Most immigrants used to be Puritans, fugitives and so on.
Later, the British authorities continued to colonize the economy and oppressed the economic growth in America. The Americans set up a parliament there! Most of the colonists were France and Britain.
Dutch and Scottish immigrants, such as Franklin, are descendants of England.
I suggest you look at the lens of the United States in The Rise of Great Powers, which is written in great detail.
The establishment of British North American colonies;
The United States is made up of immigrants and is a mixture of more than 100 nationalities.
The famous American poet walt whitman once wrote: "The United States of America is the richest song. It is not only a nation, but also a nation composed of many nationalities. "
1492 After Columbus discovered the New World, Portugal, the Netherlands, France and Britain followed suit, and various countries successively established some aggression strongholds in North America.
Explorers from six European countries had explored the American coast before Britain established the first colonies on the Atlantic coast.
First, sailors from Portugal, Denmark, Italy, Britain and Spain; Then armed Spanish conquistadors drove north from Mexico in the middle of16th century to explore the southwest; /kloc-In the late 6th century, the three-room barber monks in Spain established missionary groups in Florida, Georgia and two Carolinas.
But Britain was the first country to establish a permanent colony.
/kloc-In the first half of the 6th century, after Spain conquered Mexico and Peru, it first established colonial strongholds in the Gulf of Mexico along the Atlantic coast of North America, namely Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Texas today.
Since then, new Spanish colonies have been established in North America, including the present southwest and the contiguous area of Mexico, as well as the territories of Central America, South America and Spain.
/kloc-In the first half of the 7th century, Dutch colonists established New Amsterdam (new york) in North America, which was later expanded into a new Dutch colony.
/kloc-In the 6th century, France established the Novak colony in North America, including eastern Canada and a large area of the Mississippi River in the United States.
Britain also began to explore southeast America from16th century, but a large number of invasions occurred in17th century.
In the seventeenth century, the bourgeois revolution took place in Britain, and since then, Britain's political and economic strength has rapidly increased.
1588 defeated Spain, then successively defeated the Netherlands and launched a fierce world war with France, which accelerated the pace of British colonization of North America.
1606, the king of England authorized London Company (also known as Virginia Company) and Plymouth Company (later merged with Massachusetts Gulf Company) to grant them the privilege of developing North American colonies.
This is a comprehensive institution integrating overseas business, smuggling, piracy and slave trade.
1607 in may, the London company sent the first batch of immigrants to north America and established James city.
Immigrants include speculators, bankrupt gentlemen and white indentured slaves *** 105.
Jamestown, which was first built, is just a wilderness with overgrown weeds. Immigrants built a church, a fortress and several huts here and started their new life in North America.
Due to plague, smallpox, yellow fever and Indian national revenge, the mortality rate of immigrants is extremely high.
According to research, only 32 of the first immigrants survived.
Since then, in order to survive and develop, white indentured slaves have increased day by day.
Jamestown gradually developed into a colony of Virginia.
After the British bourgeois revolution broke out, many royalists and land nobles also moved to Virginia, and most of them became local new noble and big planters.
These include the Washington family, the Madison family and the Monroe family.
1607, the settlement established by Plymouth Company was unsuccessful.
1620, 102 British immigrants, including 35 Puritans persecuted by religion, arrived in Plymouth on the ship Mayflower. Before landing, some of them concluded an autonomy convention within the Puritans, that is, the Mayflower Convention.
Plymouth merged with Massachusetts at 169 1.
"may flower": The first ship sailed to North America by British immigrants.
The Mayflower has a load of about 180 tons and a length of 90 feet.
It is famous for carrying a group of separatists to North America to establish Plymouth colony and making the Mayflower Convention on board.
Separatists are the most radical school of English Puritanism. Due to the cruel persecution of the Anglican Church, they left England for the Netherlands on August 1608.
Some of them decided to move to North America and signed immigration contracts with companies in Virginia.
On September's fellowship day, 1620, I took the may flower to North America under the guidance of Reverend Blest.
There were 102 passengers on board, including 35 separatists and the rest were craftsmen, fishermen, poor farmers and 14 indentured slaves.
165438+1October 2 1 day, arrived at Cape Cod (now provine, Massachusetts) and landed in Plymouth on the first day after Christmas.
Before landing, that is,165438+1October 2 1 day, the separatist leaders presided over the formulation of a * * * convention on "may flower" in the cabin, which was signed by 4 1 free adult men.
Its contents are: organizing citizen groups; Formulate just laws, decrees and rules and regulations.
This convention laid the foundation for the autonomy of the States in New England.
1603, Massachusetts bay company established Massachusetts colony.
/kloc-In the 7th century, wealthy Puritans who immigrated to Massachusetts established a religious oligarchy in this colony and brutally persecuted other minority sects.
1In the 1930s, some religious persecuted minority missionaries led a group of immigrants to establish another colony in Connecticut and Rhode Island.
