The first opium war 1840- 1842

The Second Opium War 1856- 1860

Two Opium Wars in China's Modern History. Impact: 1. China gradually changed from an independent feudal country to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, which was the beginning of the modern history of China. 2. China was forced to get involved in the capitalist market, and the road to independent development was interrupted. 3. China's sovereignty and territorial integrity suffered great damage after the war. China's judicial, tariff and customs sovereignty has been greatly damaged. 4. It set a precedent for invading China through unequal treaties. Treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty in modern history of China. The First Opium War was the turning point for feudal China to become semi-colonial and semi-feudal China. The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to sign unequal treaties such as Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty, and the invasion of China by the great powers deepened, and the great powers strengthened their infiltration into China's frontier and inland areas, making the life of working people more difficult. In the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, China lost more than 654.38+00,000 square kilometers of land. According to this treaty, China ceded more than 600,000 square kilometers of land north of Heilongjiang and south of the outer Xing 'an Mountains to Russia, and included about 400,000 square kilometers of Russian territory east of the Wusuli River into the Sino-Russian control. At the same time, Russia imposed the direction of China-Russia western border on China, forcibly taking the mountains, rivers and lakes that have always belonged to China and the Karen people located in China as demarcation marks, thus creating conditions for more occupation of the western territory of China. Precious cultural relics and palace buildings in China have been severely damaged and looted, such as Yuanmingyuan. After the Opium War, a series of unequal treaties, such as the treaty of nanking, caused serious damage to China's sovereignty, and the Opium War opened a century-long history of China's invasion by western imperialism.

The Basic Situation of the First Opium War

Date: 65438+June 28th 0840-65438+August 0842. Venue: Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou. Opium War (1 1) Result: Britain won. Direct cause: the anti-smoking activities led by Lin Zexu. Root cause: British colonialism plundered cheap industrial raw materials in developing countries in order to open the colonial market. Fuse: Humen destroys opium. Requirements after Britain's victory: treaty of nanking was signed, which stipulated that Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai should be opened as trading ports. Britain is allowed to station a consul in a trading port. Compensation 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars. (1 Spanish silver dollar is between 7, 2 and 3 cents of China silver) ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain. the opium war

China should negotiate with Britain about the tariffs that British businessmen must pay when importing and exporting goods. Impact: 1. China gradually changed from an independent feudal country to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, which was the beginning of the modern history of China. 2. China was forced to get involved in the capitalist market, and the road to independent development was interrupted. 3. China's sovereignty and territorial integrity were destroyed after the war. 1840- 1842 The Opium War was the turning point for feudal China to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal China.

1On September 4th, 839, China and Britain clashed in Kowloon. The British fired first, and the British participated in five irregular ships. The Qing army dispatched three warships, supported by shore guns. The fighting lasted for four hours, with slight losses on both sides. 1839165438+1October 3rd, the navy led by Guan Tianpei was repulsed, and there was no British casualty. Guan Tianpei

On June 22 1840, some of the main forces of the British army were prepared and began to go north to Zhoushan as planned. There are only a few ships left to block Humen. On June 28th, 1840, the follow-up troops of the British army arrived in Guangzhou, and the first batch of British troops arrived here, including 16 naval warships, 4 armed vessels of the East India Company, 4,000 ground troops and about 7,000 people on land and sea. The first opium war (with auxiliary ships)

