Although all kinds of brand-new flower patterns were born in accordance with the requirements of the times, Taoist priests did not abandon the old flower patterns, but preserved them completely and passed them down. Then, let's trace back to the mainstream mode of each era along the long river of time.
▲ Erect flowers: the oldest flower pattern to date.
▲ Time: Muromachi era
▲ Main uses: harmonious conference room decoration.
▲ Performance characteristics: a branch is vertically erected in the middle, which is called "truth", and seasonal flowers and plants are added around it as an aid. This aid is called "planting grass"
The Erect Flower Arrangement in Shu Xian Copy
Background: Before the erect flowers, the style of flower arrangement was mainly natural wind. It was the mainstream at that time to keep the original natural form of plants and throw them into flower organs at will. After entering the Muramachi era, among those who are responsible for interior decoration in a harmonious style, there has emerged a group that shows special talents in floral design. They established the theory of flower composition, which showed the individuality of natural flowers to the greatest extent, and reorganized the natural beauty in the selected flower devices, forming a systematic theory. Flower arrangement has developed from irregular free expression to the form of design combination according to unified regulations.
Representative: Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the general who built Dongshan culture, supported the cultural development at that time as a powerful backing. At that time, there were active Taoist priests, including Akasaka Zhunying (1482- 1543) and the Wen 'ami nationality with the title of Ami nationality. The two celebrities were compared and commented as competitors. Chifang Academy should mainly present flowers to dignitaries, popularize its own unique flower theory, and have far-reaching works such as Oral Biography of Chifang Academy. Wen Ami's flower works, on the other hand, focus on the secular atmosphere at that time, showing the artistic conception that nature will be completely reproduced in the flower device.
▲ Lihua: Daming House and College Flower Arrangement
▲ Time: Edo era
▲ Main features: luxurious, complicated and gorgeous.
Lihua Dai Ping Screen (Edo Age)
Background: Although the upright flowers in Muromachi era were only an element of harmonious room decoration, at that time, flower arrangement had been appreciated by the public as an independent art form. By increasing the number and variety of flower materials, the creation of large-scale flower works was gradually formed, and a rich flower pattern "pear flower" was born, which complemented Daming Guandi Academy. Development: At first, "planting grass" only played an auxiliary role in upright flowers, and the types of flowers gradually diversified, forming seven unique components of upright flowers, namely, heart, vice, invitation, centering, jumping at sight, flowing branches and extending forward, which also became "seven props". Because each branch has its own meaning and function, the concept of "service branch" is formed. Later, in the second half of the Edo period, the technology of embedding branches on big branches was born, which was called "trunk worker". On the basis of the original seven basic parts, the production techniques of "control" and "trunk" were added, which developed into "nine props" with richer expressions.
Generally speaking, vertical flowers are circular in design. Fix the "heart" in the center, then differentiate from the center to the front, back, left and right, and extend around. The roots of flowers that extend below the water surface and the branches above the water surface are required to stand upright, and the redundant branches and leaves need to be removed to keep a straight line. Although the vertical flower is usually a bottle-shaped flower device with a high size, it also uses a special flower device with a wide mouth and a water tray at the upper end. The vertical flowers produced after the water tray is covered with gravel become "sand", and sand is also a form of vertical flowers.
Maeda Dida Wu Sha was restored after 550 years' sacrifice.
Representative: Emperor Hou Shuiwei (1596- 1680) frequently held vertical flower exhibitions in his palace to support the creation of vertical flowers. During this period, the remarkable flower maker was the second-generation master of flower arrangement (1570- 1658), who wrote the letter of hospitalization (1607- 1696), a giant "sand thing" at that time, and pursued it without sticking to a fixed form. Representative Books: During the period of Yuan Lu (1688- 1704), pear blossoms were gradually loved by wealthy citizens. Books containing a large number of pictures, represented by The Complete Collection of Flowers published by People's Publishing House (1683), have promoted the popularization of flowers. At that time, pear blossom became a compulsory taste course for adult men.
▲ flowers
▲ Time: the second half of the Edo era
▲ Features: Concise, based on Confucianism, flower patterns with "heaven, earth and people" as basic elements have been developed.
"The ancient Dai Dai with flowers"
Flowers, screens, early Edo period, works, Cang Feng, のコレクションのつ
Background: In the second half of the Edo era, it was no longer the privileged class that led the progress of the times, but the wealthy citizen class, which became an important promoter of emerging culture. Complex vertical flowers are difficult to be widely accepted by the public. In order to conform to the aesthetics of the citizen class, a simple flower pattern consisting of only three branches was born. Characteristics of raw flowers: at that time, this new flower pattern was called "raw flowers" (pronounced as flower arrangement), and later the word "flower arrangement" evolved into the general term of Japanese flower arrangement art, which shows that this kind of "flower" has been popularized and popularized unprecedentedly. In order to distinguish it from the general name of Japanese flower arrangement art, in the second half of the Edo period, although it was still written as "raw flower", it was generally pronounced as "SEIKA" or "SYOUKA". Unlike "vertical flowers", which are generally made into circles, raw flowers are generally made into vertically divided semicircles. Like "vertical flowers", the roots of the three branches should be removed from the redundant branches and leaves, fixed together and stood on the water. But different from the vertical flower arrangement method, the main branch of the flower is inclined 30 to the left or right, which is a major feature of the flower.
