Tang Shouqian (1856— 19 17), formerly known as Zhen, was born in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang. Industrialists and political activists in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China were the leaders of the constitutionalists in the late Qing Dynasty. They are famous for fighting for road rights and building railways. His last words, "those who strive for profits are villains, those who are greedy for fame are not good men", can be described as a portrayal of his life, and his contribution to China's modernization will go down in history forever.

Chinese name: Tang Shouqian.

Alias: Tang Zhen, Tang Zhexian

Nationality: China.

Ethnic group: Han nationality

Birthplace: a cloudy music town in Huiji Mountain, Zhejiang Province.

Date of birth: 1856

Date of death:1965438+June 6, 2007.

Occupation: industrialist and political activist

Main achievements: participated in the establishment of Zhejiang Industrial Bank.

Representative works: the dangerous words and ancient meanings of the constitution.

biography

Tang Shouqian was born in Yin Shan, Zhejiang (now Datang Village, Evolution Town, Xiaoshan). When I was a teenager, I studied in my hometown. "I have been different since I was a child and I am famous for my literature." When he was young, he served as the dean of Zhejiang Jinhua Academy, advocating that teaching should be practical.

In the 12th year of Guangxu (1886), he entered Zhang Yao, the governor of Shandong province. In the sixteenth year of Guangxu (1890), he wrote a four-volume book "Dangerous Words", proposing to reduce redundant staff, reform imperial examinations, promote learning, develop mineral deposits, build railways, build water conservancy projects, and strengthen naval defense. , and elaborated his improvement ideas.

In the eighteenth year of Guangxu, he entered imperial academy in the name of Jishi Shu; After more than two years in Qingyang County, Anhui Province, he resigned in a few months. Later, he was hired as an assistant and traveled around the provinces.

In 26 years, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded and lobbied Liu Kunyi, Governor of Liangjiang and Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Huguang, to implement "Southeast Mutual Insurance".

Twenty-nine years, he served as a salt envoy to Huaibei, but he still took Shanghai as the former residence of his adoptive parents.

3 1 years ago, Zhejiang compatriots in Shanghai were mobilized to resist the invasion of the Suzhou-Hangzhou-Ningbo railway construction right by Britain and the United States, and proposed to raise funds to participate in the whole operation of Zhejiang Railway. In July, Zhejiang Railway Company was established in Shanghai as Prime Minister. At this time, the Qing government was forced to promise that the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway would be built by the merchants themselves, and Tang Shouqian was awarded the title of "Grade 4 Jing Qing" and Prime Minister of Zhejiang Railway.

In thirty-two years, Tang, Zhang Jian, Zheng and others joined forces with more than 200 gentry and businessmen from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian to form a "Preparatory Constitutional Council", serving as the vice president, with the aim of "learning from anger and evolving in groups" and urging the Qing court to formulate a constitution as soon as possible.

Xuan Tongyuannian (1909) was the speaker of Zhejiang Consultation Bureau. Together with Zhang Jian, Tang Hualong and _, he initiated and organized a petition to ask the Qing government to implement constitutionalism.

In the second year of Xuantong (19 10), in August, the Qing court dismissed Tang Shouqian as the prime minister of all-Zhejiang Railway Company, and was not allowed to interfere in road administration. In November of the following year, the Revolution of 1911 broke out and the New Army of Hangzhou revolted. Tang was elected commander-in-chief of Zhejiang military government. During his tenure, he joined forces with Chen, Japan and other provinces to electrify and rebel, and negotiated the establishment of a Coalition government. 19 12 1 the provisional government of the Republic of China was established. Dr. Sun Yat-sen appointed Tang Shouqian as Minister of Communications, but he did not take office. He was appointed as the prime minister who went to Nanyang to levy public bonds and raised funds from overseas Chinese all over Nanyang. After Yuan Shikai usurped power, Tang Zeng and Zhang Taiyan organized the "Unity Party" to save this mess, but failed.

