Blue and white porcelain was in its infancy in the Tang Dynasty. People can see more than 20 pieces of blue and white porcelain fragments unearthed in Yangzhou in 1970s and 1980s. Blue and white striped replica collected by Fengpingshan Museum; A flower bowl collected by Boston Museum, USA; A fish and algae tank collected by the Copenhagen Museum in Denmark; The stippling tattoo of Mei Duo collected by Nanjing Museum. By studying the embryo, glaze and color of porcelain unearthed in Yangzhou, and analyzing the material and technological conditions of Gongxian kiln in Tang Dynasty, it is preliminarily concluded that the origin of blue and white porcelain in Tang Dynasty is Gongxian kiln in Henan Province. In recent years, a small number of blue-and-white porcelain specimens were unearthed in Gongxian kiln site, which further confirmed that the blue-and-white porcelain of Tang Dynasty originated in Gongxian kiln, Henan province.

From the blue and white porcelain pieces unearthed in Yangzhou, it can be seen that the green material is rich in color, with crystal spots, low in manganese and iron, and contains copper and cobalt, so it should be imported from Central and Western Asia. The fetal quality is coarse and loose, grayish brown and the sintering degree is poor. The bottom glaze is white and yellow, and the enamel is thick. Apply makeup soil between fetal glazes. The types of containers are mainly small pieces, such as complex, bowls, cans and lids. The decorative patterns are all flowers and plants except the fish and algae tanks collected by Copenhagen Museum in Denmark. Among them, flower patterns are divided into two categories. One is typical traditional flowers in China, especially carnations, plum blossoms and other small flowers. The other is the typical Arabic pattern, with geometric figures such as diamond-shaped loose-leaf patterns. From this point of view, combined with the place where blue-and-white porcelain was unearthed in the Tang Dynasty (Yangzhou was an important port in the Tang Dynasty), it can be proved that blue-and-white porcelain in the Tang Dynasty was mainly exported.

Song Qinghua

After the initial stage, the blue and white flowers in the Tang Dynasty did not develop rapidly, but declined. So far, people can only see more than ten pieces of porcelain unearthed from two Taki sites. First, 1957 was excavated in Jinsha Tataji, Longquan County, Zhejiang Province. A total of three blue and white bowls/kloc-0 were unearthed. Tower brick has the absolute date of "the second year of Taiping rejuvenating the country" (977) in the Northern Song Dynasty; The other piece is 1970. A piece of blue and white bowl belly was unearthed at the tower foundation of Huancui Building in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province. The monument unearthed in Tataji proves that this tower was built in the first year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1265).

These more than ten pieces of blue and white porcelain of Song Dynasty are all fragments of bowls. The fetal quality is getting thicker and thinner. Decorated with chrysanthemum patterns, circle patterns, chord patterns, line stripes and so on. Blue and white hair color is thicker and darker in the previous place; The latter is lighter. If the hair color is dark, it should be because the transparent glaze of the cover is too thin. Zhejiang province itself is rich in cobalt clay minerals, and these blue and white porcelain should be made of local cobalt materials. They are not directly related to Tang Qinghua.

Yuan Qinghua

Mature blue and white porcelain appeared in Jingdezhen in the Yuan Dynasty. As the Yuan blue-and-white porcelain tire adopts the binary formula of "porcelain stone+kaolin", the Al2O3 content in the tire is increased, the firing temperature is increased, and the deformation rate in the firing process is reduced. Therefore, the carcasses of most utensils are thick and full. The fetal color is slightly grayish yellow and the fetal quality is loose. The bottom glaze is divided into two kinds: blue and white, which has a strong sense of opacity. The green materials used are domestic materials and imported materials: the domestic materials are green materials with high manganese and low iron, which are cyan and gray-black; The imported material is low manganese and high iron green material, which is green, rich in color and rusty. On some utensils, there are also cases where domestic materials and imported materials are used together. There are mainly household appliances, sacrificial utensils, tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-spring-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb-tomb.

The most striking feature of Yuan blue-and-white ornamentation is that the composition is full and there are many layers without disorder. The brushwork is good at one stroke, smooth and powerful; The contour rendering is heavy and steady. The theme of theme decoration is people, animals, plants, poems and so on. The figures are Gao Shitu (Four love figure) and historical figures. Animals include dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, mandarin ducks and swimming fish. Common plants are peony, lotus, orchid, pine, bamboo plum, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and leaves, melons and fruits, etc. Poetry is rare. The petals of painted peony mostly have white edges; The dragon pattern has a small head, a thin neck, a long body, three claws or four claws, a ridge on the back, and a grid-like scale, which is vigorous and fierce. Auxiliary decorations are mostly rolled grass, lotus petals, ancient coins, seawater, palindromes, clouds, banana leaves and so on. Lotus petals are shaped like "braces", and Taoist treasures are mostly painted on lotus petals; In ruyi cloud pattern, eight monsters in the sea, lotus flowers with broken branches and flowers with tangled branches are often painted, and third-order clouds are often painted; The stalk in the middle of banana leaves is solid (filled with green matter); Seawater line is a combination of thick line and thin line.

Blue and white in Ming and Qing dynasties

The Ming and Qing dynasties were the period when blue and white porcelain reached its peak and then declined. Yongle and Xuande periods in Ming Dynasty were a peak of the development of blue and white porcelain, which was famous for its exquisite production. During the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, blue and white porcelain reached its peak with "colorful blue and white". After the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, pastel porcelain gradually declined due to its development. Although it was revived in the late Qing Dynasty (Guangxu), it could not continue the prosperity of the Kangxi Dynasty. Generally speaking, the official kiln porcelain in this period was made rigorously and beautifully; Folk kilns are free and easy, and the pictures are freehand. From the late Ming Dynasty, blue and white gradually absorbed some elements of Chinese painting techniques.