Summary of Physics History of College Entrance Examination (by Person)
☆ Galileo (Italian physicist)
The contribution of physics:
① Discover the isochronism of pendulum.
(2) The motion of an object during falling has nothing to do with its mass.
(3) Galileo's ideal inclined plane experiment: it is concluded that "if there is no friction, the object moving on the horizontal plane will keep moving at this speed, that is, no force is needed to maintain the movement of the object"; The method of exploring scientific truth by combining experiment with logical reasoning opens a new page for the study of physics (finding that objects have inertia also shows that force is the reason for changing the state of motion of objects, not making them move).
(4) Invented the air thermometer; The laws of falling body motion and projectile motion are verified theoretically. Also made the first telescope to observe celestial bodies;
Classic topic:
1. Galileo proved through experiments that force is the cause (fault) that makes objects move.
2. Galileo believed that force was the reason (error) for maintaining the motion of objects.
Galileo first harmoniously combined physical experiment facts with logical reasoning (including mathematical reasoning).
Galileo deduced from the ideal experiment that if there is no friction, once the object on the horizontal plane has a certain speed, it will keep this speed and continue to move (right).
Einstein (Germany)
Contributions: ① The laws of photoelectric effect are explained by photon theory.
② Put forward the special theory of relativity (classical mechanics is not applicable to microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects), and summarize the mass-energy equation: e = mc2.
Classic topic:
1. Einstein put forward quantum theory and Planck put forward photon theory (wrong).
2. Einstein explained the photoelectric effect well with photon theory (right).
3. Einstein discovered the phenomenon of photoelectric effect, and Planck put forward the photon theory (error) to explain the law of photoelectric effect.
4. Einstein founded the theory of relativity, which attracted worldwide attention, and laid a theoretical foundation for human beings to use nuclear energy; Planck put forward the photon theory, which profoundly revealed the discontinuous phenomenon (error) in the microscopic world.
Hook (British physicist)
The Contribution of Physics: Hooke's Law
Classic topic:
1. Hooke thinks that the elasticity of the spring is directly proportional to the deformation of the spring only under certain conditions (right).
Newton (British physicist)
The contribution of physics:
① Summarize the three laws of motion and discover the law of universal gravitation. A complete system of classical mechanics (also called Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics) has been established, and physics has since become a mature natural science. His most influential work is the mathematical principle of natural philosophy.
② Discovered the dispersion principle of light; He founded calculus and invented binomial theorem. Invented reflecting telescope.
Classic topic:
1. Newton discovered gravity and summed up its law. Cavendish's gravitational constant is measured by experiments (right).
Newton believed that the real function of force always changes the speed of an object, not just makes it move (right).
3. Newton's law of universal gravitation laid the foundation of celestial mechanics.
☆ cavendish
Contribution of physics: measuring the constant of universal gravitation. g = 6.67× 1 1- 1 1N？ Square meter/kg 2
Typical topic:
1. Newton first measured the gravitational constant through experiments (wrong).
2. cavendish skillfully used the torsion balance device to measure the value of gravitational constant for the first time in the laboratory (right).
Aristotle (ancient Greece)
Viewpoint:
① Heavy objects fall faster than light objects in physics ② Force is the reason to keep the objects moving.
Classic title: Aristotle thinks that the natural state of an object is static and will only move when it is acted by force (right).
☆ Kepler (German astronomer)
The Contribution of Physics: Kepler's Three Laws
Classic title: Kepler discovers the law of universal gravitation and the law of planetary motion (wrong).
Ptolemy's viewpoint: developed and perfected the geocentric theory.
☆ Copernicus (Polish astronomer) Viewpoint: Heliocentrism
☆ Contribution of Tycho (Danish astronomer): Measuring the motion of celestial bodies.
William? Herschel (British astronomer)
Contribution: Uranus, the seventh planet in the solar system, was discovered with a telescope.
Tang Bao (American astronomer)
Contribution: Pluto, the ninth largest planet in the solar system, was discovered through calculation, prediction, observation and photography.
Thales (ancient Greece)
Contribution: It is found that amber rubbing fur can attract light and small objects, such as feathers and hair.
Coulomb (French physicist)
Contribution: Coulomb's law of interaction between charges was discovered by torsion balance experiment. It indicates that the study of electricity has moved from qualitative to quantitative.
Typical topic:
1. Coulomb summarizes and confirms the interaction between two static point charges (pairs) in vacuum.
2. Coulomb discovered the magnetic effect of current.
Franklin (American physicist)
Contribution:
(1) systematically sorted out the electrical knowledge at that time (such as the generation, transmission, induction and storage of electricity).
(2) unified the electricity between heaven and earth and invented the lightning rod.
☆ Millikan's Contribution: Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment-Measuring Element Charge
Anders (Dutch physicist)
It is found that superconductivity (that is, when the temperature of most metals drops to a certain value, the resistance will suddenly drop to zero).
☆ Ohm (German physicist) contribution: Ohm's law (partial circuit, closed circuit) is obtained.
