I. Overview

(1) Economic significance:

Peach is one of the most popular fruits. It is not only gorgeous in appearance, delicious in juice, but also rich in nutrition. The sugar content per 100g pulp is 7? 5g, organic acid B 20.2-1.9g, protein 0.4-1.8g, fat 0.1-1.5g, vitamin c 3 1 mg, vitamin B 20.2mg ... Except peaches. Roots, leaves, flowers and kernels can all be used as medicine, which has the effects of relieving cough, promoting blood circulation and killing insects.

Peach has the advantages of early fruiting, early high yield and early income in cultivation. Peach has strong drought tolerance, can be cultivated in flat, mountainous and sandy land, is easy to manage and has high yield. Therefore, the cultivation of peaches is more common.

(2) Cultivation history:

Peach is cultivated for the first time in China, and it is widely distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, Henan and other places.

(3) Cultivation status:

China is rich in peach resources and rich in cultivation experience. In terms of cultivation techniques, many high and stable yield fields have been created, and some well-managed peach orchards can keep the yield per mu at about 2500 kg.

(4) Biological characteristics

The phenological period of the Yangtze River Basin (1) is in the first half of March, and the flowering period is from late March to early April. The flowering period is 57 days, and the fruit ripens in the middle and late July. The growing period is100-10 days.

(2) Growth and fruiting habits Young trees grow vigorously and new shoots branch many times. If they are pitted 23 times, they can form a stable and high-yield tree structure that year. After entering a large number of fruits, the tree tends to be moderate, with stable growth, strong new shoots, high germination rate, strong branching and many compound flower buds. The young trees with first fruits are mainly long and medium fruits, and the short and medium fruits are mainly in full fruit period, accounting for more than 76% of the total number of fruit trees. The fruit setting rate of natural pollination is high, so it is necessary to strictly thin the fruit and increase the number of fruit setting.

Second, the main types and varieties

(1) Main types:

1 common peach: also known as hairy peach. Little tree. The main cultivated varieties in China belong to this species and its varieties. There are three kinds of common peaches.

(1) Flat peach: The fruit is oblate. The nucleus is small and round, and there are many varieties, which are divided into hairy and hairless. It is cultivated in the north and south of China, especially in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.

(2) Nectarine: also known as Guangtao and Guangtao. The fruit is round or oblate. The skin is smooth and hairless.

(3) Shouxing Peach: the tree is short, the roots are shallow and the branches are short. There are two kinds of red flowers and white flowers, which are generally used for viewing.

2. Prunus armeniaca: it is native to the mountainous areas of North China and Northwest China. Mainly used as the rootstock of peach.

(2) Main cultivated varieties

1. Yulu: It was bred by crossing Baihua Waterproof with Shanghai Waterproof by Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The fruit is large, and the average single fruit weight is 125g. The fruit is soft, juicy and sweet. In terms of quality. Semi-detached nuclei mature in the middle and late June.

2. Sunglow: It was bred by crossing Baihuashuimi and Chu Xiaomei by Jiangsu Branch of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The fruit is large, and the average single fruit weight is 150g. The quality is above average, and it matured in our county in early July. High fruit setting rate and good high yield performance. It is an excellent variety for fresh food and canned storage at present.

Third, soil and fertilizer management.

soil management

1. Deep tillage: In order to improve the soil in Taoyuan with heavy soil, deep tillage was carried out between rows to a depth of about 60cm, and organic fertilizer was applied. This kind of sandy land in Taoyuan is also deeply ploughed, and sand and gravel are dug to change the soil, with the application of organic fertilizer. Deep tillage plays a very good role in high yield in successive years.

2. Autumn ploughing: combine application of organic fertilizer before and after defoliation, with a depth of 20-30cm.

3. Intercropping: The crops in Taoyuan can be beans, melons, strawberries and peanuts. You can also grow green manure such as wild peas and alfalfa. No matter what crops you plant, you should leave enough trees, fertilize and irrigate them in time, and intertillage and weed.

