Conrad? Adenauer is a cross-century figure, who experienced four dynasties: the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich and the Federal Republic of Germany. He was the first Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) founded in 1949. During his tenure, the country was defeated, regained sovereignty, and then became an economic power, playing a leading role in European politics. This glorious period is often called "Adenauer era".
Martin Luther 1483- 1546
15 17, when is Martin? When Luther nailed his "95 arguments" to the door of a church in Wittenberg, Germany, he began the Christian reform movement, which eventually evolved into a situation in which politics and religion were not divided for centuries. He believes that the only source of faith is that everyone can understand the Bible, and the priest does not need to act as an intermediary between the individual and God. He translated the Bible into German in 1534, thus laying the foundation for the unification of German.
Karl Marx
Carl. After his death, Marx's thoughts spread all over the world and guided the birth of the Bolsheviks in the Soviet Union and the * * * production party in China. He was deeply influenced by the German philosopher Hegel. After graduation, he served as the editor-in-chief of Rheinische Zeitung, then moved to Paris, and published the Manifesto of Producers' Party with Engels in 1848. At that time, the bourgeois revolution swept through Europe, and Marx actively publicized the proletarian program and guided the German people to oppose feudal autocracy.
Johann Sebastian Bach
John? Sebastian? Bach was the greatest composer in Europe in the first half of the18th century. He was the first person who successfully integrated and enriched different styles of music from different countries. In the application of multi-voice, no later composer can surpass him. Bach's development and contribution to the art of music earned him the reputation of "the father of music". His works have become an example for composers to worship and learn.
Albert Einstein 1879- 1955
A German youth who is full of dreams and is not serious about his study, because of his curiosity, has made remarkable achievements in physics, drawn a brand-new concept of universe, space and time for the world and became a pioneer of modern physics. In the process, Albert? Einstein changed the balance of power between politics and science in our century. 192 1 year, Einstein won the nobel prize in physics.
Johann wolfgang von goethe 1749- 1832
John? Wolfgang? Goethe is the most representative figure in modern German literature. He went to Leipzig to study law in accordance with his father's wishes in 1765, during which he began to write poems. 1774, he finished his first novel, young werther, which immediately caused a sensation in the European literary world. His classic work Faust became a model of modern German novels, which established Goethe's lofty position in the history of world literature. In addition, he has made some achievements in anatomy and botany.
Gutenberg is probably 1397- 1468.
/kloc-In the early Renaissance of the 0/5th century, block printing technology was introduced to Europe. As a goldsmith, Johannes? Gutenberg improved the existing technology and successfully invented a better movable type typesetting and printing system, printing 200 exquisite Latin bibles. This pioneering work not only brought the revolution of printing technology to the world, but also opened the door of information dissemination. It is understood that 48 bibles printed at that time still exist today.
Sophie. Sophie Shore 192 1- 1943
Sophie. When Scofield and his younger brother Hans were studying at Munich University, it was during Nazi Germany's rule. 1942, she was assigned to a metallurgical factory to produce war materials, while her father was imprisoned for criticizing Hitler. Sophie. In order to promote anti-Nazi rhetoric, Scofield secretly produced and distributed "White Rose" leaflets. 1943 She and her brother were caught distributing leaflets on campus and were sentenced to death. She walked to the guillotine without fear, and her courage was commendable.
Willy Brandt 19 13- 1992
Willie? Brandt became German Chancellor from 1969 to 1974. 1970, he paid a state visit to the Czech Republic and Poland. When he came to the Warsaw Memorial for Jewish Victims to lay flowers, he suddenly knelt down to pay tribute to the Jews killed by Nazi Germany, which set a good international image for Germany. 197 1 year, he vigorously promoted the policy of "detente" and "cooperation" with the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, so he won the Nobel Peace Prize.
Otto von bismarck 18 15- 1898.
Otto von bismarck is an important figure in modern German history. He used the "iron-blooded policy" to put Germany on the road to reunification. He was originally the leader of a local revolutionary army, and 1862 became the Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Prussia. From 65438 to 0863, he declared war on Denmark, Austria and France. 187 1 year, the german empire was unified and Bismarck became prime minister. His life is an important historical period of Germany's transition from feudal autocratic society to capitalism.