Oster (Danish physicist)
Contribution: the magnetic effect of current (current can deflect the surrounding magnetic needle)
Classic topic:
1. Oster first discovered that there was a magnetic field (pair) around the current.
2. Faraday found the magnetic effect (error) of the current according to the deflection of the small magnetic needle around the electrified wire.
Faraday
Contribution: ① The electric field is represented by electric field lines.
② Electromagnetic induction was found.
③ Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction (e = n △φ/△ t) was discovered.
Classic topic:
1. Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current, and Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction phenomenon (right).
2. Faraday discovered the conditions and laws of current generated by magnetic field (right).
3. Oster's research on electromagnetic induction has brought mankind into the era of electrification (mistake).
4. Faraday discovered the method and law of magnetic energy power generation (right).
☆ Ampere (French physicist)
Contribution:
① The magnetic field can produce an acting force (ampere force) on the current, and the law followed by this acting force is summarized.
② Ampere molecular current hypothesis
Classic topic:
1. Ampere first discovered that magnetic field can act on current (right).
2. Ampere puts forward the formula of magnetic field acting on moving charge (wrong).
3. Two parallel lines with the same current attract each other, while those with opposite currents repel each other.
Dirac (British physicist)
Contribution: It is predicted that the magnetic monopole must exist (not found so far).
☆ Lorenz (Dutch physicist)
Contribution: It is proposed that the moving charge generates a magnetic field, and the magnetic field acts on the moving charge (Lorentz force).
Aston
Contributions: ① Discovery of mass spectrometer ② Discovery of isotopes of non-radioactive elements.
Lawrence (USA) Contribution: The cyclotron was discovered.
☆ Lengci's contribution: Lenz's law (the law to judge the direction of induced current) was discovered.
☆ Thomson (British physicist)
Contributions: ① Discovery of electrons (revealing that atoms have complex structures)
② The atomic jujube cake model was established.
Classic title: Thomson discovered electrons through the study of cathode rays (right)
☆ Rutherford (British physicist)
Contribution: Instruct assistant to carry out alpha particle scattering experiment (remember the experimental phenomenon).
Put forward the nuclear structure of atoms (remember the content)
Discover protons
Classic topic:
1. Thomson put forward the theory of atomic nuclear structure, which was later verified by Rutherford's particle scattering experiment (wrong). 2. Rutherford's nuclear structure theory successfully explained the luminescence phenomenon of hydrogen atoms.
3. Rutherford's particle scattering experiment can estimate the size of the nucleus (right).
4. Rutherford revealed the composition of the nucleus (pair) by studying the scattering experiment of α particles.
☆ Bohr (Danish physicist)
Contribution: Bohr atom model (which explains the spectrum of hydrogen atom well)
Classic topic:
1. Bohr applied Planck's quantum theory to the atomic system and successfully explained the spectral law of hydrogen atoms (right).
2. Bohr theory is based on the experimental analysis of particle scattering (error).
3. The limitation of Bohr's theory of hydrogen atomic energy level is that it retains too many classical physical theories (pairs).
☆ becquerel (French physicist)
Contribution: Discovering the phenomenon of natural radiation (revealing that the nucleus has a complex structure)
Classic topic:
1. becquerel (right) discovered natural radioactivity for the first time.
2. becquerel discovered the nuclear structure (fault) of atoms by studying the natural radiation phenomenon.
☆ Roentgen (German physicist) Contribution: Roentgen rays (X-rays) were discovered.
☆ chadwick's contribution: the discovery of neutrons.
Iori Yagami? Curie and liv? The curies
Contribution: ① The radioactive isotopes polonium (Po) and radium (Ra) were discovered. ② Positron was found.
Classic topic:
1. When the Curies bombarded aluminum foil with alpha particles, they found electrons (mistakes).
2. Iori Yagami? When the Curies bombarded aluminum foil with alpha particles, they found positrons (pairs).
Planck's Contribution: Quantum Theory
Maxwell
Contribution: ① A complete electromagnetic theory has been established.
(2) Predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves, thinking that light is electromagnetic waves (Hertz confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves through experiments).
Classic topic:
1. Planck established a complete electromagnetic theory (pair) on the basis of previous studies on electromagnetic induction.
2. Maxwell predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves in theory, and Hertz proved this by experiments.
Maxwell confirmed the existence (error) of electromagnetic waves through experiments.
Hertz (German physicist)
Contribution: The existence of electromagnetic waves is confirmed by experiments and the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is determined to be equal to the speed of light.
Mo Zhai (China)
From 468 BC to 376 BC, The Book of Mohism recorded the phenomena of straight-line propagation of light, shadow formation, light reflection, imaging by plane mirror and spherical mirror, and was the earliest optical work in the world.
Summary of Physics History of College Entrance Examination (by Field)
I. Mechanics
1 and 1638, Italian physicist Galileo demonstrated that heavy objects will not fall faster than light objects;
2. British scientist Newton
1683 put forward three laws of motion.