(b) fertilizer and water management

1. Requirement of main nutrient elements for peach trees: Peach trees mainly need nitrogen and potassium, but less phosphorus.

(1) Nitrogen: Peach trees are sensitive to nitrogen because of their large shoot growth and large fruit. Too much nitrogen in young trees can easily lead to the rapid growth of new shoots, delayed fruit bearing and aggravated physiological fruit drop. Therefore, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be properly controlled. With the increase of tree age and yield, the demand for nitrogen also increases. When nitrogen is insufficient, the growth of new shoots is small and the branches are thin and short, which affects the differentiation of flower buds. At the same time, the fruit is small, the color is poor, the quality is low, and the cold resistance of branches and buds decreases.

(2) Phosphorus: The demand for phosphorus of peach is less than that of nitrogen and potassium, and its main function is to make pollination and fertilization good, increase the sugar content of fruit and promote the formation of flower buds. When phosphorus is lacking, the fruit is dull, the flesh is soft and sour, and the fruit sometimes has spots or cracked skin.

(3) Potassium: Peaches need a lot of potassium. When potassium is sufficient, the fruit is large and the sugar content is high. When potassium is deficient, the fruit is small and deformed, precocious, and the leaves roll into gray-green.

2. Fertilization amount: The suitable fertilization amount and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for peach trees should be determined by comprehensive analysis of varieties, tree age, tree potential, yield, soil fertility, fertilizer properties, climatic conditions and other factors. Generally, 50- 100 kg of base fertilizer, 0.4 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.3 kg of phosphorus and 0.5 kg of potassium should be applied to produce 100 kg of fruit.

3. Fertilization period and method

(1) Base fertilizer: autumn application of peach is better. Autumn turning before and after combining fallen leaves. The suitable fertilization method is radial ditch or belt ditch with a depth of about 40 cm.

(2) Topdressing: Generally, topdressing is 2-3 times a year in Taoyuan, with available nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer as the auxiliary fertilizer. The number of topdressing in high-yield orchards is more than 5 times. Topdressing methods include furrow, annular furrow and acupoint application.

(1) Top dressing before germination: 0-2 weeks before germination after soil thawing in spring 1. Promote the growth of roots and shoots, ensure good flowering and fertilization, and improve the fruit setting rate, focusing on available nitrogen fertilizer.

(2) Topdressing after anthesis: Application after anthesis 1-2 weeks can promote the growth of new shoots and fruits and reduce fruit drop. Mainly available nitrogen fertilizer.

③ Top dressing in hard core stage: generally applied in the first half of June. This topdressing can promote the development, germination and differentiation of embryos and nuclei, and fruit expansion, laying the foundation for the next extraction. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium should be applied together.

(4) Top dressing for fruit expansion: For mid-late maturity varieties, nitrogen fertilizer is mainly combined with potassium fertilizer to promote fruit expansion and improve quality.

⑤ Topdressing after harvest: Topdressing after harvest can supplement tree consumption, strengthen nutrient accumulation in autumn and improve wintering ability. Phosphorus and potassium are the main combined nitrogen fertilizers.

At the same time, it is necessary to ensure germination water and frozen water, combined with topdressing, and water the fruit trees at any time according to the needs of high temperature season. At the same time, pay attention to drainage in rainy season.

Fourth, plastic trimming.

(1) Several commonly used trees.

1. Natural happiness: the three main branches on the trunk are scattered and extend at an opening angle of 30-45. There are 2-3 lateral branches on each main branch. The opening angle is 60-70, and this shape has few main branches, strong lateral branches, large spacing between backbone revolutionary branches, good illumination, long branches and light pruning; Large fruit area and high yield.

2. Improved cup shape: improved from cup shape. Still cup-shaped, the bases of the three main branches are adjacent. In the future, it will generally branch in a binary way. The main branches extend at an angle of 45-55. When the tree is basically completed, the main branch spacing is 80- 100cm.

(2) Pruning method

(1) Shortcut: Shorten the branches and call it a shortcut. The short section of perennial branches is called retraction. It can locally promote branches and buds near cuttings.