In August, he was appointed as the chairman of Zhejiang Railway Company. 19 15 appealed against Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne. In his later years, Tang Shouqian returned to his hometown and made every effort to change the bridge gate of Maxiba, a water conservancy hub in his hometown, and solved the water conservancy dispute in Tianle Township for more than 400 years since Ziming Xuande.

1965438+On June 6, 2007, Tang Shouqian passed away. Last words: "I have been honest all my life and will never give in to power." After I die, I will just find a Yangshan Mountain, which is far from my hometown and has an open terrain. "

Tang Shouqian has been in an important position for many years, but his life is simple and he is known as the "commander in chief in cloth". He is neither rich nor greedy. Two years after Zhejiang Railway was nationalized by Yuan Shikai, Yuan allocated 200,000 silver dollars through Zhejiang Railway Company as compensation for Premier Tang's failure to pay Zhejiang Railway a penny for more than four years. However, Tang got nothing and donated all his money to the construction of Zhejiang Library.

He wrote many books in his life, including four volumes of Dangerous Words, twenty volumes of Two Xiao Ya Arguments, two volumes of Shuowenguan, two volumes of Hundred Strategies for Financial Management, thirty volumes of Three Links Test and several volumes of Anthology. 1965438+died in linpu, Xiaoshan in June 2007 and was buried in pinzhi township, Tonglu county.

Role overview

Tang Shouqian (1856-19 17), formerly known as Zhen, was born in Tianle Township, Shanyin County, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province (now Evolutionary Town, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou).

Tang Shouqian was brilliant in his early years, famous for his writing, sensitive and knowledgeable. 1890, he was famous for publishing "Dangerous Words". In this book, he proposed measures such as reducing redundant staff, reforming imperial examinations, popularizing schools, developing mineral deposits, building railways, building water conservancy projects, and strengthening naval defense. , and elaborated his improvement ideas. 1892, Tang Shouqian went to the Nonchenke examination, got the background of Jinshi, and was awarded the Jishi Shu of the Hanlin Academy. 1894 served as magistrate of Qingyang county, Anhui province, but died less than three months later.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Tang Shouqian took part in strengthening the society and the reform movement. After the Gengzi Incident, he advocated and promoted "mutual insurance in the southeast", and later assisted Liu Kun, governor of Liangjiang, to discuss the New Deal. 1In the summer of 905, Tang Shouqian and others established Zhejiang Railway Company in Shanghai, and then started to build Suzhou-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway with Jiangsu Province alone. By the summer of 1909, the whole line had been completed in Zhejiang, which is a major commercial railway province with short construction period, good quality and the most funds in China. From 65438 to 0906, Tang Shouqian, Zhang Jian, Zheng, etc. He founded the Preparatory Constitutional Association in Shanghai, served as the vice president, and launched three national assembly petition movements in succession, becoming one of the famous leaders of domestic constitutionalism. 1909 Yunnan served as a provincial judge and Jiangxi as an academic consultant, but neither of them took up their posts.

19 1 1 Wuchang Juyi broke out, and the new army in Hangzhou got wind of it, established the Zhejiang military government, and elected Tang Shouqian as the viceroy. After Tang Shouqian took office, with his prestige and prestige, he worked out and lowered the conditions. Zhejiang Qiying "resigned" and Hangzhou "decided the whole territory". Later, Tang Shouqian sent troops to support the anti-Qing revolutionary activities in neighboring provinces and supported the Jiangsu-Zhejiang Coalition forces to recover Nanjing; United Chen, Fujian and other provinces to electrify the uprising and set up a Coalition government through consultation.

19 12 1 The provisional government of the Republic of China was established, and Tang Shouqian invited the prime minister himself to raise public debt and raise money in various parts of Nanyang to alleviate the financial difficulties of the revolutionary government. After Yuan Shikai took office as interim president, he refused the invitation of the Beijing government and continued to stay in the south to operate the Zhejiang Railway. 19 15, Tang Shouqian opposed Yuan Shikai's claim to the throne by telephone, and then gradually moved away from politics.

In his later years, Tang Shouqian returned to his hometown and devoted himself to water conservancy in his hometown. 1965438+died in linpu, Xiaoshan in June 2007.