Roger? Williams and Anna? Mrs Hutchinson successively established cities in Rhode Island.
The founder of Connecticut was a priest persecuted by religion, Thomas? Hook.
Most of the people who moved to these two colonies were working people, and the property owners concluded an "autonomy convention" according to their own wishes to exercise their autonomy.
Therefore, this colony is also called "autonomous colony", which was later recognized by the British king and granted a charter.
The residents of these two colonies enjoy more democracy and freedom than those of other colonies.
New Hampshire was originally a colony given by the king of England to Mei Sen, a British land aristocrat, in the 1920s. Most of the "upper class" elements who moved here were defenders and priests.
The religious persecution of religious minorities in Massachusetts also came here, and New Hampshire gradually prospered, and 164 1 was occupied by Massachusetts.
1679, New Hampshire broke away from Massachusetts and became a British crown colony.
In addition to the above-mentioned corporate concession colonies and autonomous colonies, Britain has also established another kind of colony in North America, that is, the owner colony.
1632, the British king authorized his minion Lord Baltimore to establish Maria colony in the form of "concession".
This kind of personal fief colony is usually called a landlord colony, which is given to the minions of the British king or people who have made special contributions to the British king.
This landlord colony was transplanted feudalism by Britain according to the intention of the British king. Therefore, it was feudal in nature, and the landlord ruled the colonial people on behalf of the British king and controlled the resources of the colony.
He can freely divide land and reward, and has great power.
Maryland is the earliest host colony established by Britain in North America.
1660 After the restoration of the Stuart dynasty in Britain, Britain established seven colonies in North America-new york, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
New york was originally Dutch New Holland. 1664, Britain defeated the Netherlands, took the land from the Netherlands, and then divided the land in the Hudson River basin into two colonies, new york and New Jersey.
The King of England gave new york to the Duke of York as a colony, and 1688 was changed to a crown colony.
New Jersey and new york were established at the same time. It is divided into two regions, Dong Ze and Jersey. It was ruled by Swedes and Dutch.
In the 1970s, wealthy Quakers bought Jersey, and in the 1980s, William? Bing and his associates bought Dong Ze West again, and the regime was in the hands of the Quaker Lord.
1702, East and West Jersey merged and became a colony under the direct jurisdiction of the King of England.
Delaware was1a colony established by Sweden in the 1930s, and1was occupied by the Netherlands in the 1950s.
1664, the British king took it from the Netherlands, which has always been a landlord colony.
Pennsylvania was awarded to its owner William by the king of England in 168 1 year. Ice colony.
Due to Britain's cruel persecution of Quakers, all British North American colonies except Rhode Island rejected and persecuted Quakers.
Therefore, immigrants from all over the world moved to North America to avoid war and religious persecution.
Plus William? Bing himself is a Quaker, and the development of Pennsylvania is extremely short of labor, so it has become a refuge for Quakers and other ethnic minorities.
South Carolina and North Carolina have large tracts of uncultivated land.
After the restoration of the British King, this land was given to Eight big noble as the colonial master.
Quaker workers have long fled Virginia on the North Carolina border.
17 1 1 was divided into south Carolina and north Carolina, which were originally owner colonies, and 1729 was changed to a British crown colony.
Most of the immigrants here are British, in addition, there are some French Protestants and a small number of Swedes and Germans.
Georgia, founded in 1733, is the last colony to be established and the first colony to be given huge economic aid by Britain.
It was established as a British exile and a stronghold against the Spanish, and its development was relatively slow.
1752 was changed to a British crown colony.
In this way, by the end of 1753, Britain had established thirteen colonies in North America-Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, new york, New Jersey, Delaware, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia.
Fourth, the establishment of black slavery:
In the process of European colonists conquering and developing the vast American colonies, a large number of cheap labor forces were needed for reclamation and planting.
The labor problem became the first acute problem in the colonial history of North America.
At first, Europeans pinned their hopes on the native Indians in North America.
They tried every means to capture Indians as slaves.
However, because the United States is the hometown of Indians after all, it is easy for them to escape after being captured.
On the other hand, the total population of India is extremely limited. When European colonists invaded North America, the total number of Indians here was only about 1 million, which was not only to enslave them all, but also far from meeting the needs of the expanding colonies.
In this way, European colonists turned their attention to white people again.
In the process of establishing North American colonies, European colonists fabricated various myths about how sugar cane was abundant in America, which induced a large number of British, Scots, Irish, French, Germans, Dutch, Jews and Swedes to immigrate to America, among which the British were the most.
Most immigrants are victims of Europe, bankrupt farmers and fugitives, and there are a considerable number of white "indentured servants". There are four sources of "contract slaves": first, people who are unable to repay their debts; Second, people who want to go to North America and lack travel expenses; Third, beggars and children trafficked by colonialism; Fourth, British criminals.
Contract slaves usually come to North America after signing a contract with the boss (or after signing a contract in North America) to be slaves for the boss for 5-7 years.
