels: The Role of Labor in the Transformation from Ape to Man) Tonggu towel dance is a typical dance that simulates labor and farming. From the movements of "transplanting rice seedlings" and "transplanting rice seedlings" in the towel dance, it can be seen that the Zhuang people mainly grow rice, from the extensive type of laissez-faire to the fine type of cultivating rice seedlings. From "planting cotton" and "weaving cotton", we know that Zhuang people have also mastered the technology and technology of planting cotton and weaving cotton. The agricultural production of Zhuang nationality has accumulated certain experience, and the level of productivity has developed by leaps and bounds. Tonggu towel dance is mainly a female dance, which reflects the division of labor in Zhuang farming: women engage in fine and light physical labor, while men engage in heavy physical labor such as digging, plowing and picking seedlings. "From these dances, we not only know today's rice planting, but also know yesterday's rice planting and the long and arduous journey from yesterday to today." (Liu Jinwu: China National Dance and Rice Culture, p. 1 page, Yunnan People's Publishing House, 1997).
(C) a long history of bronze drum culture
Regarding the historical position of bronze drums, there is a saying in academic circles that "the Central Plains respects the tripod and the South emphasizes the bronze drums". The bronze drum is an irreplaceable "artifact" in the social life of Zhuang nationality. On festivals, people should be encouraged by beating gongs and drums and dancing. On festive days, such as getting married, giving birth and building a new house, bronze drums will also be beaten to drive away evil spirits and pray for everything to be smooth and prosperous. For example, whenever the Zhuang people in Keye Village, Nongjiang Town, Zhu Lin Town get married, the happy family will send a bronze drum to celebrate their longevity and early birth. At the funeral, the bronze drum will also be sounded, not only to express condolences, but also to introduce the soul of the deceased into the celestial world by ringing the bronze drum.
Third, the social function and value of bronze drum dance
(1) Bronze Drum Dance is a simple means for Zhuang people to pray for the blessing of the gods.