(2) Draining: completely draining branches from the base is called draining. Conducive to flower bud differentiation, flower and fruit growth and development. It is often used to loosen over-dense branches and over-weak branches, and can be used to balance tree potential and adjust branch quantity.

(3) Picking: Cutting off the tender part of the top of the new shoot during the growing period is called coring. It can promote germination and enrichment, and is beneficial to the formation of flower buds. Often used to control competitive branches and long branches.

(4) Holding branches and twisting branches: In the early stage of lignification of new shoots, holding branches can increase the angle and slow down the growth, which is beneficial to the fruit. It is often used for the utilization and transformation of strong trees of young trees or early fruit trees. First twist the tip and slightly flatten the branches to slow down the growth and benefit the fruit. Mostly used for auxiliary branches.

(5) Circumcision or eye injury: Circumcision is to cut a wound at the base of the growing branch to block the output of photosynthetic nutrients in the upper part, improve the nutrient storage level and promote flower bud differentiation. Usually used to support branches. Eye injury before germination, cutting off the upper part of the bud, also promotes bud germination, often used for bald branches.

(3) Pruning in winter

1. Pruning of fruit branches

According to variety characteristics, tree age and tree vigor. Young tree stage: the tree grows vigorously, the fruit branches stay long, the long fruit branches and long branches can stay 30-40 cm, or they can be put down slowly without cutting, and then recovered after the fruit droops. Generally, 4-5 buds should be cut from long fruit branches, 3-4 buds should be cut from middle fruit branches, 2-3 buds should be cut from short fruit branches, and bouquetlike fruit branches should be sparse and long. During the aging period, the tree is weak and the length of fruit branches should be shortened.

2. Renewal and pruning of fruit branches

Trees in full fruit period need to be updated in time after fruiting. There are two methods of regeneration: ① single branch regeneration, appropriately increasing the short section of fruit branches, so that they can bear fruit and grow new branches for the next year. (2) Double regeneration: two fruiting branches adjacent to the base are selected in the same mother branch, one branch is light and short, and the other branch is heavy and short.

Step 3 prune long branches

Remove useless branches. Long branches growing in space should be cultivated into branches, and 20-30cm should be cut off when they are repaired in winter. Long branches can also form main branches and side branches, which are used to update the main branches.

Step 4 prune branches

Combine cultivation and utilization when pruning. For large branches outside the crown, the pruning degree of extended branches is heavier than that of side branches. Pay attention to the direction of cutting buds and extended branches so that they bend and grow every year. The ability of large and medium branches in the crown is reduced, the base is rejuvenated, and the weak branches can be thinned.

(4) Pruning in summer

1. Sprouting and thinning: When the new buds grow to about 5cm, the useless buds and new buds are erased. Usually in mid-May, the purpose of this time is to preserve nutrition. The purpose of thinning branches in June-July is to improve the light.

2. Twisting tip: control its vigorous growth and promote flower bud differentiation. The time is from mid-May to early June.

3. Core-taking: Core-taking should be done early in mid-May to promote the branches to occupy the remaining space. The purpose of enucleation in late July-August is to inhibit growth and promote flower bud differentiation.

4. Shrinking fruit branches: At this time, the excessively long fruit branches left by winter pruning will shrink to the upper fruitless fruit branches. Fruitless branches are contracted and cut into ready branches.

Five, flower and fruit management

blossom and fruit thinning

Too much fruit setting affects the growth and development of the tree, and the tree is weak, the fruit is small, the quality is reduced, and the quantity and quality of flower bud differentiation are affected. Therefore, under the premise of comprehensive management, reasonable thinning of flowers and fruits has become one of the important measures for high, stable and high quality peach.

1. flower thinning: artificial flower thinning, usually in bud stage and flowering stage. Flower thinning method: first, the flowers at the base of the fruiting branches are thinned, leaving the flowers in the middle and upper parts, and then the flowers in the middle and upper parts are thinned, leaving a single flower. The flowers on the preparatory branches have been thinned out.