The working hours and conditions of indentured slaves are entirely determined by their owners.
During the period of slavery, you can be whipped by your master, you can't get married without your master's consent, and you can also be resold by your master at will.
According to the estimate of American official 1680, about 1 10,000 white indentured slaves are transported to North America every year.
/kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, the most common slaves in North American colonies were indentured slaves, accounting for about half of the total immigrant population.
/kloc-in the 0/8th century, white indentured slaves were gradually replaced by black slaves.
Because blacks are stronger, far away from their African homes, and their skin color is obvious and their prices are cheap, European colonists began to sell black slaves to America in large quantities in the eighteenth century.
In fact, European colonists sold slaves to North America earlier: in 16 19, the first slaves were transported to Virginia, and since then, the number of slaves in North America 13 colonies has been increasing day by day.
/kloc-there were 60,000 slaves in the early 8th century, and it increased to 500,000 in 1775.
Especially after the war of succession to the Spanish throne ended in 17 13, Britain obtained the patent right to sell slaves to Spain and America through the Treaty of Utrecht. Since then, Britain has increasingly become the largest slave trader in continental Europe.
/kloc-Since the 8th century, slave ships from European and American countries have frequently traveled to and from the triangle route connecting America, Africa and Europe, namely "triangle trade", and engaged in slave trade on a large scale, in order to obtain profits of more than 100%.
Due to the lack of large land ownership in New England, slaves were of little use except housework and farm work.
On the south coast of North America, the climate is mild and humid, the land is fertile, and the upper class of immigrants are mostly Stuart nobles and landlords, so they make full use of the extremely favorable natural conditions in the south to develop plantation economy, and at the same time buy and use slaves in large quantities.
In this way, black slavery with plantation slavery as its basic feature appeared in North American colonies.
The life of black slaves in North American colonies was extremely miserable.
Slave owners have the right to kill and seize slaves. They can transfer, sell or even kill slaves at will.
Black slaves not only lived a worse life than cattle and horses, but also often died in large numbers.
According to the estimation of du bois, a famous American black scholar, during the 300 years from the16th century, European and American slave traders and speculators sold slaves from Africa to America, * * * * countries, Persia and other places, including the total number of blacks who died in the process of hunting and trafficking, which made Africa lose about 60 million people.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the population of Africa accounted for about one-fifth of the total population of the world at that time, but at the beginning of the twentieth century, it only accounted for one-thirteenth
In the evil slave trade, New England made great profits, Rhode Island became the center of slave trade, and New England developed into the largest slave trade area in North America.
In addition, the central colonies also made huge profits from it.
Slave trade has become an important way for the primitive accumulation of American bourgeois capitalism.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) the development of colonial economy and the formation of American nation;
From 1663, when Britain promulgated the Navigation Act, to 1763, when the Seven-Year War between Britain and France ended, businessmen in North American colonies, especially in New England, took advantage of the dispute between Britain and Holland to launch "smuggling trade" between the United States, Africa and Europe, and made huge profits.
Boston, new york and Philadelphia gradually became the centers of this smuggling trade and its slave trade.
Businessmen who made a fortune in smuggling trade, slave trade and plundering Indians often put new profits into industry (mainly manufacturing in New England).
This promoted the rapid development of capitalist industries in this region, and Boston, Philadelphia and new york became the centers of colonial industries.
Due to the rapid development of industry and commerce, the area of agriculture and cultivated land has also prospered and expanded accordingly.
After the eighteenth century, with the continuous influx of immigrants, a large area of land in the west was reclaimed.
Especially in the central and southern regions, superior natural conditions have greatly promoted the development and progress of agricultural economy. New york and Pennsylvania in central China soon became the largest wheat producing areas and were called "bread colonies".
In addition, grain production in Virginia and Maryland has also developed rapidly.
Economic development promoted economic and cultural ties between colonies. New England's industrial products are sold in the middle and south, which provide food and raw materials for the north.
The connection between transportation and postal services has also been strengthened, and a unified national market has gradually taken shape.
The accelerated integration of immigrants from various countries has also promoted the formation of the American nation.
Residents of North American colonies, except Indians and blacks, are all immigrants from Europe, and their ethnic composition is more complicated.
There are English, French, Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Swiss, Welsh, Scots, Irish, Jews and so on, among which English is the largest.
At first, the people of all ethnic groups who immigrated to the colonies had little contact with each other and kept their own languages and cultures. However, in the political and economic life of more than 200 years, after intermarriage and living and working together, the relationship has become increasingly close, and the political and cultural life of immigrants of all ethnic groups has gradually formed and developed. On the basis of European language, especially British language, they absorbed Indian language vocabulary and African folk songs, and formed Americans' own language.
After the war of independence, a country dominated by white immigrants from Europe and composed of multi-ethnic, multi-ethnic and their descendants has begun to take shape.