Kant (1724- 1804): Born on April 22nd, 1724, he entered the University of Konigsberg on April 22nd, 2004. From 1746, I worked as a tutor for 4 years. 1755 completed his university studies, obtained the qualification of a supernumerary lecturer, and served as 15 lecturer. During this period, Kant became more and more famous as a teacher and writer. Besides teaching physics and mathematics, he also teaches logic, metaphysics, moral philosophy, firearms and architecture, physical geography and so on. During the period of 65438+1960s, the main works in this period are: A Study on the Clarity of Natural Theology and Moral Principles (1764), An Attempt to Introduce the Concept of Negative Numbers into Philosophy (1763), and The Only Possible Root of the Argument of the Existence of God (1763). Dream of Epiphany (1766) tests all views on the spiritual world. 1770 was appointed as a professor of logic and metaphysics. In the same year, he published The Forms and Principles of Feeling and Reason. From 178 1, a series of great original works covering a wide range of fields were published in 9 years, which brought a revolution in philosophy and thought in a short time. Such as Critique of Pure Reason (178 1), Critique of Practical Reason (1788) and Critique of Judgment (1790). 1793 was accused of abusing philosophy, distorting and despising the basic teachings of Christianity after the publication of Religion in Rational Scope; So the government asked Kant not to talk about religious issues in his speeches and works. However, after the death of King 1797, he revisited this issue in his last important paper, Debate between Colleges (1798). The transition from the highest principle of natural science to physics could have been an important supplement to Kant's philosophy, but this book was not completed. 1804 died in February 12.
Beethoven (1770— 1827): German composer. He was born in Bonn and studied piano with his father since childhood. 1787 Go to Vienna to learn composition from Haydn and get to know Mozart. 1792 settled in Vienna and engaged in teaching, performance and creation. Beethoven lived in the reactionary era of the French Revolution, the Napoleonic Wars and the Vienna system, and European democracy and national consciousness were rising day by day. His works reflect the characteristics of these times, either praising heroes or opposing feudalism and striving for democracy, freedom and a bright future. His main works are Symphony No.3 (Destiny), Symphony No.6 (Pastoral), Symphony No.9 (Chorus) and Sonata of Sorrow and Moonlight.
Hegel (1770- 183 1 year): German idealist philosopher. Born in a gentleman's family in Stuttgart, southern Germany. 1788 ——1793 studied at tubingen theological seminary, worked as a tutor for six years after graduation, and later became the principal of Nuremberg middle school. 18 16 Professor of Philosophy, University of Heidelberg. The president of Berlin University died of cholera in 1830. His main works are: Phenomenology of Spirit, Logic, Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Principles of Philosophy of Right, Lectures on the History of Philosophy, Historical Philosophy and Aesthetics.
Heine (1797-1856):1797 65438+February 65438+March was born in Dü sseldorf, Germany, and experienced the Napoleonic Wars in his childhood and adolescence. 1865438+After Napoleon's defeat in 2005, he worked in a bank. 18 19 and then studied at the universities of Bonn, G? ttingen and Berlin. When I was in Berlin, I met Mr. and Mrs. Enhagen von Enze, as well as writers Chamik and Fukai. Enze's literary salon is the literary center of Berlin. Under its influence, Heine's first book of poetry was published in Berlin in 182 1. 1823 published "Tragedy-Lyric Episode". 1824 1 Go back to the University of G? ttingen to study law, continue to write poems, and complete the return of the original collection. 1825 obtained the doctor of law degree. The updated The Return of the Native, together with Travels of Harz Mountain and Travels of Beihai, was compiled into travel notes and published in 1826, which aroused strong repercussions. 1827 Travel Notes Volume 2 was published. After returning to Hamburg from a trip to England, he published his poetry anthology, which included most of the previously published poems, and established Heine's position as an outstanding lyric poet. The third volume of Travel Notes was published in 1829. Later, Heine published articles and poems such as The Present Situation of France, On French Painters, A Brief History of Modern German Literature, Records of the Deaths of Ludwig Bernard and Henrich Heine, and German Winter Fairy Tales. 1May 848, he was completely paralyzed. He persisted in writing with amazing perseverance and dictated a collection of poems, Romantic Zero, which was published in 185 1. Later, he also wrote some essays. 1856 February, Heine died in Paris.
Mendelssohn (1809-1847):1809 was born in Hamburg, Germany, to Jewish parents. /kloc-started writing at the age of 0/2, and/kloc-completed the prelude to A Midsummer Night's Dream at the age of 0/7. He began to study and arrange Bach's works at the age of 2 1, which made the most important contribution to the revival of the father of music. At the age of 27, he was a conductor in Leipzig. 1843 founded the first German Conservatory of Music and died at the age of 38. In his short life, he created a large number of music works of various genres. His works are gentle and comfortable, beautiful and quiet, complete and rigorous, with few contradictions and conflicts, full of poetic fantasies, reflecting the stability and prosperity in his life. His symphonies "Scotsman", "Italian", overture "Finger Hole", "Calm Sea and Happy Sailing" and "Violin Concerto in E minor" are all masterpieces. A Midsummer Night's Dream Overture is the earliest musical work to describe the realm of immortals. He also created the piano music genre "Songs Without Words", with eight volumes and forty-eight songs, which is vivid and colorful, and is the representative of early title music. The Leipzig Musicology Party centered on him19th century German music life had a great influence.
