The Chinese translation of Hai and Su Shen is "Xiongkulu", which is the tallest and fastest bird in the world, and it means "the god of thousands of English". Legend has it that only 100,000 condors can produce a Haidongqing, which is the highest totem of Su Shen (Manchuria) clan. It represents the cautious (Manchurian) spirit of courage, wisdom, perseverance, integrity, strength, pioneering, enterprising, always upward and never giving up. Haidongqing comes from Su Shen (ancient northeast) and has different colors, with pure white, sky blue and pure black as the top grade. Emperor Kangxi praised Hai Dongqing, "There are sixty worms in three hundred miles, and Hai Dongqing is the most handsome. Dolly's Sexual Mastery contains fire morality, and Eta Ursa major releases different substances. " . He not only preached martial arts and inspired soldiers' courage, but also praised Haidong Qing for his fortitude and bravery, and his excellent quality could reflect the stars in the sky. He is very strong, and a thousand hooks hit the stone, flying as fast as lightning and thunder. It can be seen that Hai Dongqing's position in the eyes of ancient Northeast emperors is extraordinary.

Manchu and Haidong Qing

Haidongqing may be a falcon used by Manchu people for hunting, commonly known as spear falcon.

Manchu is a nation famous for shooting and hunting. Our ancestors knew how to catch eagles long ago. After domestication, they used them to help hunters catch prey, commonly known as "falcons". As early as the Tang Dynasty, "Haidong Qing" was already a valuable tribute given by Manchu ancestors to the Central Plains Dynasty. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem: "Dancing with wide sleeves is like a bird from the east." "Compendium of Materia Medica" records: "When Liaodong was carved, the most handsome person was Hai Dongqing." In the story "Colorful Shenhuo" written by teacher Fu Yuguang, it is written that the skyhawk came from the east side of Xianggun River, and it is called "Songkunluo" in Manchu, which means that the skyhawk flew from Xianggun River. Chinese is translated into "Haidong Qing". Hai Dongqing, also known as Falcon, is as big as a magpie, but fierce in nature, and can kill swans, small animals and foxes. The Grand View of unofficial history in Qing Dynasty describes the method of releasing eagles in this way: "The eagle covers its face with embroidered brocade hats, and the lifter holds a tapestry. When he saw the birds, he took off his hat and let them go. " Haidongqing is a kind of wild leader who was captured and domesticated as a hunting aid. Because Haidong Qing is not easy to capture and domesticate, there was even such a regulation in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties: whoever broke the criminal law and was exiled to Liaodong, who could capture Haidong Qing and present it, would be able to atone and be released by post. Therefore, at that time, Han Baylor, princes and nobles spared no expense to buy famous carvings, which became a fashion at that time.

Haidong Zhong Qing takes the pure white "Jade Claw" as the top grade, and there are other names such as Qiuhuang, Bohuang and Sannian Dragon. In the Qing dynasty, a Haidong Qing was worth 30 taels of silver, which shows how precious it is. The arrogant rulers of the Liao Dynasty asked the Jurchen nationality for Haidong Qing every year. "Every time you go to another country, you should recommend a pillow." "Middle-and lower-class families in the countryside served as places to stay, waiting for women who never left the room. Later, messengers came one after another, relying on the life of the country, but choosing beautiful women, regardless of husbands and readers. Aroused the resentment of Jurchen, headed by Akuta, the head of Jurchen Hong Yan Department, assembled all the forces of Jurchen to capture the eagle officer of Liao Dynasty alive. Shen Zeng, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, commented: "The Liao and Jin Dynasties started in Haidong Qing, and the Jade Claw has long been known as Eagle Gong. "It can be seen that although an eagle is insignificant, it is related to the rise and fall of Liao and Jin.

Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties all have institutions similar to Eagle Square, which specialize in raising and raising. Manchu people hunt with eagles, and rulers take pleasure in catching geese with eagles. It is not easy to capture and tame Dong Qing. There is a saying among the people that it is rare to see an eagle after a narrow escape. Thanks to Gege, the "Eagle God", after capturing wild Haidong Qing with eagle nets. Take it home and put it in the eagle cooking room, put it on the shelf, add "tripping", stay up all night and wear away the wildness, which is called "cooking eagle" Then through the two links of "passing the fist" and "running the rope", the eagle can hear people's shouts and come to the hunter's arm. Finally, by fattening the eagle, the oil in the intestine is scraped out, which makes the eagle hungry, but its muscles are strong and it is easy to catch its prey. In Shan Ye, the tamed eagle can "release the eagle". Vendors stand on the high ground to watch, and people beat trees with sticks to blow out wild things, commonly known as "catching wars." When the prey is found running or flying out, the eagle will immediately scream and dive down to catch the prey. The falconer should get there as soon as possible to take the prey, and only give the eagle some animal viscera, but it is not enough. The so-called "the eagle doesn't take the rabbit" is the truth. In addition to the grand view of unofficial history in Qing Dynasty, books such as Yanshan Lu Cong and Liao History also recorded the hunting situation of the main longitudinal eagle in Liao country in detail. In the early spring of the following year, the hunters fed the eagle, took off the bells and stumbles, and released the eagle back to nature to breed in spring and summer.