2. Fruit thinning: generally carried out when the second fruit drop is relatively stable, and completed at the beginning of hard core. When there are too many fruits, the first thinning should be carried out 1 week after flowering, and the last fruit should be left about 3 times. Early-maturing varieties can be thinned early, and late-maturing varieties can be thinned late. The amount of fruit left should be determined according to the output over the years, the growth potential of the year and the fruit setting situation. Generally, there are 1 large fruit, 2 medium fruit and 4 small fruit on long fruit branches. There are 1 large fruit, 1 medium fruit and 2 small fruits on the middle branch. There are not one or two big fruits on the short branches. No fruit was left on the prepared branches.

Method of fruit thinning: When manually thinning fruits, firstly, the wilting fruits, small fruits, deformed fruits, concurrent fruits, pests and diseases, and fruits at the base of fruit branches are thinned. The order of fruit thinning is from top to bottom and from inside to outside.

(2) bagging

1. Bagging period: after 3-4 weeks of fruit thinning, it is completed before the main fruit borers enter the fruit. Spray the medicine before bagging.

2. bag tearing period: 3-4 days before picking fresh edible fruits, tearing bags promotes coloring.

Main pests and diseases of intransitive verbs and their prevention and control

Although peach has a strong resistance to pests and diseases, it still happens from time to time before flowering and after fruiting, which harms buds and fruits and causes the phenomenon of falling flowers and fruits, and must be prevented in time. Peach plants are quite sensitive to chemicals, and some organophosphorus chemicals with strong permeability and strong internal absorption are not suitable for use because they are prone to phytotoxicity.

① Bird feather moth, also known as red silk worm and hanging silk worm, harms flowers and small fruits. Propagation is rapid from June to July, and buds and small fruits can all fall off in severe cases. The control method can be as follows: 90% trichlorfon, 800 times the corresponding concentration of Derris Draconis extract, etc., sprayed before flowering, once every few days, 3-5 times per flower, and stopped when young fruits turn droopy.

② The leaf roller, commonly known as the borer, eats the pulp with its larvae, which makes the fruit fall or lose its edible value. The prevention and control methods are to pay attention to removing diseased fruits and deep-buried damaged fruits; Trapping and killing adults with black light; Spraying 90% trichlorfon.

③ Colletotrichum gloeosporioides usually occurs in the fruit ripening stage of orchards. During storage, most diseases are caused by wounds and belong to fungal diseases. There are dark brown spots on the surface of the damaged fruit, and the internal tissue of the pulp is rotten and smells of wine. Pathogens overwinter in rotten fruits, spread through wind and rain, and invade from the wounds of fruits. The prevention and control methods are mainly to clean up the garden, remove and bury the diseased fruits; Collect and transport to minimize mechanical damage to fruits; Every 10- 15 days, the bordeaux mixture with the dosage of 150 times was sprayed in the disease park for 3-4 times continuously.

④ Erythema mainly harms leaves, which is a fungal disease. At first, the damaged leaves have tiny yellow spots, and then they expand into diseased spots with dark reddish brown in the middle and red edges. It causes a large number of fallen leaves, which seriously affects the yield and quality of fruits. The control method is the same as anthrax.

It is worth noting that the peel of peach is thin and integrated with the pulp, and the peel is even when eaten, so special attention should be paid to the application of pesticides, and it is forbidden to use highly toxic and long-lasting pesticides; Pesticides that can be applied according to regulations should not be applied when the fruit is ripe; It is necessary to do a good job in clearing the garden and minimize the source of insects and diseases. Agricultural measures and botanical insecticide are mainly used for prevention and control.

Technical measures for early fruit and high yield of peach tree cultivation

At present, peach trees play an important role in fruit tree cultivation in China. In the production process, due to improper planting and management measures, fruit hanging late, poor quality, difficult to sell and so on. In view of this problem, the author explored a set of measures for peach trees to bear fruit early after years of practice. Summarized as follows.

