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Pen According to the national standard of the Republic of China (CNS 6630), a pen refers to a pen tip welded to the tip of the pen tip (hereinafter referred to as the pen tip) and has a structure that can automatically transfer the ink stored in the pen container to the pen tip.

The types of pens are 1. Suction and 2. The type of ink cartridge depends on the structure of supplementary ink.

Modern pen is a writing tool that hides water-based ink in the pen holder, and continuously supplies ink to the pen tip through gravity and capillary action. Most pens can be replenished with ink. Common ink replenishment methods include replacing ink cartridge ink tube, piston ink delivery, ink absorber, pressure bag ink delivery, pull rod ink delivery or less common ink delivery methods such as submarine ink delivery. Some users also use syringes to inject ink into the ink tube of the ink cartridge for reuse.

history

It is generally believed that the modern pen was invented by Lewis E wortmann, who was originally an insurance salesman. Once when signing an important contract, the business failed because the pen he used leaked and stained the contract documents, which inspired wortmann to do a good job. But about this legend, according to the notes of the blog Pennote:

17 15 the structure and principle of mathematical instruments written by Nicolas Bion of France mentioned the use of pen covers to prevent ink from drying up.

The earliest ink storage pen was made by Muiz, the caliph of Egyptian Fatmid dynasty in 969.

The metal nib was recorded in about15th century. By the19th century, the pen tip should become a widely used tool. 1830-40 or so, pen tips using iridium began to appear.

The design of using Mo Dou to send ink to the tip of the pen also existed in the early19th century. From 1880 to 1883, there are still dozens of patent applications for pen tongues.

To sum up, none of the important parts of the pen was originally created or initiated by Wolman, so it is obviously biased to attribute the invention of the pen to wolman, but it is an indisputable fact to design an effective and simple pen tongue to stabilize the supply of ink and establish an important pen factory in the future.

In fact, the predecessor of the pen can be traced back to the feather pen in ancient Europe or even the earlier Egyptian reed pen. The history of the Egyptian reed pen can be traced back to the first dynasty in 3000 BC. All of them use the flexible surface on the outside of the pen holder to cut the pen tip suitable for writing. When writing, dip the tip of the pen and the front end of the pen into the ink to get a proper amount of ink to write on papyrus, parchment or paper.

The toughness and durability of both reed stems and bird feather tubes are always limited, so when metal technology is developed, some people try to make a pen tip with metal and install it on the pen holder to become a modern dip pen.

In addition to the pen tip, another problem worthy of improvement is the supply of ink. After all, it is not only troublesome to keep getting ink in the writing process, but also complicated to prepare another bottle of ink. So someone used a hollow pen to store ink, and through a small one, Mo Dao could supply the ink needed for writing from the back of the pen tip. The earliest historical record of fountain pen can be traced back to 10 century, and this earliest fountain pen has been used until 18 century. But only 1. Tough (metal) nib II. The ink storage mechanism and two other elements can be written, but this is not enough. 3. Smooth ink control (supply) mechanism is needed to ensure stable ink supply.

The first pen using the above three key inventions was made in AD 1850. But it was not until A.D. 1880 that mass production began. Waterman and Wirt in the United States were the major manufacturers at that time, with factories in new york, Bloomingdale and Philadelphia. Wortmann later swallowed Wilt. Become a big company specializing in pens. It didn't drop until 1920s.

At the beginning of the 20th century, American special pens were introduced into China and distributed in coastal cities. After that, Conklin, Eversharp, Pelikan, Sheaffer, Parker and other brands of pens poured in.

The structure of pen

A pen usually consists of a pen sleeve, a handle assembly, a pen holder and a water supply/ink storage mechanism. The handle assembly usually includes a pen tip and a pen tongue.

A pen cover is usually called a pen cover or a pen cap. Its main function is to protect the fragile pen tip from external impact, prevent ink from evaporating and drying up, and prevent water from polluting clothes and other objects. The pen must be covered when not in use, which is quite different from ballpoint pens and pencils.

For the convenience of carrying, a clip is usually attached to the pen holder to fix it in the pocket, and the design of the clip is also common in the ingenuity of designers. For example, the clip tightness of some pens can be adjusted, and the roller at the end of the clip is convenient for drawing, not to mention the arrow-shaped clip of Parker pen, which is almost synonymous with Parker pen.

In order to enhance air tightness and reduce ink volatilization, many modern pens use more elastic materials as the inner sleeve of the pen cover. In addition, many pens drill a small hole in the pen cover to balance the pressure difference, so as to avoid ink leakage caused by negative pressure similar to that generated by a piston when the pen is pulled out of the pen cover.

When a pen covers a pen sleeve, there are usually the following ways to fix the pen sleeve and the pen.

1, screw locking

2, elastic reed clamping

3, tenon claw

4. Magnetic assistance

pen point

Generally speaking, the meaning of the pen tip is very vague, which can be the tip that contacts the paper when writing at the front end of the pen, or it can include the whole pen tip and even the whole pen tip assembly including the strokes of the pen tongue. The names and functions of the components on the nib are as follows:

Iridium tip-the tip of modern fountain pen is welded with a small piece of platinum-iridium alloy, usually called iridium tip. A pen with an iridium tip is called an iridium pen in China, and the tip of a dip pen has no dots. Iridium dot can be said to be the most critical part of pen writing. The polishing size of the iridium dot determines the thickness of the pen width, ranging from fine to thick. Generally, the most common nib sizes are "B, M, F, EF", with B > M>F & gtEF from coarse to fine, and some pen factories have BB thicker than B and XF thinner than EF. The above nib sizes are only relative comparisons, and there is no consistent quantitative regulation in the industry. Therefore, it is possible that the F tip of A factory is thicker than the M tip of B factory. Japanese strokes are marked with Chinese characters too (thick), medium and thin. Usually, the nib of Japanese pens is thinner than that of European and American pens of the same specification.

The slit connecting the iridium dots is a rear slit, which is cut with a thin saw after the iridium is spot-welded to the pen tip, and its function is to provide a stable ink supply through the capillary action of the slit.

The end of the exhaust gap is usually connected with a circular hole.

According to the usual writing habits, Westerners usually use M-tip as the main pen and choose B-tip when signing. In Chinese writing, because of the complexity of strokes, it is generally possible to use M, F or thinner EF pen tips of European and American specifications or Chinese characters (M), fine characters (F) or extremely fine characters (EF) of Japanese specifications.