Hai is not only a brave falcon, but also integrated into Manchu culture. A poet in the Jin Dynasty described the scene of the swan beating in the sea as "fighting jade claws against the wind, catching a glimpse of snow and frost", which shows his praise for the perseverance and courage of the sea. Archaeologists unearthed the eagle head in the east of Xingkai Lake, about 6000 years ago. A gold-plated copper belt engraved with the pattern of Haidongqing catching a flying swan was found in the tomb group of Dongnuzhen in the ancient city of Jinshangjing. In addition, among the existing ancient music scores in China, there is the pipa music score of Haidong Qingna Swan. Folk children's games include "Old Kite Holding Chicken". The song "Grandma has a faint little armor" circulated in Dunhua, Jilin: "Layaha, Eagle, Grandma has a faint little armor, with white wings, fast flying, red eyes and clear sight. Rabbits can't run away when they see it, but swans get confused when they see it. Zuo Ling opened his eyes wide and called it Haidong Qing ... "These are all artistic expressions of Manchu national spirit. Emperor Kangxi once wrote a poem praising Haidong Qing that "there are 300 feathered worms and 60 feathered worms, and Shen Jun belongs to Haidong Qing the most".

There are many legends about Haidong Qing among Manchu people. "Colorful Shenhuo" said: The cruel and greedy Liao king persecuted the "Da Min Bao" (meaning "Eagle clan" or "Eagle clan") of the Jurchen tribe every year to capture eagle carvings for the Liao king. He also took the eagle's wife and children hostage, and if he didn't pay the eagle back on time, he hacked the eagle to death and buried it alive. In Daminbao, there is an eagle (leader). In order to save the tribe members from danger, he led a son and a daughter to the far north to catch eagles at the end of the rolling river. As a result, the eagle and his son froze to death on the mountain. Under the guidance of Gege Shenhuo, my daughter used the colorful light of the sun to melt the ice and snow on Eagle Mountain, and let Haidongqing on the mountain move south. In this way, it is easier to catch the eagle catcher. The eagle's daughter was killed in an avalanche and became a flying bird.

Another legend, "Eagle City Haidong Qing", tells the story of Jurchen leader Yan Hong Akuta leading his troops to attack the Liao country. With the help of Hai Dongqing, he defeated the Liao soldiers and won.

In the Oracle of Manchu shamanism, it is praised that the eagle god has "golden wings to cover the snow and cover the ground, holding two silver claws, carrying the sun by day and riding it by night", which is the master of light and darkness on earth. At the same time, the eagle god and the carved god are symbols of strength and power, and the carved god is the fiercest cosmic god.

According to the Manchu shaman Oracle, at the beginning of a day, the earth is like a pack of ice. Abukah (God in the sky) let a female eagle fly over the sun, shake her feathers, put light and fire into her feathers, and then fly to the world. After that, when the ice and snow on the earth melt, people and creatures have time to eat, rest and have children. However, mother eagle was too tired to fly, so she dozed off and fell asleep. The fire in her feather fell out, burning the forest and stones red, and it didn't go out all night. The condor quickly put out the flame with a giant arm fan, moved the earth to cover the fire with its giant claws, and was buried in the sea in the fire, and the eagle soul turned into a female shaman. So the shaman soul is an unyielding eagle. Shamanishan, the heroine of the famous Manchu folk epic "Jiang Yinshan Man", led by the eagle god, went into hell to save the souls of young hunters, rescued the gods with the help of the eagle god and brought them back to the world. Eagle God is the first god in the ritual of the Li family in Jilin Shike, which is an ancient ritual custom inherited from Manchu ancestors living in Heishui area of Baishan. In Dayulou village, there is still the custom of falcon. The Provincial Academy of Social Sciences also filmed the documentary The Last Eagle Tun. Manchu people have an indissoluble bond with eagles, which is also a model of loving birds. The reverence for the eagle stems from its awesome power. With its fearless high position, extraordinary flying ability, the spirit of winning small battles and high-powered skills, it trained a pair of extremely agile wings in the sudden storm, and the sun and the moon cast two sharp eyes. After flying tirelessly for nine days, he was far-sighted and never lost his way. The colder the snow, the more fearless he is.