Richard Wagner (1813-1883):1813 was born in Leipzig on May 22nd. I loved the music of Beethoven, Mozart and Weber since I was a child, and taught myself piano and composition. At the same time, it was also influenced by Shakespeare, Goethe, Schiller and other plays. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, he wrote the five-act poem Tragedy, which was influenced by philosophers such as Schopenhauer, Nietzsche and even Freud in his later years. /kloc-in the summer of 0/833, he worked as an opera conductor in Wü rzburg and began to compose operas. 1840, he composed Jean, 184 1 year, and he composed his first opera masterpiece The Wandering Dutchman. 1843 was appointed as the conductor of Dresden Palace Opera House. 1845, he performed Don Hauser according to German legend. 1849 and then exiled abroad 15 years. The writing of The Ring was completed in 1875, and it was staged in the newly-built Bayreuther Theatre in August 1876, which was a great success. His famous works include Lohengreen, Tristan and isolde, and Famous Singers in Nuremberg. His works include German music, art and revolution, future works of art, opera and drama. 1883 died in February 13. His musical stage works have far-reaching significance and are characterized by his own creation (including plot, characters, drama words, expression techniques and music). He has never been interested in the music form itself, but only regards it as an expression of emotion and psychology. He thoroughly reformed the composition techniques, which had a decisive influence on the development of music as an art and led to the formation of expressionist music.
Bertolt Brecht1February 1998 10 was born in augsburg, Bavaria. He was a screenwriter and theater director when he was young. Participated in the workers' movement. 1933 and went into exile in Europe. 194 1 went to the United States through the Soviet Union in, but was persecuted after the war. 1947 returned to Europe. 1948 settled in East Berlin. 195 1 won the National Drama Contribution Award. 1955 won the Lenin Peace Prize. He has always advocated the reform of traditional Chinese opera, carried out epic drama experiments in theory and practice, especially absorbed China's experience in drama art, and gradually formed a unique performance method. His major works on drama theory are: Mei Xin Kauff and so on. Representative plays include: Mother, Sichuan Good Man, Grey Lange in Caucasus, Biography of Galileo, etc.
Fritz Walter (1920-2002)
Walter was the captain of the Federal Republic of Germany when it won the first World Cup in 1954. Born in 1920, served in the German army. He was a German prisoner of war in World War II. After World War II, he returned to Germany. Later, he was selected for the German national team. Participated in 1954 World Cup and 1958 World Cup.
1954 During the World Cup, he was the captain of the German national team. He is one of the three people who created Bern miracle in Germany. He scored three goals in that World Cup, including two against Austria in the semi-final.
1958 He was 37 years old at the World Cup. I was injured early and didn't contribute to the German team. But he is also a famous star in Germany.
As for the club, he played for Kaiserslautern for many years, and the home of the team was named after him. He died during the 2002 World Cup. During the World Cup, in order to commemorate him, all the players of the German national team wore black circles to show their silence.
Abegg is a German chemist. 1869 1.9 was born in Danzig (now Gdansk, Poland); 19 10 died in kosslyn (now Keshalin) on April 3rd. 189 1 year, Abegg received his doctorate from the University of Berlin. 1899 was appointed professor of chemistry at breslau university. Shortly thereafter, he began to be busy studying the influence of the new electronic viewpoint of atoms on valence. In Abegg's view, the electron configuration in inert gas atoms (using later terminology, the outermost electron shell of helium has two electrons, and other inert gases have eight electrons) is particularly stable. An element like chlorine lacks 1 electron to form 8 electrons, and this element tends to accept 1 electron; An element like sodium has an extra electron, so it tends to give an electron. The sodium atom will give an electron to the chlorine atom, forming a positively charged sodium ion and a negatively charged chloride ion, which are bound together due to electrostatic attraction. In this way, the chemical reaction becomes the transfer of electrons, and the chemical bond becomes the attraction between charges of different symbols. Abegg died in a balloon accident when he was still young, so he didn't live long enough to see his concept developed by many chemists headed by Louis.
John f Schiller (1759- 1805) was born in a doctor's family and studied law and medicine. As a German enlightenment writer, he is as famous as Goethe. In his youth, under the influence of Strauss' spirit, Schiller wrote the famous works Robber and Conspiracy and Love, which laid his creative path of opposing feudal system, striving for freedom and arousing national awakening.