Tang's masterpiece is Dangerous Words. This book was first published in 1890 and reprinted in 1892. It is one of the representative works to promote the reform and reform before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and it is also called the three "dangerous words" with Zheng's "Dangerous Words of Prosperity" and Shao Zuozhou's "Dangerous Words of Shao". As can be seen from the contents mentioned in the book, the author's vision is extremely broad, from national laws, such as moving the capital, respecting the prime minister, parliament, stopping donations, protecting promotion, eliminating redundancy and limiting official positions, to national defense diplomacy, such as military system, navy, protecting the DPRK against Russia, and then to specific economic and educational areas, such as Bao Li, donating salt, ferries, mining, national debt and commerce. From the discussion, research methods and writing style, the author points directly at the shortcomings of the past, to the point, quotes laws and regulations, and points directly at the crux of China, boasting every time; There is nothing to say about diplomacy. We can see from "Dangerous Words" that Tang Shouqian was quite familiar with the current political, economic, military and diplomatic situation in China at that time and thought about many issues for a long time.

Although Tang Shouqian has held important positions for many years, he abides by simplicity. Wearing a short jacket and a hat, he was called "Commander-in-Chief of Cloth". However, he is never stingy with public utilities. The government of the Republic of China nationalized the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway. In order to compensate Tang Shouqian for his four-year supervision and construction, he paid a sum of 200,000 yuan, all of which he donated to Zhejiang Education Association for the construction of Zhejiang Public Library. His last words, "those who strive for profits are villains, those who are greedy for fame are not good men", can be described as a portrayal of his life, and his contribution to China's modernization will go down in history forever.

Write a book to explain a theory

Tang Shouqian was "brilliant in his early years, good at literature, sensitive and knowledgeable." I have been studying in rural schools and family classes since I was 6 years old. "Traveling around the world for a long time to support others is to attach importance to classics and promote world events, and I have the ambition to change the times." Tang began to write "Dangerous Words" from 1887 (13th year of Guangxu), which took four years to complete. The book points out the disadvantages of moving the capital to Chang 'an, establishing prime minister system, establishing parliament, establishing examination system, appointing officials and employing people, eliminating redundant staff, advocating schools and western learning, encouraging businessmen to develop mineral deposits, building railways and strengthening the navy. He put forward the idea of political reform that shocked the ruling and opposition parties, became the first person to discuss political reform in an alarmist way, and played a certain role in guiding public opinion for the Reform Movement of 1898.

From 65438 to 0894, Tang Shouqian and Nantong Zhang Jian (Jinshi in the first year of Guangxu) joined the strong society founded by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong. The following year, he wrote "Hundred Strategies for Financial Management" and put forward his own views on various social and economic issues. 1896 completed the compilation of the three links examination for 20 years, with 30 volumes and more than 2 million words. This book summarizes the laws and regulations of past dynasties, which is of positive significance for carrying forward the excellent cultural traditions of the Chinese nation, saving the current situation and awakening the people. 1900,65438+February and1901July, Tang Shouqian and Zhang Jian made two * * * business constitutions, and Tang Shouqian also wrote a book, The Ancient Meaning of the Constitution.

1906 12, Tang Shouqian joined more than 200 businessmen from Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai to form the Preparatory Constitutional Association, with Zheng as the president and Zhang Jian and Tang Shouqian as the vice presidents. 19 10, Tang delivered a speech in Guangdong, calling on all walks of life to "invite the founding of the country".

In June of the following year, Tang and Zhang jointly wrote to the Regent, demanding the reorganization of the "imperial court" and "reusing experienced Han ministers", which played a certain role in promoting the development of the situation. Shortly after Wuchang Uprising, Tang Shouqian was elected as the first governor of Zhejiang. Although Tang has only been in office for more than a month, he has done two major things: first, relying on his prestige, he successfully solved the problem of soldiers stationed in Hangqing Banner surrendering to the revolution; Second, it was decided to send 3,000 people to form a Jiangsu-Zhejiang Coalition to support Ning and conquer Jinling. Tang's move is of great significance to consolidate the achievements of Wuchang Uprising and promote the development of the national situation.

indifferent to fame and wealth

1892, Tang Shouqian went to the senior high school entrance examination in Renchen, and won the tenth prize. Gong Sheng, a scholar, was awarded second place in palace examination Jill and imperial academy Jishi Shu. The following year, he was appointed as an assistant to the National Museum of History.