Mr. Aisingiorro wrote an inscription on the back cover of the inaugural issue of Siping Ethnic Studies: "Sea, National Eagle". It can be said that Manchu people, like the sea, are trying to fly. Some people have verified that "Haidongqing" is the true meaning of the title of Jurchen, and the title of Jurchen is the embodiment of the national spirit of Jurchen nationality. At that time, Jurchen was on a roll, soaring between the white mountains and the black waters, just like "Haidongqing" fighting against swans in the sky, destroying the Liao and Song feudal empires which were several times stronger than Jurchen, winning the Central Plains and opening up the territory of Wan Li. The whole national spiritual world of Jurchen is full of "eagle spirit", and the sea is the noblest and most sacred hero in Jurchen's mind.

Haidongqing is a mythical bird. In the history of our country, this kind of bird once provoked the hatred of two ethnic groups in the northern region, which eventually led to the Nuzhen uprising and the demise of Liao country.

Air overlord in northern China

According to the research of modern zoologists, Haidongqing belongs to the family Eagle, and its scientific name is Falcon. It is a beautiful medium-sized raptor and a large falcon, so it is also called a giant falcon. The body length is 56 ~ 6 1 cm, the weight is about1310 ~ 2100g, and the feather color changes greatly, including dark, white and gray. Kestrel is distributed in northern Europe, northern Asia and northern North America abroad, and it is extremely rare in Heilongjiang, Wafangdian, Liaoning and Kashgar, Xinjiang. Among them are winter migratory birds in Heilongjiang and Liaoning, and resident or breeding birds in Xinjiang. During the reign of the Khitans in northern China, Haidongqing was introduced into today's Inner Mongolia.

Haidongqing lives on rocky coast, open Rocky Mountains, coastal islands, river valleys and forest tundra near the coast, and is known as the air overlord of the northern world. Haidongqing mainly feeds on wild ducks, seagulls, Thunderbirds, grouse and other birds, and also eats a small number of small and medium-sized mammals. After it found its prey in the air, it quickly folded its wings and swooped down like a dart thrown out, heading straight for the prey. When catching prey such as rock pigeons, male and female birds can skillfully cooperate. The female bird suddenly flew into the cave where the rock pigeons lived and drove them out, while the male bird waited outside the cave to kill.

The Sea and the Mysterious Legend of Jurchen

Jurchen people who established Daikin Kingdom in the history of our country have a very close relationship with the mysterious Haidong Qing. According to historical records, the Jurchen nationality belongs to the Sushen nationality, whose ancestors lived in Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Wusuli River basin and Changbai Mountain area for generations, and some of them moved south to Liaohe River basin. Haidongqing was produced in Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins, and it was the place where the Jurchen ancestors gathered. According to legend, a precious pearl was produced in the territory where the ancestors of Jurchen lived (now the sea area east of the Russian Far East), and the pearl mussels matured in June+10/October every year, but at this time, the ice surface on the seashore was several feet hard, so people could not chisel ice to get pearls. There is a local swan that feeds on pearl mussels. After eating, it hides the pearls in the mussels. Hai always likes to catch geese and has the habit of feeding on goose brains. Therefore, the ancestors of Jurchen trained the sea to catch this swan.

According to "Three Dynasties North Alliance", Jurchen's real name is recorded, but in Jurchen language, Dongzi is pronounced as Zhule, which is connected with the sound, Christina is pronounced as Shen, and after splicing, it is Zhule Shen, which is homonym. So some researchers think that the word Jurchen means the Oriental Eagle, and this Oriental Eagle is Haidong Qing. Because of this, the sea is not only the totem of jurchen, but also a good helper for them to hunt for food.

Legend has it that Akuta's name is also closely related to the sea. It is said that when Akuta's mother was pregnant in October and was about to give birth, Marshal Liao led the troops to kill her. Akuta's father, He Libo, protected his wife from fighting. They retreated to the foot of Wula Mountain, and He Libo was injured in the shoulder. His wife gave birth to a fat boy in the middle of nowhere. At this moment, the Liao soldiers all over the mountain attacked and the situation was extremely critical. Suddenly, a big white eagle with a jade claw and a jade mouth descended from the sky and flew around the newborn baby boy, shouting, "Bone fight! Bone fight! "

The cry of the great white eagle alarmed Agu, the mountain god of Wula Mountain. He heard the great white eagle shouting "bone fight", thinking that he was asking him to fight Liao soldiers, and he yelled. After the roar, all the hills, big and small, heard Agu's call and opened the mountain gates one after another to let the mountains and rivers run down. The rapid flash floods washed the Liao soldiers to pieces, causing numerous casualties. Later, in order to feel the salvation of the Great White Eagle and the mountain god Agu, He Libo named his child Agoudas and worshipped the Great White Eagle as a god from then on. Legend has it that this white carving of jade claw and jade mouth is in line with the image of Haidong Qing.

