Basic Introduction Chinese Name: Textual Research mbth: The Textual Research Category: Scholarship Method Another Name: Textual Research or Puxue Method: "Seeking Truth from Facts", "No Doubt Without a Certificate" Scope: the development, causes, functions and influences of Confucian classics, other disciplines, representative figures, the Bible and its development. In the academic history of China, textual research is closely related to the so-called Sinology, which is the research used by sinologists. Sinology is a kind of reaction to Song studies, which originated in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and flourished in the Ganjia era. Textual research came into being in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. "Whether it is from the connection of time before and after, or from the inheritance and development of academic ideas, research methods and academic achievements, it is an inseparable whole with textual research in the Qing Dynasty." Textual research developed rapidly in the Qing Dynasty, with Hui Dong, Dai Zhen, Duan Yucai, Wang, Wang Niansun and so on as the representatives in its heyday. The method of textual research is similar. Zhang Xuecheng arrived and put forward the argument that "the Six Classics are all history", which is a progress. Scholars believe that the prosperity of textual research in the Qing Dynasty is due to the policy of literary inquisition in the early Qing Dynasty. With regard to the relationship between textual research and literary inquisition in Qing Dynasty, many scholars believe that people engaged in textual research in Qing Dynasty hid in that pile of old documents in order to escape the persecution of literary inquisition. Zhang Taiyan, Liang Qichao and other great men held this view earlier, and Mr. Lu Xun, Fan Wenlan, Jian Bozan, Guo Moruo, Zheng Tianting and others also held similar views. The theory of the causes of literary inquisition is almost conclusive. For example, Meng Sen said, "Since Qianlong, I have learned a lot about the world, and it is easy to avoid things at the right time. I dare not do it, divert my energy, focus on Confucian classics and textual research of famous things, and my achievements are also beyond the reach of former Confucianism. " Lecture notes on the history of Ming and Qing dynasties. Xiao Yishan said: "Scholars with national thoughts are unwilling to be * * * yes-men under foreign policies, afraid to be a fierce revolutionary party, free to study their own knowledge, and afraid to cross the Internet. What else can they do? " I had to "preserve our sanity" and "make friends with the ancients" and get into the pile of old paper. "(Draft of the History of Qing Dynasty) In the 1980s, some scholars began to question the theory of the formation of literary inquisition. In fact, there is no necessary connection between textual research in Qing Dynasty and literary inquisition, and there is no causal relationship between them. The Qing dynasty tolerated some purely academic heresy, and the literary inquisition did not cause the insecurity of all the academic circles. Scholars turn their interest to textual research, which is fundamentally influenced by family studies, teachers and friends, and ethos, and is the vitality and attraction of textual research itself. Gan scholars are not cowards under academic autocracy. They didn't feel the misfortune of living in the Ganjia era as intellectuals, nor did they see the smoothness after being polished by the literary inquisition. Some scholars still have distinct personality and rebellious spirit. The glory of textual research in Ganjia period is the result of its own development, not the result of literary inquisition. Function and influence Regarding the function and influence of textual research in Qing Dynasty on later generations, some scholars think that textual research is "useless" and "useless", completely denying its value and contribution to later generations. What is the actual situation? As we know, the textual research scholars in Qing Dynasty not only comprehensively sorted out and studied the traditional Confucian classics, but also cleaned up and combed the traditional cultural classics. Through collating, discriminating, compiling, annotating and researching historical facts, they have done the work of removing the false from the vast number of ancient cultural books and records, and basically restored many unrecognizable, mixed-up and long-lost documents, making many obscure books and records generally available for reading and research. Without the collation and research of textual research scholars in Qing Dynasty, modern scholars would have to take many detours and spend a lot of energy in studying China traditional culture. Although their research and arrangement have not yet entered the level of rational criticism and reflection, they have provided more detailed and credible information for later researchers. As Guo Moruo said, "To discuss the ancients or to study ancient history without textual research, or to make use of the achievements of Confucianism in Qing Dynasty is to give up the Tao and not help. "Indeed, textual research in the Qing Dynasty is the most basic method to study traditional culture and academics. It is an indisputable fact that both modern scholars and scholars, whether they admit it or not, will use the achievements and methods of textual research in the Qing Dynasty to a greater or lesser extent as long as they take China traditional cultural classics as their research fields or research objects. Modern scholars' extensive use and reference of the achievements and methods of textual research in Qing Dynasty fully shows that textual research has strong scientific nature and strong vitality. In particular, the spirit of seeking truth from facts, the critical spirit of doubt and negation, the creative spirit of daring to surpass predecessors, and the academic norms of "unattractive beauty" and opposing plagiarism are still of practical significance to our academic research today. As Liang Qichao said: "Textual research has not gone bankrupt until today, and it will also have an impact on other aspects and various social sciences. "The development of textual research in other disciplines in the Qing Dynasty has made unprecedented progress in traditional disciplines such as philology, phonology, exegetics, history, geography, almanac, bibliography, edition, collation, discrimination of falsehood and compilation of lost books. It is particularly noteworthy that textual research scholars in the Qing Dynasty consciously summed up the theoretical methods of some disciplines, such as the theory of "seeking meaning by sound", the theory that the ancient lip sounds are not light, the theory of "four bodies and two uses", the theory that the sound of old teachings is the inner face, and some collation and exegetical rules summarized by Wang Niansun and his son. These axioms still exist in ancient Chinese. Naturally, it cannot be said that the textual research in the Qing Dynasty is "useless" and "useless". " Textual research in Qing dynasty not only cleared up and summarized the achievements of traditional academics, but also played a pioneering role in the development of modern academics. "(page 290 of the book) Of course, textual research is not omnipotent, and it also has some shortcomings. We can't expect some kind of knowledge produced in feudal times to solve all academic problems. Representative Liang Qichao's Academic Overview of Qing Dynasty Liang Qichao's Academic History of China in the Past 300 Years) Qian Mu's Academic History of China in the Past 300 Years; Ji Xianlin talks about reading and learning: The Bible and Textual Research of the Bible written by Sun Yirang, Hui Dong, Dai Zhen, Duan Yucai, Wang, Wang Niansun and Zhang Xuecheng have all been translated into biblical criticism or exegesis. Textual research has a long history. Textual research in China flourished during the reign of Ganjia in Qing Dynasty, so it was also called Ganjia School. Biblical textual research in Europe is a new discipline that rose in the19th century. It uses the methods of textual research, exegetics and comparative law of the objectivism historical school to study the authenticity, relevance, age and credibility of various biblical articles, as well as Christianity associated with them. The development of modern science has shaken the foundation of Christian belief, and the direct fatal blow comes from biblical textual research. The development of natural science has shaken the authority of the Bible and prompted people to take it as the object of analysis and research. Ancient documents discovered in the fields of history and archaeology and a large number of original data compilations, monographs and monographs published on this basis have promoted the development of biblical textual research. Among many researchers, the influence of Dubingen School is the most prominent. Biblical textual research of Dubingen School has fundamentally shaken the traditional Christian creeds, doctrines and confidence in the Bible, which is the only source of faith. In the critical study of the history of the early Christian church and the Bible, the Dubingen school surpassed any previous theological school and reached the highest level at that time. It regards all the miracles recorded in Christian history as the creation of human thinking, and completely abandons them, thinking that they are artificial forgeries. Thus, the true face of early Christianity was restored and the scientific basis for studying the history of early Christian churches was laid.