Tang dynasty expired on 1894, and was named Qingyang magistrate of Anhui province. Although the magistrate of a county was a small official with seven grades, it was a necessary step in the official career of the imperial examination at that time, and studying hard at a cold window was the long-cherished wish of the students. Tang indifferent to fame and fortune, took office for more than three months, pampered, begged. Later, he was hired as the dean of Jinhua Lizheng College and began to teach and educate people.

1899, Chuntang was hired as the head of Nanxun Xi College in Huzhou, teaching classics and current affairs. In the same year, Tang founded Wentang Bookstore in Shanghai and actively engaged in cultural publishing. Because of Tang's active and famous teaching field, the Qing court invited him to be the chief teacher of the university, but he did not take up his post.

1902 Tang and Zhang Jian founded their own normal school in Tongzhou, which was the earliest normal school in China at that time. In view of the fact that the Tang Dynasty wrote to the imperial court twice, the Qing court strongly criticized the disadvantages of salt policy, and in 1904, he was appointed as the Taoist priest and appointed as the salt transport envoy of the two Huai Dynasties. Tang was unmoved by this wonderful work, and accepted the post of dean of Shanghai Longmen Academy (the predecessor of Shanghai Middle School) on the pretext of illness, and changed the academy into a normal school. Tang Ningshe's "fat meat" does not gnaw at "bones", which reflects his noble feelings of being indifferent to fame and wealth and saving the country through education.

1904, under the active sponsorship of Tang Shouqian and Shen Bingjing, a junior normal school was established in Dadongmen Street, Hangzhou (later moved to Jinyazhuang). During the period when Tang Dynasty supervised the construction of the Zhejiang section of the railway, in order to cultivate talents in construction and machinery, he and Liu Jinzao, deputy general manager of Zhejiang Railway Company, founded the Railway School (the predecessor of Zhejiang Higher Industrial School) in Xiemazi Lane, Hangzhou, which pioneered the modern industrial technology education in Zhejiang.

1909 Aug 13 Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway opened to traffic. The next day, the Qing court appointed Tang as the provincial judge of Yunnan, but Tang Jian refused to accept his words. In June 65438 +065438+ 10, the Qing court changed Tang to be an envoy to Jiangxi, but Tang still insisted on not accepting it. 1911June, Tang Shouqian was accepted as a member of the Central Education Commission.

19 14, the government of the Republic of China nationalized the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway, and donated 200,000 yuan to compensate for the supervision in the fourth year of the Tang Dynasty. Tang received nothing, and all of it was donated to Zhejiang Education Association for the new Zhejiang Public Library (now Hangzhou University Road Zhejiang Library). Tang Shouqian also founded two primary schools, Datangwu and Huan Tan, in his hometown Tianle Township (now Evolution Town) to help children in his hometown go to school nearby.

Prospering the country through industry

Tang Shouqian has always believed in the idea of rejuvenating the country through industry. 1February, 905, Tang Shouqian, Zhang Jian and Xu founded Lida Darumbu Co., Ltd. in Shanghai. From February to March of the same year, Tang Yu, Xia Cengyou and others launched a trip to Shanghai and Zhejiang, and proposed to raise funds to become a shareholder and run the whole Zhejiang Railway. Later, in order to resist Britain's encroachment on the construction right of Suzhou-Hangzhou-Ningbo Railway, in August, Tang joined Zhang Jian to launch a patriotic movement of "gathering people's shares to protect the railway". On the recommendation of Zhejiang shareholders, Tang was awarded the title of Prime Minister of Zhejiang Railway by the Qing court. During this period, Tang Shouqian made arduous preparations for the trial.

