As I said before, everything on the earth is synthesized by itself. The core synthesizes water and carbon dioxide, and then the high temperature and high pressure (energy absorption) of the mantle forms carbohydrate compound oil and gas, which is released after mining and then returned to water and carbon dioxide.
Plant cellulose is also water and carbon dioxide and photosynthesis (energy absorption), but without high pressure, the mechanism is similar.
All the planets in the universe should be dark matter (particles) in space, which are slowly produced under the core high temperature, high pressure or nuclear fusion, from small to large.
Certainly not formed by paleontology. Paleontology can't die out in such a concentrated, massive and rapid way, even if it is a major earthquake or planetary collision. Moreover, there is oil in many parts of the world, and concentrated, massive and rapid death of paleontology cannot happen frequently. Mantle and algae are constantly reproducing and dying, so it is likely to be formed under the pressure and temperature in the deep earth.
I think both oil and coal are formed by chemical reaction of underground rocks at high temperature and high pressure. These energies are emitted from volcanoes. After cooling, they are solid coal and liquid oil. Just like burning charcoal with wood, complete combustion is ash and incomplete combustion is charcoal.
Scientists say it was the corpse of animal microbes thousands of years ago. After death, it will precipitate underground, and after high temperature and high pressure, it will form oil, coal and natural gas.
But look at our solar system, the sun, Jupiter and Saturn, the three gaseous planets. What are their components? Hydrogen, flammable, right? If a highly skilled spacecraft goes to Saturn and Jupiter to pump hydrogen, it will be inexhaustible. Didn't the United States send a large number of spacecraft to explore other planets? Methane and other combustible gases were also found. What is the composition of oil? Isn't it just hydrocarbons?
In my opinion, millions of years ago, who knows? Unless there is a time machine, anyone can only say hypothesis. But it is undeniable that animal carcasses can produce flammable substances through changes in the physical environment. I guess there was some oil when the earth was born, but there was one that evolved from animal carcasses.
About the formation of oil, it is generally believed that there are two theories, which are generally believed to be formed by the bodies of paleontology. However, there is another theory of formation, and the first theory is introduced first, which is also recognized by everyone.
(1) Biogenerated Oil Theory
Most geologists believe that oil, like coal and natural gas, is gradually formed by long-term compression and heating of ancient organic matter. According to this theory, oil was formed by the changes of prehistoric marine animals and dead algae. Charcoal is usually formed in land plants. After a long geological period, these organic substances are mixed with silt and buried under thick sedimentary rocks.
They gradually change at high temperature and high pressure, first forming waxy oil shale, and then degrading into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons. Because these hydrocarbons are lighter than the adjacent rocks, they penetrate upward into the nearby rocks until they penetrate into the hollow and impermeable rocks above. The oil thus collected forms an oil field. People can get oil from oil fields by drilling and pumping water.
Geologists call the temperature range of oil layer "oil window". If the temperature is too low, oil will not be formed; if the temperature is too high, natural gas will be formed. Although the depth of oil formation varies around the world, the "typical" depth is between 4 and 6 kilometers. Because oil will enter other rock formations after it is formed, the actual oil field may be much shallower. Therefore, the formation of an oil field requires three conditions: rich source rocks, permeable channels and rock formations that can accumulate oil.
(2) Abiotic oil generation theory
Thomas Gold, a theoretical astronomer of abiotic oil production, was born on the basis of the theory of Russian petroleum geologist Nikola Kudriavtsev. According to this theory, there is already a lot of carbon in the earth's crust, and some of it exists naturally in the form of hydrocarbons. Oil is lighter than water in rock crevices, so it permeates upward along rock crevices. Biomarkers in petroleum are caused by thermophilic microorganisms living in rocks. It has nothing to do with oil itself.
Only a few geologists support this theory. It is usually used to explain the unexplained oil flow in some oil fields, but this phenomenon rarely occurs. Abiotic oil generation theory cannot explain that more than 99% of the world's oil is stored in sedimentary rocks, and the oil in these non-sedimentary rocks can also be explained as migrating from sedimentary rocks in other places.
The theory that paleontological corpses form oil is accepted by most people.
At present, there are two main theories about the formation of oil, one is inorganic theory, that is, oil is naturally formed in strata; The other is the organic theory, which is formed by the familiar biological corpses.
According to the current scientific research and experimental results, mainstream scientists tend to say that oil is organically formed, or that most of the oil on the earth is biologically formed. Although it is difficult for ordinary people to accept this statement, this conclusion is not random, but is drawn through various experiments and practical experience.
In fact, most people are unwilling to accept this statement for several reasons:
First of all, there is a misunderstanding about the organisms that form oil. When it comes to biology, people first think of all kinds of animals, and subjectively think that animals are the most abundant creatures in the world. Therefore, people often question how many dinosaurs are needed to form an oil field. Let them all die in one place! So, it can't be bio-oil.