On June 30th, 1840, the first batch of British troops arrived in Zhoushan. On July 2nd 1840, nine British follow-up fleets (including three warships) passed through Xiamen. The commander of the British Expeditionary Force ordered a warship to submit a copy of the letter to Premier China to Xiamen officials, and the ship sailed into the south waterway of Xiamen and anchored. On July 3rd 1840, a British ship that sailed into Xiamen South Waterway sent an interpreter ashore to deliver letters, but was stopped by the Qing army. The British ship fired on the shore, which triggered a small-scale artillery battle. (The loss of both sides in this campaign was slight, but it turned out to be a victory when it was reported to the court. )1On July 5, 840, the British troops on Zhoushan Sea began to attack Dinghai, and the battle ended at dusk, and the British troops stopped attacking. 1On the morning of July 6th, 840, British troops invaded Dinghai. The magistrate in Dinghai drowned himself, and the company commander Zhang Chaofa died yesterday. In the battle, the Qing army only participated in the war 1540 people, and only 13 people were killed or injured. The Dinghai Navy was wiped out in nine minutes, and all the British ships were only shot three times, with no casualties. On July 20th, 1840, the news that Dinghai lost contact arrived in Beijing. In August 1840, 1 1, the British army arrived in Tianjin, leaving troops along the way to block the coast of China. After consulting with the British commander, the Governor of Zhili, Qishan, presented the Letter to Prime Minister China to Daoguang Emperor. On August 1840, Daoguang received the official documents. Daoguang Emperor had no intention of fighting, and due to serious mistranslation, Daoguang Emperor thought that the British came here to "avenge the burning of opium", so Daoguang Emperor allowed him to take revenge "to convince his heart with words" (so Lin Zexu was dismissed, but the British did not ask for it); Refusing to pay compensation for opium losses; Refuse to cede the island. And ordered him to "return to the south and wait for it." Of course, the British refused, and the two sides continued to negotiate. However, due to many problems such as translation and cultural differences, the two sides have not made substantial progress. On September 1840, 15, the British army felt uncertain about hitting Beijing, and the monsoon would end and agreed to return. Request to continue negotiations in Guangdong. 1On September 28th, 840, the British fleet returned to Zhoushan and learned that the British troops stationed in Dinghai were seriously ill (448 people died here at the end of the year). 1840101On October 3rd, Daoguang sent Qi Shannan to Guangdong to "remember" Yingyi. 1840165438+1October 25th, Zhoushan and Zhejiang officials, after several days of negotiations, unwittingly fooled by the imperial law of China officialdom "hidden rules", Zhejiang armistice order was issued, and the British army led south to Guangdong (the British army soon gave up dinghai). 1840165438+1October 29th, Qishan arrived in Guangzhou, and the Sino-British Guangzhou negotiations began. However, due to the wide gap between the two sides, they entered the stage of wrangling from the beginning. 1840 65438+On February 25th, Daoguang Emperor received the first memorial from Qi Shan, and learned that the British demanded too much (similar to "treaty of nanking") and ordered preparations. 1840 12.30, Daoguang Emperor received the second memorial from Qishan, thinking that the negotiations were hopeless, ordered Qishan to "not show weakness" and ordered Sichuan, Hunan and Guizhou provinces to send reinforcements to Guangdong. 184 1 year 65438+1October 6, Daoguang Emperor received the third memorial from Qishan, and issued a strict order: "It is unreasonable to beg for a life to deal with foreigners, that is, it is not allowed to accept it when the army attacks ... to deal with foreigners or post copybooks", and at the same time he was re-employed. During the negotiations, Qishan constantly deployed troops from all over Guangdong to Humen, and the strength of Humen reached 1 1000. Humen also became the most powerful fortress in China during the Opium War. 184 1 year 65438+1October 7, the British army launched an attack and the Battle of Humen began. The British occupied the fortresses in Dajiao and Shajiao and defeated the Qing navy. Compared with the previous performance, the defenders fought bravely, 282 people were killed and 462 people were injured. 1 1 warship sank, and it was not until the fort collapsed that they began to retreat. Only 38 British soldiers were injured. Guangdong Humen Weiyuan Fort