In just three years, the Hangzhou-Fengjing160km railway and the 14 bridges,14 culverts and 1 13 water pipes along it were all completed, ensuring the completion of the Shanghai-Hangzhou Railway 1909 in August.

1965438+On June 6, 2007, Tang Shouqian died at his home in Linpu. His last words, "those who strive for profits are villains, those who are greedy for fame are not good scholars", are a portrayal of his life and praised by his fellow villagers.

1936 In May, Tianle villagers built the "Monument to Mr. Tang Zhexian" at the top of Maoshan Mountain to commemorate the achievements of Tang Shouqian. It was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution. From 65438 to 0994, Xiaoshan Municipal People's Government rebuilt the monument according to the suggestion of the third session of the Standing Committee of the Ninth People's Congress of CPPCC.

(1) 1950 10 months, from Shaoxing county to Xiaoshan county.

② ③ Zhang Jian's Biography of Mr. Tang Zhexian. The rest are quoted from Tang Shouqian's Historical Collection and Tang Shouqian's Research compiled by Xiaoshan Municipal Political Consultative Conference's Literature and History Committee.

Yves Xiangzi

If Tang Shouqian, as a commander in chief of cloth, is known to the world because of protecting the road, then he retired from his hometown in his later years and was known to his neighbors because he devoted himself to the construction of his hometown, especially the renovation of Maxiba Bridge in Tianle Township.

Tianle Township, Shanyin County, Zhejiang Province (mostly belonging to Evolutionary Town, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou) is covered by Maxi landscape, with five low-lying areas, such as Upper and Lower Yinghu Lake, followed by Xijiang in the west of Shanyin County and Xiaoshan County, and Yangjiang in the west. After the diversion of Puyang River, Maxi became the source of Puyang River. In the past, the Puyang River was called the "Little Yellow River", and floods continued, resulting in floods in Yin Shan, Huiji and Xiaoshan. In order to resist the flood caused by the invasion of Puyang River, after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Shaoxing magistrate dug Zhaiyan Mountain and built Maxi Dam, and set a ban that "Zhaiyankou must not be blocked and Maxi Dam must not be opened". The total length of Maxi Dam is1.064m.. When it was first built, it was an earth dam. In 65,438+0,588 (16th year of Ming Dynasty), Xiaoshan County ordered Liu Hui to rebuild with stones and change it into a stone dam. At the same time, it was used to water the land to prevent drought, and a hole with a width of 4 feet was opened under it. 1682 (twenty-first year of Qing emperor Kangxi) changed the dam to three holes, each with a width of 6 feet, and 17 17 years (fifty-sixth year of Qing emperor Kangxi) changed it to two holes. The completion of Maxi Dam has controlled the flood of Xixi River for 300 years. Qing Qianlong's "Xiaoshan County Records" praised this: "Shiba (referring to Maxi Dam) has no river running, and it is good for Maxi Dam to know that 160 years of fertile soil has no floods."

However, the construction of Maxiba divides Tianle Township into upper, middle and lower Tianle. Xiatianle and large areas of land in Yin Shan, Huiji and Xiaoshan are enclosed in the dam; At that time, 70 villages with a population of more than 30,000 were excluded from the dam. A dam is separated by two days. Although the construction of Maxi Dam filled the dam with fertile soil, because it cut off the connection between Maxi River and Xixi River, the water of Maxi River could not flow out through Xixi River, so it had to divert to the west and enter Puyang River through Maoshan Gate. As a result, the upper and middle Tianle areas outside the dam were flooded due to waterlogging, drought and water shortage. Ten years and nine years of famine, crop yield reduction or no harvest, farmers outside the dam have difficulty making a living. Since then, disputes about dam abandonment and dam protection have continued inside and outside the dam, and even fights have continued. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, some scholars proposed to change the dam into a bridge, and Ge, a modern national hero who was born in Tianle Township at that time, also worked hard for it. He wrote the article "Maxi Dam Began Inadvertently and Finally Didn't Understand", calling for abandoning the dam. However, due to the complex interweaving of local rights and economic interests, this problem has not been solved for hundreds of years. The long-cherished wish of outsiders can only be passed down from generation to generation, and the responsibility for history is finally handed over to Tang Shouqian.

