What is the origin of Yunnan? Many people may not be very clear about some historical issues, so they have not learned them in teaching. Let's share it now and learn about the origin of Yunnan. I hope we can learn more knowledge.
What is the origin of Yunnan? 1 Yunnan, a regional civilization with a long history. However, due to the lack of historical records, many people in later generations questioned whether there really was a state of Yunnan. We traced back to history and found records about Yunnan in Sima Qian's Historical Records!
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi 'ao, the general of Chu State, went to Yunnan to expand its territory, but because he couldn't beat Qin State, his way home was cut off, so he had to stay in this place of Yunnan, become a "local tyrant" and establish Yunnan State! Until the period of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, the monarch of the Dian State accepted the knighthood of the Central Committee and gave him a golden seal, and the Dian State surrendered to the Han Dynasty! After that, there was no official record about Dian, and Dian disappeared and became a "legend"!
It was not until 1956 that a pure gold "Wang Yin of Yunnan" was unearthed, which fully proved that the state of Yunnan really existed! I just don't know why it suddenly disappeared from history without a trace. This problem also soon has a little clue. In 2005, an ancient city was accidentally discovered in Fuxian Lake, Yuyuan County. Some people speculate that this is the site of the ancient Dianwangcheng, and the whole ancient city sank into Fuxian Lake due to the earthquake. However, is the ancient city at the bottom of Fuxian Lake really the ancient city of Yunnan? This needs further study!
What is the origin of Yunnan? Dianchi Lake is 500 miles long and has vast smoke waves. How many past events have happened here for thousands of years? Regrettably, when the poet chose to win the mountain here, he lamented the great achievements of "learning buildings in the Han Dynasty, painting iron pillars in the Tang Dynasty, waving yu fu in the Song Dynasty and passing purses in the Yuan Dynasty", and did not pay attention to the achievements of ancient Yunnan. But as a witness of history, for thousands of years, there is an old story about Zhuang Xia opening Yunnan:
According to Sima Qian's Biography of Southwest Yi in Historical Records, as early as the Warring States Period, there were dozens of tribes such as Dian, Laojin and Mimo in Dianchi Lake and its surrounding areas, among which Dian was the largest. Yunnan people are mainly engaged in agricultural production, and one of their remarkable characteristics is to comb a hammer bun at the back of the head. During the Chu Weiwang period from 339 BC to 329 BC, Zhuang Chuan, a general of Chu State, was ordered to lead an army to conquer the ethnic minorities in Dianchi Lake Basin. When Zhuang Chuan brought this area into the territory of the State of Chu, on his way back to the State of Chu, he heard that the State of Qin sent Sima Cuo to lead an army to capture Ba County and Qianzhong County of the State of Chu (present-day eastern Sichuan, western Hunan and northeastern Guizhou), which cut off Chu soldiers' way home. He ordered his officers and men to change into the costumes of Dian people, "change customs" and "take Dian as king", thus creating the Dian kingdom and becoming the king of Dian himself.
About the social history of Yunnan people, among thousands of years of vast ancient documents, only a few hundred words of Sima Qian's Historical Records remain. Is Sima Qian's record true? What kind of nation is Yunnan? What was the economic life and social outlook of ancient Yunnan? For many years, the "Kingdom of Ancient Yunnan" has become a historical mystery, which has aroused various speculations in the history circle.
During the period of 1956, archaeologists from China conducted archaeological excavations on Shizhai Mountain in Jinning County on the east bank of Dianchi Lake. When cleaning up Tomb No.6 in Changma, they found a bright golden seal of the snake and golden bull, on which four seal characters were clearly engraved: "Wang Yin, Yunnan". The appearance of Wang Yin in Yunnan confirmed that the tomb of Shizhaishan in Jinning was a royal tomb in Yunnan. The remains of the ancient Dian kingdom have been discovered.
From 1955 to 1960, archaeologists in China successively excavated the ancient tombs of Shizhaishan in Jinning for four times, cleared 50 tombs, and unearthed more than 4,000 precious cultural relics, including production tools, weapons, musical instruments, daily necessities, decorations and religious articles. In particular, the ancient Dian people shaped war and production on bronze drums and other bronzes.