Composition of flowers: Although the important components of flowers are all three branches with different heights, the specific names of the three branches are different because of the different techniques of various factions. In descending order, the red side is called "truth, vice and body", the ancient stream is called "truth, flow and acceptance", the unborn stream is called "body, use and stay", and the Yuanzhou stream is called "truth, action and stay" and so on. However, this is only a simple difference in appellation, which can capture the corresponding meaning of "heaven, earth and people" The length ratio of the three branches is also different in the concrete practice of each school.
Left: Chifang plants flowers, right: Longsheng plants flowers.
▲ Blooming flowers: the application of emerging plants
▲ Time: Meiji era (1868–1912)
▲ Features: Make flat and wide-mouthed dishes. If you put them in water, the flower feet will spread horizontally.
Background: With the cultural opening in Meiji era, western science and technology, political system and cultural customs were introduced into Japan in large quantities, and floral design was also influenced by the West. Western horticultural plants gradually flowed into Japan and were widely planted. In the past, branches were the center of Japanese flower patterns, so long and curved branches were used in flower patterns. Compared with western gardening plants, they are shorter in length, too straight, lack of change and monotonous. How to make more effective use of exotic plants in Huadao works has become a topic. Therefore, using western flowers to create a brand-new wide-mouth plate flower pattern-Huasheng came into being.
▲ Free Flowers: The Art of Using Plants
▲ Time: the first year of Showa (1926 the first year of Showa)
▲ Features: abstract and free, emphasizing creative thinking as the core.
Background: In response to the Dazheng Democratic Movement, the art world has also set off a wave of pursuing freedom and individuality. In this historical torrent, from the Taisho era to the early Showa, the "free flower" that emphasized creativity appeared and became popular. Development: At that time, Taoists from Vasily? Kandinsky (1866- 1944), Pierre? Mondriaan (1872- 1944) and other abstract painters and artists absorbed the essence from their theories and abstract painting techniques, and established a composition design theory with three elements: point, line and surface. That is, from this era, dried flower materials, special materials processed artificially, and various foreign materials other than plants began to be widely used in floral creation.
On the left is the flower arrangement, and on the right is the American abstract painter Jackson Pollock.
Free flower is characterized by abstract and free modeling design, which is another artistic expression form using plant materials. Different from vertical flowers and raw flowers, branches are needed to determine the direction of flower patterns; Free flowers pay more attention to the creator's own personality.
Idle Flowers is not an arbitrary and unorganized product without genre. It is a new flower pattern, which needs to be studied in a special flower classroom.
▲ Modeling flowers: avant-garde flower arrangement
▲ Time: The End of Taisho Era
▲ Features: Sculpture art, using bold elements such as metal, stone and glass.
Ogawara Cang Feng's Series Stories of Birds (とりか).
BACKGROUND: The avant-garde art movement that rose in the art world at the end of Taisho era also swept the world of flower patterns, questioning that flower patterns were too limited to classical styles, lacking originality, falling into formalism and being frozen. In the fifth year of Showa (1930), garden designers and critics Chong Sen San Ling, Ci Shi and Yuan Cang Feng (grass and moon flow in the early days of Jiayuan) put forward the "new flower path declaration" and advocated the disintegration of traditional flower paths. The torrent of flower pattern art modernization blends with the post-war avant-garde flower arrangement art, actively uses bold elements such as metal and stone, and can see space modeling works without flower devices. Some of these works only use gypsum to smear dead branches without flowering, and some even abandon plant materials and use iron products for the first time. "Can this still be called a flower path?" Caused widespread controversy. (Japanese avant-garde flower arranging artist Yukio Nakagawa and his works, please click on the link) Development: The avant-garde flower arranging art movement ended in a "plastic flower" beyond reality. Although "plastic flower" is on the extension line of "free flower", it is more accurate to say that "free flower" is an abstract painting and "plastic flower" is a sculpture art. Now the avant-garde flower arrangement movement has come to an end, and it is more inclined to re-evaluate and inherit the classics.
Miyagi Village Branch Library 2065438+June 2009 Flower Cloister (produced by Jiayuan).
The Stage Art of Huadao: Takasaki Jiayuan ぃけばな Live (2014)
The "types" of Hua Dao's works have experienced the development process of upright flowers, inclined flowers, horizontal flowers, free flowers that attach importance to the creator's personality and plastic flowers in the pioneer flower arrangement movement. To sum up, the flower patterns produced in different times all reflect the mainstream cultural thoughts and world outlook at that time.
Untreated work
The changes of the times, the development of social politics, economy and culture, and the changes of people's ideology and aesthetics are all promoting the continuous development and progress of Huadao. We hope to introduce all aspects of the flower path and its culture to you on the road of sharing in the future, and we also hope that more friends who love the flower path will interact with us, provide colorful ideas and encourage each other hand in hand.