A preconceived misunderstanding changed the conclusion of oil formation. In fact, from the perspective of the earth's biosphere, animals are far behind in total number and total weight, so the main organisms that form oil are not animals.
According to scientists' estimation, the carbon content of all living things on the earth is about 550 billion tons, of which plants account for 450 billion tons, followed by various bacteria about 78 billion tons, fungi about1200 million tons, algae and other 4 billion tons, while all animals including humans are only about 2 billion tons, and insects and fish still account for the majority.
Therefore, neither dinosaurs nor other large creatures will be the main creatures of oil formation. From the overall weight point of view, no matter now or in the dinosaur era, all kinds of microorganisms and other small organisms occupy the main part of biology. These microorganisms are also the main organisms that form oil.
Second, I don't know the age when oil was formed. Oil was formed from Cambrian to Cretaceous, with the least Devonian, but mainly concentrated in Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic and Jurassic. Among them, Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic were all before the appearance of dinosaurs. There were few macroorganisms, more marine organisms and various microorganisms and algae. In Jurassic, geological movements became frequent, and a large number of oceans and lands changed, which also contributed to the concealment of low-lying sediments and the formation of oil and gas.
So at present, the oil we use is mainly formed from 359 million years ago to 65438+45 million years ago, and the main organisms formed are a large number of microorganisms and plankton in the ocean. These creatures are not only huge in number, but also change rapidly from generation to generation because of their short life cycle. So after hundreds of millions of years of accumulation, the total amount will be very huge.
In the geological movement, the ocean became a field, and the bodies of these microorganisms were also pressed underground, and oil and natural gas were formed several years later. Because oil is a liquid, it will naturally flow in underground space and form some oil fields.
The oil fields we found today are all ancient marine areas, so they are completely in line with this theory. At the same time, scientists also simulated the formation of oil in the laboratory and verified the theory of organic formation of oil.
Of course, although the organic theory is basically conclusive, the inorganic theory is not a complete failure, but there is not enough evidence at present. If oil is found on lifeless planets such as the moon, the inorganic theory will be recognized.
At present, the oil on the earth is mainly formed by organisms.
As for how oil was formed, I believe we generally think that thousands of years ago, there was a dinosaur extinction event, and in this global catastrophe, animals and plants died on a large scale. After the remains of these organic creatures were buried underground, they gradually deposited into the ground after a long geological movement. In the environment of high temperature and high pressure, the complex chemical reaction between animal fat and protein forms fat, while the remains of plants form carbon. This will be misunderstood as: animal carcasses form oil and plant carcasses form coal.
In fact, both oil and coal are formed from kerogen. Kerogen refers to the organic matter dispersed in sedimentary rocks, which can be divided into type I (sapropelic type), type II (mixed type) and type III (humic type). Kerogen is produced by the remains of algae, microorganisms, various aquatic organisms and higher animals and plants. These organic matters gradually evolved into kerogen with geological deposition and burial.
Type I (sapropelic type) has high hydrogen content and low oxygen content, which is formed by aquatic algae and lipid residues degraded by various aquatic organisms. Type I kerogen has strong oil-producing ability.
Type ⅱ kerogen comes from the remains of various aquatic organisms and higher animals, among which the proportion of aquatic organisms is large and the hydrogen content is high, but it is lower than type ⅰ. It can be subdivided into partial sapropelic type and partial sapropelic type. Among them, sapropelic mud has good hydrocarbon generation ability, and hydrocarbon is the general name of hydrocarbons. Methane is the main component of common natural gas and belongs to saturated hydrocarbons. Saprophytic type has medium oil-generating ability.
Type ⅲ kerogen is mainly formed by the residues of terrestrial higher plants, with low hydrogen content, high oxygen content and low oil-generating ability, but it has good gas-generating and carbon-generating ability.
Sedimentary rocks rich in kerogen are called source rocks, which are mainly distributed in oceans, lakes and swamps. With sedimentation, the buried depth of source rocks gradually increases, and the temperature and pressure of kerogen environment gradually increase. Under the push of temperature and pressure, kerogen undergoes thermal cracking reaction. Type I and type II are rich in aliphatic chain-forming oil, and type III is rich in aromatic substances and oxygen-containing groups to form gas.
Of course, just producing oil is not enough. To form a large-scale exploitable oil field, it is necessary to store and cover these two processes. Reservoir is dominated by clastic rocks and carbonate rocks, with good porosity and permeability, which provides a natural environment for oil accumulation and storage. Oil is a liquid, lighter than water, and is in a flowing state under the action of groundwater. After oil is produced, it will inevitably flow to other places if there is no corresponding storage environment. Oil needs to be covered after storage, otherwise the oil will volatilize, and without the cover, the oil can't be kept. The caprock includes shale, mudstone, salt rock and gypsum, which provides a good environment for oil preservation, and the distribution of caprock often determines the distribution range of oil and gas.