Shizhai Mountain, located at the southeast end of Dianchi Lake in Yunnan, is the center of ancient Yunnan. In this land of ancient Yunnan, there is not only one ethnic group living in it. Judging from the hairstyles of the figures unearthed from Shizhai Mountain in Jinning, there are people who hang a bun, tie a bun, wrap a handkerchief in a bun, comb a double braid, hold a pointed bun and wear a round hat. From the clothing, it is also varied. Yunnan people are the main ethnic group in ancient Yunnan, and they are obviously different from other tribal groups in terms of costumes and hairstyles. Both men and women wear collarless double-breasted coats, which are knee-length and barefoot all year round. Men often wear a belt around their waist with a round buckle in the middle. Both men and women tie a bun and tie it tightly with a belt in the middle. The man's bun is combed on his head and the woman's bun is dragged behind his head. The houses where ancient Dian people lived were made of bamboo and wood. The top of the house is saddle-shaped and the house is divided into two floors. The upper floor is covered with railings on three sides, where people live, and the lower floor is used to feed livestock. There is a single-board wide ladder leading to the upper floor in front of the lower floor. This kind of house is called "Gan Lan" building, and it is still used by some ethnic minorities in southwest China.
From the unearthed cultural relics, it can be seen that agriculture is the main economic basis for the survival of ancient Yunnan. People in Yunnan generally use hoes, sickles, axes and other farm tools to engage in agricultural production. Most of these farm tools are made of bronze. Rice is the main crop in Dianchi Lake area. At that time, plows had not been introduced in Dianchi Lake area, and naturally I didn't know how to plow fields with cattle. Women are the main labor force in plowing and hoeing, and in the process of labor, they are accompanied by a series of religious ceremonies. Grand sacrificial activities such as "praying for the new year", "sowing", "gestating" and "offering sacrifices" are cast on the bronze shell container cover and bronze ornaments unearthed in Shizhai Mountain, Jinning, which are closely related to agricultural production. These religious ceremonies are mainly presided over by women in the nobility. The agriculture in ancient Yunnan was still in the primitive stage of ploughing and hoeing agriculture.
Ancient Yunnan was surrounded by mountains and rivers, while Ye Ping had fertile land and relatively developed animal husbandry. It can be seen from the images on the unearthed bronzes that the main poultry and livestock in ancient Yunnan were pigs, sheep, cows, horses, dogs and chickens, and grazing was mainly undertaken by men. Many bronzes are engraved with scenes of men grazing with dogs or whips. Fishing is also one of the sources of life for Yunnan people. On bronzes, the image of fish is common. On a shellfish container, there is also a person holding a cast image of a big fish, which seems to be for sale. In addition, there are many images of hunting activities in unearthed cultural relics, but hunting plays a very secondary role in the economic life of Yunnan people. Judging from the image, most hunters are nobles. For them, hunting is just a recreational activity, but the hunting of civilians is mainly to supplement the source of life.
In ancient Yunnan, handicrafts were relatively developed. From the unearthed cultural relics, they include bronze casting, mining and metallurgy, jade and stone making, textiles, gold and silver wares, pottery making, lacquerware and leather. The bronze casting in ancient Yunnan has reached a high level. Most of the production tools and daily necessities unearthed in Shizhai Mountain in Jinning are made of bronze. All kinds of figures, animals, birds and entertainment sacrifices displayed on these bronzes have clear images, exquisite patterns, even proportions, realistic shapes and unique styles. Textile was the basic manual production activity of women in ancient Yunnan. The cultural relics unearthed in Shizhai Mountain in Jinning recorded the scene of slave textile. At that time, the waist loom was used for weaving and the spinning wheel was used for spinning. A tall, gilded slave owner sat on the couch and watched the slave work. Under her, 65,438+0 people took orders with sticks, two people took trays and cloth, and the other nine people twisted thread, woven fabric, polished and tested at the loom ... more than 2,000 years ago.
Commercial activities in ancient Yunnan were very frequent. At that time, the main media people exchanged were shellfish and cattle, and people exchanged surplus products by "rushing to the street", which was reflected in the killing scene carved on the cover of shellfish storage unearthed in Shizhai Mountain. In the scene of killing people, there are also scenes of trading: some women sit on the ground with a laundry list in their hands, some walk with a laundry list on their heads, some seem to ask the person with a laundry list for something, and some hold big fish in their arms. The ancient Dian kingdom was not limited to its own internal market trade, but also traded with other places. Some bronze mirrors, crossbows and other cultural relics in Shizhai Mountain are imported from the mainland. In the foreign trade of ancient Yunnan, slaves were often exported as commodities. Therefore, in ancient literature, we often see the word "Diantong".
Historical documents and archaeological excavations show that the "Ji Zhui" people who lived in ancient Yunnan more than 2,000 years ago have been in the development stage of slavery. In this society, nobles, civilians and slaves constitute a strict hierarchy. In the second year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 109), the Han Dynasty conquered the kingdom of Yunnan and formally established Yizhou County with Dianchi Lake as the center, "giving Wang Yin, king of Yunnan, to restore his people." Soon, the ancient Dian kingdom disappeared from the historical stage. However, the colorful bronze culture created by ancient Dian people is a precious historical heritage and will last forever.