184111on October 8, Qishan requested to reopen the negotiations, and the British army agreed to a temporary truce. The negotiations have continued until now. 184165438+1October 26th, British troops occupied Hong Kong and demanded its cession (there are still Qing troops in Hong Kong). 184 1 year 65438+1October 30th, Daoguang Emperor learned of the Humen War, dismissed Qishan, appointed Yishan as the general to subdue the enemy, and led troops south. Probably during this period, Yu Qian and Yan, the "hardliners" of Daoguang Emperor School, were in charge of Liangjiang and Fujian and Zhejiang respectively, and they immediately began to prepare for the war. On February 24th, 184 1, hopeless negotiations broke down and the British army began to attack the core position of Humen. On the morning of 26th, the British army officially launched an attack. By 5 pm that day, the British army had defeated all 8,500 defenders, and Guan Tianpei died heroically. Because the shelling was mainly out of range, the British army suffered a slight loss. 1841March18, British troops invaded the British Commercial Pavilion in southwest Guangzhou and then evacuated. Due to the previous two defeats, the morale of the defenders in China was low, and the British army suffered a slight loss before the war. Yang Fang, the new counselor, made no mention of defeat in his memorial, only said that he had defeated the British army many times and was afraid of running away. 184 1 04 April 14, Yishan arrived in Guangzhou, which took 57 days and was regarded as a joke by Russian military attaché. 184 1 At the beginning of May, reinforcements from all over the country arrived in Guangdong one after another, and Daoguang repeatedly ordered that "the sails of barbarians should not be left behind". If the British "heard the wind and fled far away", the general only asked. 2 1, Yishan ordered a fire attack on British ships, and the British army suffered a slight loss. On 24th, British troops attacked Guangzhou, and by 25th, they had captured the main commanding heights and fortresses outside Guangzhou. In this battle, nine British soldiers were killed and 68 were injured. On the 27th, the Qing army asked for negotiations with the besieged British army, so it temporarily stopped fighting. And pay compensation. From June of 1 year, all British troops withdrew to Hong Kong. During this period, Yishan's memorial made no mention of failure, but won a great victory, saying that the British army raised a white flag for peace. Daoguang was overjoyed and allowed to make peace. At the same time, it ordered the withdrawal of coastal defense (saving military expenses). As it happens, God has eyes. At this time, the British plague was rampant, and the British fleet was suddenly attacked by a typhoon, causing heavy losses. Therefore, God inadvertently helped Yi Shanlie. 184 1 On May 30th, 2008, the people in Sanyuanli fought against the British army, and their tactical success was enough to make any general of the Qing army feel ashamed. However, the British army finally broke through, killing 5 people and injuring 23 others. Another major died of fatigue. On 3 1, people surrounded the square battery occupied by the British army. During the armistice, Yu Baochun, an official who sent the main battle of the Qing side, persuaded the people to return. This unlucky guy was regarded as a big traitor by people who didn't know the truth at that time, until now. )1841May 3 1 day, the British Foreign Secretary thought that Yifa was too conservative to China and sent Pu Dingcha to take over China affairs. 1841August 10, Pu Ding Tea arrived. From London to Macau, it only took 67 days, including 10 days for official business in Mumbai, so it only took 57 days on the road. On August 22nd, 184 1, the main force of the British army went north to Xiamen, but Yishan concealed it (he boasted that the British army had retired). Fortunately, the cowhide of Yishan was seen through by Yan in Xiamen, so Yan has been resisting the purport and not withdrawing the defense. And invested a huge sum of money in Xiamen, and established the strongest defense line along the coast of China-Xiamen Stone Wall. The firepower of the fort is also quite strong, with more than 400 guns and 5680 defenders (second only to Humen, but far stronger than Humen Fort). 1841On August 26th, British troops besieged Xiamen. British tactics are nothing more than frontal feint, side circuitous, easy to bypass the stone wall. Such a simple tactic has been used by the British army many times, but due to the serious concealment, Yan and Daoguang Emperor did not know. The first defender resisted fiercely at first, but was attacked between Scylla and Charybdis, and the battery lost its function and soon failed. By dusk, all the peripheral positions of the Qing army had fallen. The British also stopped attacking. 1841On August 27th, British troops attacked Xiamen. The defenders fled at night and Xiamen fell. In this campaign, the Qing army lost company commander 1 person and 7 officers below lieutenant. The number of soldiers decreased by 324. One British soldier was killed and 16 people were injured. After the war, the British army spoke highly of the defense of Shibibao. After the war, Daoguang knew for the first time that one of the British troops came to China. On September 5, 184 1, the main force of the British army (4,000 navy and 4,000 army each) went north to Zhejiang. At this time, Zhejiang was presided over by Yu Qian, the number one hawk, and the defense in eastern Zhejiang was fully strengthened compared with that before the war. The demoted Lin Zexu once helped organize defense in Zhenhai. After several battles, Lin Zexu realized that Dinghai was bound to be untenable and should take the initiative to give up. Of course, this suggestion cannot be adopted. 