1, planting. Peach trees should be planted on plots with high terrain and good soil permeability to avoid continuous cropping in peach gardens. The density can be selected according to the management mode (below 80 plants per mu for Hi-shape, 80- 1 10 plants per mu for small canopy and more than 200 plants per mu for greenhouse or greenhouse). Although self-pollination and cross-pollination can significantly improve the yield of peaches, a certain number of pollination trees should be used in production, and the ratio of 40: 1 or above is acceptable.

2. Fertilize. Digging ditches or holes to apply base fertilizer, generally 3000-5000 kg of organic fertilizer and 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer are applied per mu. Mixing with soil, planting and drying, spraying the mixture of stone and sulfur, and pouring enough planting water. Then cover it with plastic film. Reduce soil moisture evaporation (film can be broken when topdressing).

After planting, when the new shoots grow to more than 100 cm, topdressing (urea) is started, and it is appropriate to use 1-15g per plant for half a month1time to promote rapid and robust growth; It is reported that applying nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer before flower bud differentiation is beneficial to flower bud differentiation; From late June to early July, spraying 0.3% urea on leaves can promote flower bud differentiation; After the start of hard core stage, spraying 0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate on the leaves can increase the sugar content of peach fruit, with rich flavor and bright color, and improve the fruit quality.

3. Irrigation and drainage. Although peach trees are drought-tolerant, they need sufficient water from germination to fruit maturity. Irrigation is generally carried out before germination, after flowering and at the beginning of hard core. Generally, no irrigation is given in autumn, and irrigation is given in early winter 1 time.

4. Protect the leaves and add luster. Mainly to prevent and control aphids, bacterial perforation, red spiders and other pests and diseases in the growing period. Pirin, zhongshengmycin and tebufenozide are the best drugs. Add 0.3% photosynthetic micro-fertilizer when spraying medicine to ensure the integrity of leaves and vigorous growth.

5. Pick the heart and add branches. When pruning, when the new shoots with space are 25 cm long, coring again when the main shoots are 60 cm long, which will promote the secondary and tertiary new shoots. Erase the dense branches and buds in time.

6. Control the length and promote the flowers. The flower bud differentiation of peach blossom usually begins in the middle and late July. Practice has proved that the flower bud differentiation of peach blossom is related to the growth rhythm of new shoots, and slow growth can lay a material foundation for flower bud differentiation. Therefore, 15% paclobutrazol was sprayed three times in early and middle July in northern Henan with an interval of about 12 days, and the concentrations were 300, 200 and 150 times respectively. Adjust the growth rate of new shoots. The control standard is based on the principle that all new shoots are capped in the first half of August. If a few plants still grow vigorously in mid-August, they should be sprayed with higher concentration of 1 paclobutrazol again immediately, or the branches should be coated with 50-fold paclobutrazol solution dipped in the shoot tips or with higher concentration of paclobutrazol solution.

When the soil water capacity exceeds 40% in the growing season, it is easy to cause insufficient branch development and root rot; Water often crushes the peach trees in the whole garden to death. Therefore, we should pay attention to the drainage in rainy season, so that there is no water when the rain stops.

7. Pruning during the growing season. Peach trees are very fond of light, and pruning in growing season is the key measure to realize early formation, early fruiting and early high yield.

In spring, after leaving the foot bone branches at a certain angle, erase the new buds and tips on the incision and trunk; In the new shoot growth period in mid-May and late June, the main branches above the extension branches of the secondary branches are cut off. Cut off the dense branches and the long branches in the inner temple (more sparse and less cut); In the slow growth period before flower bud differentiation (around July), the illumination of backbone branches is further improved by pulling branches; In August, all the new buds that have not stopped growing are cored to promote flower bud differentiation.

8. Management measures from defoliation to germination in the second year. After defoliation, deeply apply base fertilizer and pour frozen water. In winter, the branches are not short, but they will be short if they are cut again in spring. In winter, spray trees with lime-sulfur mixture of 3-5 degrees.

Alternating the above measures and strengthening management can achieve the goal of early fruit and high yield.