Jurchen and Qidan became enemies because of birds.

Because of a bird, the two nations forged a deep hatred, which eventually led to the demise of an empire. This sounds a bit like a fantasy, but such a bizarre thing did happen in the history of northern China. Before the establishment of the Liao State, the Jurchen and the Khitans lived in harmony, but since the establishment of the Liao State by the Khitans, they began to exploit the Jurchen, and the rulers of the Liao State paid tribute to the Jurchen every year.

The Emperor Zuo in Liao Dynasty was fatuous and cruel, governing the country badly, and people complained everywhere. Facing the Empire State Building that is about to collapse, Emperor Tianzuo is not only unaware of it, but also playing around the clock. According to historical records, Emperor Tianzuo loved hunting, and when he went out hunting, he liked to keep Hai Dongqing and hounds together. As Haidong Qing was a professional hunter, Emperor Tianzuo forced jurchen to capture Haidong Qing's tribute.

Jurchen almost caught Hai Dongqing in the territory to pay tribute to Liao, but she still couldn't satisfy the greedy rulers of Liao. In addition to squeezing property from jurchen, the Khitan nobles also asked them to offer beautiful women to stay overnight. They didn't ask whether they were married or not, nor did they ask about their family situation. They insulted them at will and called them recommendation pillows. This further aroused the hatred of Jurchen. At this time, Akuta, the leader of the Jurchen Department, hated the rule of Liao and secretly vowed to destroy Liao.

A.D.1165438+In September 2004, Akuta led his generals to gather 2,500 soldiers from all walks of life, and met at the south bank of Laishui River (now the stone monument in Xujiadian Township, Fuyu, Jilin Province) to hold a famous swearing-in ceremony. Akuta led an army to attack Liao, and soon occupied the capital of Liao (now Zuo Qi, Bahrain, Chifeng). At this point, the Liao State, which ruled northern China for more than 200 years, vanished, and Akuta established Dajin State.

Due to the deep hatred of Jurchen towards the Khitans, after the demise of Liao, Jurchen brutally destroyed the brilliance created by the Khitans. Today, Liao Shangjing and Liao Zuling sites in Balinzuoqi, Chifeng City have long been abandoned, and other Liao sites are full of bricks and tiles. The hatred between Jurchen and Qidan people can't blame Hai Dongqing, who is a bird that should fly freely in the sky. The demise of Liao was the inevitable result of the fatuity and greed of the Khitan rulers, and Jurchen brutally destroyed many brilliant achievements of Liao, leaving endless regrets for future generations.

Where did the sea fly?

With the continuous evolution of history, the Daikin Kingdom created by Jurchen was also destroyed by Genghis Khan's fighters. However, the sea has not faded out of people's sight because of its demise. In the Ming Dynasty, the sea still appeared frequently in his poems. Wu Cheng'en, who once wrote the famous article The Journey to the West, once wrote in a poem: "Dogs lead sheep, while eagles support mountains and beams. Jing basket carries guns and takes Haidong Qing. "

As descendants of Jurchen, Manchu nobles in Qing Dynasty also loved the sea. According to records, during the military parade in A.D. 1682, Emperor Kangxi saw the imperial guard of honor in the sea, and be in heaven wrote a poem praising the sea: "The feather worm is sixty, and the most handsome one is the sea. Dolly's Sexual Mastery contains fire morality, and Eta Ursa major releases different substances. "

According to "A Brief Introduction to Liu Bian", "Haidongqing and Eagle products are the most expensive, pure white is the best, white hair is the second, and gray is the second." "Exotic Records" also records that the sea "has snow-white people, reed flowers, and natural people". At that time, the price of an ordinary Haidong Qing was more than 30 taels of silver, and even prisoners on the border could get a reduced sentence or even be released as long as they could catch Haidong Qing.

Later, there were fewer and fewer records about the sea. After consulting a lot of information, the reporter found that Haidongqing, which is called falcon by modern zoologists, is still distributed in Xinjiang, Qinghai in northwest China and Heilongjiang in northeast China. However, in these places, Haidong Qing is extremely rare. Today, Haidongqing has been designated as a second-class protected animal by the relevant state departments.