184 1 On September 25th, 2008, more than 4,000 British troops originally planned to attack Zhenhai, and were assembled on the sea between Zhenhai and Dingding due to the influence of wind. In the following days, the Qing army and the British army frequently exchanged fire in Dinghai, with slight losses. 184 1, 10, 1 In the morning, the British army launched a general attack on Dinghai. By 2 pm, more than 5,000 defenders were all defeated. The third company commander of Dinghai is dead. Two British soldiers were killed and 27 injured. 184110/October10, the British army launched an attack on Zhenhai, and several hours later, the outlying positions fell. At this time, although the battle was not over, Yu Qian, the governor of Liangjiang under the east wall of Zhenhai, knew that there was no hope, so he dived himself. 184110/0 13, the British army approached Ningbo, and Yu Buyun, the prince taibao in charge here, abandoned the city and fled, and Ningbo fell. 184 1 year 10/October 30th, "co-organizing the deployment of ministers in the official department of university students, commanding Chongwenmen, the Manchu commander in chief of Zhenghuangqi, the chief patriarch of Zhenghongqi Imperial Clan, Yong Zhengdi IV, the grandson of Heilongjiang, and the former Shengjing General" was awarded the title of General Yang Wei, and eight generals were mobilized. 1842, 10 In the early morning of March, after more than four months of preparation, the only counterattack to recover lost ground in the Opium War was launched under the command of the Book of Changes. Four hours later, a large-scale counterattack failed. On March 2 1842 and 2 1, Liu Yunke, Governor of Zhejiang Province, gave the "Ten Fears" discount. Although it is not explicitly stated, it implies that the war is hopeless and full of danger. 1On May 7th, 842, British troops left Ningbo and assembled their forces to attack inland along the Yangtze River. May 1842,18,2000 British troops attacked Zapu. The Qing army stubbornly resisted and many people committed suicide. Nine British soldiers were killed (including a lieutenant colonel) and 55 were injured. In the early morning of June 1842, all the British troops in Zhapu attacked Wusong. Wusong is the focus of Jiangsu's coastal defense, and Niu Jian, the new governor of the two rivers, is personally in charge. However, by noon 12, the Qing army all fled. The Qing army killed 88 people below Chen Huacheng, the prefect of Jiangnan Waterway, and the British army killed 2 people and injured 25 people. On the same day, the second phase of British reinforcements arrived at Wusongkou, and the total strength of British troops in China reached 20,000. Compared with the Qing army, this is an unprecedented powerful army, both in quantity and quality. On June 1842, British troops occupied Shanghai. 1842 On July 5th, a fleet of 12 British warships, 10 ships, 5/kloc-0 transport ships and 7,000 soldiers set off from Shanghai for Zhenjiang. In July 1842, the Qing army began to reinforce Zhenjiang. 1842 July 2 1 day, the British army began to attack the city. At this time, there were only 1600 troops stationed in Zhenjiang, 2,700 outside the city, and there were not many guns. The British army only participated in the siege of 6905 troops, and the British army occupied an absolute advantage. After the battle began, the British navy organized fire to shell the Qing army outside the city. The Qing army outside the city lacked cover and no means to fight back, and soon broke up. The British organized artillery bombardment of the city wall, but there were 1 185 people stationed in the city, which was the Eight Banners of Jingkou. They have lived here for more than 200 years, so they are still blocked. At the same time, the British navy organized a small boat to attack the west gate of Zhenjiang along the waterway, which was effectively bombarded by the Qing artillery on the wall and retreated in panic. Finally, the British army, which had the advantage of firepower, invaded the city from north, west and south, and the defenders insisted on street fighting until late at night. The casualty rate of the Qing army in the city reached 30%. Zhenjiang's firepower is far less than Humen's, its city walls are far less solid than Xiamen's, its pre-war mobilization is far less than Dinghai's, and its preparation is far less than that of eastern Zhejiang. However, 39 British soldiers were killed, 130 were injured and 3 were missing. More than the sum of enemy casualties in the above four battles. On August 2nd, 1842, British troops left Zhenjiang to attack Nanjing. Before that, the Qing side decided to make peace. On August 3 1, Daoguang formally agreed to sign the treaty. However, on 29th, the front minister who knew Daoguang's mind had signed the Sino-British treaty of nanking. On September 6th, officials in charge of negotiations in Qing Dynasty submitted a note to Pu Dingcha, and put forward twelve representations on treaty of nanking. These twelve items ask for trouble, leaving hidden dangers for China's future suffering; It also laid a curse for the next war. (At the same time, Daoguang Emperor in Beijing and Liu Yunke in Hangzhou wrote letters to officials in Nanjing asking for similar representations. These letters are still on the way. )1September 7, 842, Daoguang officially agreed to sign the contract, and the first opium war was over. 1842 10, Yishan reported that Guangdong copied a western-style warship and proposed to stop building old warships, and the funds were used to build western-style warships. The matter finally fell through.