Tang Shouqian (1856- 19 17) is a native of Datangwu Village, Tianle Township, Shanyin County. Tang Shouqian, who grew up here since childhood, has deep feelings for the protracted water conservancy disputes in his hometown and the living conditions of the people inside and outside the dam. He inherited the legacy of his predecessors and vowed to solve the historical water conservancy "grievances" in his hometown. He emphatically analyzed two completely different historical reasons: dam protection and dam abandonment, and explored the origin of Tianle flood disaster outside the dam again and again. Even when he devoted himself to the political struggle and the right-of-way movement, he never forgot the dam in his hometown and the villagers who were in deep disaster outside the dam. 1In June, 907, he wrote to Zhang Zengyang, the governor of Zhejiang Province, about "flood control of Maxi Dam", pointing out that "people in Xiaoxian County of Shanhui County abandoned small (outside the dam) to protect large (inside the dam)" was a fallacy, saying that "outside the dam is Lu Chen outside the pond for more than 300 years, and it is not enough to say a word".

19 1 1 In August, Tang Shouqian, together with the Tianle Township Self-government Association outside Maxiba, proposed the case of abandoning Maxiba to the Zhejiang Provincial Assembly. In June191211,he and Ge Bilun and Lu from Zhongtianle Township submitted a love letter to the Zhejiang Provincial Assembly again to abandon the Maxi Dam (or change the bridge). I heard that the dam abandonment plan and petition letter were accepted by the Zhejiang Provincial Assembly, and Dong Zhaolichuan, a dam resident in Tianle Township, immediately opposed it. He lobbied for dam protection everywhere, and Shaoxing County Council also sent a letter and telegram to the provincial Council against dam abandonment. The dispute between dam abandonment and dam protection is once again deadlocked.

Two setbacks did not dispel Tang Shouqian's determination to change the status quo. He continued to mediate between Bashang gentry and sought a breakthrough. Many things happen. 19 13 In February, Mr. Jin Tanghou, a squire in Shangtianle Township (inside Maxi Dam), accepted Tang Shouqian's suggestion and made many field trips outside the dam. He was finally persuaded by the love letter and the plan of abandoning the dam put forward by outsiders, and agreed to change Maxi Dam into a bridge. He also published a letter to the elders in the dam, listing a large number of facts and demonstrating whether to abandon or change the dam. After many twists and turns, the excuses of the Boba faction were refuted one by one, and the ironclad fact finally eliminated the panic of the Tianle people in the dam. Tang Shouqian presided over 19 13 in June, Maxi Dam was transformed into a bridge, and 19 14 was completed. Maxi Bridge is a single arch bridge made of stone. The bridge body is connected with the dam, and the words "Maxi Bridge" are engraved on the north side of the bridge.

Because Maxi Dam was changed into a bridge, when there was a flood in Maxi and the water level of Puyang River rose, it could not be drained. The Maoshan sluice can be closed, so that the flood of Maxi River flows out through Maxi Bridge, alleviating the flood disaster of 70 villages, more than 30,000 residents and more than 65,438+2,000 mu of fertile land outside the dam, and getting rid of the predicament of frequent floods in Tianle Township outside the dam. At this point, since the mid-Ming Dynasty, more than 400 years of water conservancy disputes over dam protection and abandonment have finally been completely solved. In order to remember Tang Shouqian's meritorious service, Tianle villagers built the "Monument to Mr. Tang Zhexian" at the top of Maoshan Mountain on May 1936. The monument was painted by Feng Zikai and written and supervised by Ma Yifu. Unfortunately, this monument was destroyed in the Cultural Revolution.

Sri lankans are all dead, and the bridge is still there. Today, Maxi Bridge still quietly spans Maxi (now called Evolution Creek). Although its appearance is unremarkable, it has attracted the attention of many international experts and scholars because of its difficult construction and unique functions. I'm afraid this scene was never expected by Tang Shouqian when the circus dam was rebuilt.