The reporter interviewed several Manchu old people in Hohhot. When the mysterious Hai Dongqing was mentioned, their faces immediately showed reverence. These Manchu old people said that when their ancestors hunted, they all had a Haidongqing on their left arm. Today, in Inner Mongolia, once ruled by the Khitans, there is no trace of the sea. However, in Wulanchabu, there is another species similar to the sea-peregrine falcon. A few years ago, when the reporter went to Wulanchabu for an interview, it happened that the local forest police arrested a middle-aged Beijing woman who specializes in selling falcons. The forest policeman who handled the case told the reporter that this falcon is particularly spiritual and can help its owner hunt after being domesticated. Because this falcon can fly high in the sky and avoid radar monitoring, some criminals even use it to transport drugs. The forest police who handled the case also told reporters that poachers also called a falcon with white hair on its head and white spots on its body in Wulanchabu the best falcon. If you catch this falcon, the bid is generally more than 10 thousand yuan. It is unknown whether this falcon, known as the best, is related to the mysterious Haidong Qing.

Hai Dong Qing-Mao Falcon said

Falcon is a very beautiful medium-sized raptor and a large falcon, so it is also called "giant falcon", with a body length of 56-6 1cm and a weight of1310-2100g. Feather colors vary greatly, including dark, white and gray. The dark head is white, with thick dark longitudinal stripes on the top of the head, grayish brown to dark slate brown on the upper body, with white transverse spots and spots, white, brown or slate transverse spots on the tail feathers, brown flying feathers, broken white transverse spots, white and dark transverse spots on the lower body, but the markings are sparse compared with Altai Falcon. White body feathers are mainly white, with brown spots on the back and wings. The color of gray feathers is between the above two colors. The iris is light brown, the mouth is lead gray, the wax film is yellow brown, the tarsal bones and toes are dark yellow brown, and the claws are black.

Foreign kestrels are distributed in northern Europe, North Asia and northern North America, while domestic kestrels are distributed in Heilongjiang, Wafangdian, Liaoning and Kashgar, Xinjiang, which are extremely rare? Among them, there are winter migratory birds in Heilongjiang and Liaoning, and resident or breeding birds in Xinjiang.

Falcons inhabit rocky coasts, open rocky mountains, coastal islands, river valleys and forest tundra near the coast. It can be called the air overlord in the northern world, but it is very afraid of heat. I often fly in a straight line at low altitude, close my wings when I find the prey, and suddenly dive down quickly, just like a dart thrown out, heading straight for the prey. Mainly feed on wild ducks, seagulls, Thunderbirds, grouse and other birds, but also eat a small number of small and medium-sized mammals. When catching prey such as rock pigeons, male and female birds can skillfully cooperate. The female bird suddenly flew into the cave where the rock pigeons lived and drove them out, while the male bird waited outside the cave to kill.

Falcon, with its magnificent posture and peculiar feathers, was used for hunting by ancient emperors in the north in Liao, Jin and Qing dynasties, and was regarded as a rare bird, known as "Haidong Qing". 1682 (the 21st year of Kangxi), Emperor Kangxi held a military parade in the school yard in the southern suburbs of Beijing. When he saw the imperial guards passing by arm in arm, he felt very happy and poetic, so he took a poem to praise the sea, including "There are sixty feather worms, and the most handsome one is the sea." Dolly's Sexual Mastery contains fire morality, and different substances are released in Ursa major Eta. "That poem. He not only preached martial arts and inspired soldiers' courage, but also praised Haidong Qing for his fortitude and bravery, and his excellent quality could reflect the stars in the sky. He is very strong, and a thousand hooks hit the stone, flying as fast as lightning and thunder. It can be seen that falcons played an extraordinary role in the minds of ancient emperors.

Falcons breed from May to July. Nest on the cliffs and rocks of the Arctic coast and nearby valleys, and occasionally nest in trees in the Arctic tundra forest area. The nest is flat and discoid with rough structure. It is mainly composed of dead branches. Each nest usually lays 3- 14 eggs, occasionally as few as 2 eggs and as many as 7 eggs. Eggs are brown or ochre with dark brown or reddish brown spots. Eggs are 55-63×46-49 mm in size and weigh about 70 grams. Hatching begins as soon as the first egg is laid, usually by females and occasionally by males. The incubation period is 28-29 days. Chickens are late. After hatching, they will be raised by their parents for about 46-49 days and then leave the nest.