1687, publishing the law of universal gravitation;
3,17th century, Galileo's ideal experimental method pointed out that:
If there is no friction, an object moving on a horizontal plane will always move at this speed.
4. Einstein's special theory of relativity in the 20th century.
Classical mechanics is not suitable for microscopic particles and high-speed moving objects.
5. Kepler,17th century German astronomer, proposed Kepler's three laws;
6, 1798 British physicist cavendish.
The gravity constant can be accurately measured by using the torsion balance device.
7. Austrian physicist Doppler (1803- 1853)
It is found that due to the relative motion between the wave source and the observer, the observer feels the phenomenon of frequency change-Doppler effect.
8, 1827 British botanist Brown
Brownian motion is the phenomenon that pollen particles suspended in water keep irregular motion.
Second, electromagnetism.
9, 1785 French physicist Coulomb
Coulomb's law of interaction between charges was discovered by torsion balance experiment.
Franklin 10, 1752
Through the kite experiment, it is proved that lightning is a form of electricity, which unifies the sky electricity and the earth electricity and invented the lightning rod. German physicist Ohm (1787- 1854)
Ohm's law is obtained through experiments.
12, 19 1 1 year Dutch scientist anis.
When the temperature of most metals drops to a certain value, the resistance will suddenly drop to zero-superconductivity.
13, 184 1 ~ 1842 joules and cooling times.
They independently discovered the law of thermal effect when current passes through a conductor, which is called Joule-Lenz law. 14, 1820, Danish physicist Oster
The effect that current can deflect the surrounding magnetic needles is called current magnetic effect.
15 Dutch physicist Lorenz
It is pointed out that the moving charge produces a magnetic field, and the magnetic field has a force (Lorentz force) on the moving charge.
16, 183 1 year British physicist Faraday.
The conditions and laws of current generated by magnetic field-electromagnetic induction phenomenon are found.
17, 1834, cold words: the law that determines the direction of induced current.
18, 1832, Henry: Self-induction was discovered.
British physicist Maxwell
The existence of electromagnetic wave is predicted, and it is pointed out that light is electromagnetic wave, which lays the foundation for the electromagnetic theory of light.
20, 1887 German physicist Hertz
The existence of electromagnetic waves is confirmed by experiments, and the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is determined to be equal to the speed of light.
Third, optics.
2 1 BC, 468-376 BC, Mo Zhai, China.
The Mohist Scripture records the phenomena of straight-line propagation of light, shadow formation, light reflection, imaging of plane mirror and spherical mirror, and is the earliest optical work in the world.
22. 162 1 year Dutch mathematician Snell: the law between incident angle and refraction angle-the law of refraction.
23. There are two theories about the nature of light:
One is Newton's particle theory: light is a material particle emitted by a light source;
One is the wave theory put forward by Huygens, a Dutch physicist: light is a wave propagating in space.
24, 180 1 year, British physicist Thomas? Yang: The interference of light was observed.
25. 18 18, French scientist Poisson observed the circular plate diffraction of light-Poisson bright spot.
26. 1887 Hz: The existence of electromagnetic theory is confirmed.
27, 1895, German physicist Roentgen: X-rays (Roentgen rays) were discovered.
28, 1900, German physicist Planck.
Explain the law of thermal radiation of objects, and put forward that the emission and absorption of electromagnetic waves are not continuous, but one after another, bringing physics into the quantum world.
29. 1905 Einstein: put forward the photon theory and successfully explained the law of photoelectric effect.
30, 19 13, Danish physicist Bohr.
The hypothesis of atomic structure is put forward, and the radiation electromagnetic spectrum of hydrogen atom is successfully explained and predicted.
3 1 and 1924, French physicist de Broglie predicted the fluctuation of physical particles;
Fourth, atomic physics.
32, 1897, Thomson
The discovery of electrons by cathode ray tube shows that atoms can be separated and have complex internal structure, and a jujube cake model of atoms is proposed.
1909-1911year, British physicist Rutherford.
The scattering experiment of α particles is carried out, and the nuclear structure model of atoms is put forward. According to the experimental results, the nuclear diameter is estimated to be10-15 m.
34, 1896, French physicist becquerel.
The discovery of natural radiation shows that the nucleus also has a complex internal structure.
Rutherford, 35, 19 19
The nitrogen nucleus was bombarded with alpha particles, and the artificial transformation of the nucleus was realized for the first time, and protons were found.
36. 1932, Chad Wei discovered neutrons when α particles bombarded beryllium nuclei, from which people realized the composition of the nuclei.
37. 1932 discovered positrons, and 1964 proposed quark model;
Particles are divided into three categories: mediators, photons and other interacting particles;
Leptons, particles that do not participate in strong interactions, such as electrons and neutrinos;
Hadron, particles that participate in strong interactions, such as protons and neutrons; Hadron is composed of more elementary quarks, and the charge of quarks may be-1/3 or 2/3 of that of elementary charge.