The theory of organic formation of petroleum has been generally recognized by the international scientific community. Of course, there are different voices, and some people put forward the theory of petroleum inorganic. According to this theory, the earth is rich in carbon, hydrogen and oxygen during its formation, forming the mantle layer of soft fluid zone, which promotes chemical reaction to form oil under the environment of high temperature and high pressure. After a series of geological movements, the oil in the mantle layer came to the surface of the crust. Inorganic theory attributes the formation of oil to the role of geophysics. If it is correct, the oil reserves will be in the order of trillion or trillion cubic meters. Unfortunately, oil and gas resources have not been discovered by inorganic genetic theory.
To sum up, the origin of oil is the confrontation between inorganic origin and organic origin. /kloc-inorganic school prevailed in the 0/9th century, and organic school prevailed since the 20th century.
Inorganic origin theory of oil and gas
1In the middle of the 9th century, the most influential theory was the carbide theory put forward by Russian chemist Mendeleev 1876, which believed that oil was generated by the interaction between underground heavy metal carbides and seepage water. The petroleum vapor generated by the reaction condenses in the pores of the formation during the process of rushing to the crust.
Another typical representative of inorganic origin theory is cosmology put forward by sokolov in the late19th century. The theoretical basis is that hydrocarbons exist in some celestial bodies, so he thinks that hydrocarbons are inherent in the universe and have existed in the atmosphere since the earth was still in a molten state.
In addition, there was a magma theory represented by Kud Yantsev. Volcanic theory represented by Kauste; Serpentine oil generation theory represented by Elanski; The theory of high temperature generation represented by Chekaliuk et al.
Organic origin theory of oil and gas
As early as the middle of18th century, the Soviet chemist Lomon nosov thought that oil, like coal, was distilled from peat at high temperature. During the period of 1933, Wernatsky, a famous Russian mineralogist and geochemist, also studied the geological function of organic matter (i.e. oil-forming parent material), discussed the organic composition and genesis of oil in detail, and put forward the carbon cycle model, which made the oil-forming theory enter the geochemical research stage, and later formed a relatively complete theory of source rocks.
The early theory of organic genesis thought that organic matter directly formed oil, but because it was different from the actual situation, a new theory was put forward, that is, kerogen was thermally degraded into oil.
The above figure shows the evolution process of organic matter in detail. It seems that oil is really formed by paleontology, and statistics show that the appearance of oil in the crust is closely related to the development and rise and fall of organisms in geological history.
Some friends don't agree with the theory that engine oil is formed, and it is unscientific to compare how much "meat" is needed. Here, it is necessary to emphasize the concept of organic matter.
We usually think that there are four sources of organic matter: zooplankton, phytoplankton, higher plants and higher animals. Not all the deposited organic matter can be preserved, only a part of it can be preserved with the particle deposition due to the loss of microbial decomposition, which is called sedimentary organic matter. The first two kinds of organic matter can form oil, higher plants often form coal or natural gas, while higher animals are less preserved and contribute less to oil generation, which is determined by their composition and sedimentary environment. It has been 4.6 billion years since the formation of the earth and 3.8 billion years since the emergence of life. How long is the evolution history of life in 3.8 billion years? During this period, how many biological remains were piled up and kept underground? Moreover, in geological theory, time is in millions of years. In this grand perspective, all the data will be so huge that non-professionals will be surprised. We can doubt or even object, but should we thoroughly understand each other's views before throwing out our own?
Although fossils of ancient creatures have been found in coal, the theory that coal, oil and natural gas are the products of ancient creatures under high temperature and high pressure is obviously unreliable, because no one can come up with conclusive evidence, just guessing. Moreover, the number of decomposition products of ancient creatures is too large!
I think the theory about the formation of coal organisms in textbooks has misled generations.
Of course it was formed by paleontology. The earth has existed for 4.6 billion years. How many creatures have lived on the earth in such a long time! Here is an introduction to the process of oil formation.
Before man appeared, the earth was in the age of dinosaurs. At that time, the air was good and the oxygen content was high, so the animals were very big!
They exhale carbon dioxide, fart and so on, and the amount of these waste gases produced by organisms is also very large. In addition, the rising temperature causes glaciers to melt, and a large amount of water flows into the ocean, increasing the pressure on the ocean!
A large amount of seawater squeezes the crust, causing strong crustal movement, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. , causing the sea water temperature to rise, and almost all living things are boiled to death!
A large number of volcanic eruptions have filled the earth with volcanic ash, which has not retreated for thousands of years, and the earth has not seen the sun for tens of thousands of years, and life has become extinct!
When the earth returned to the ice age, everything was frozen or dusty! After the ingenious drainage of the terrain, those biological saprophytes converge and finally converge into blocks. After a long period of fermentation, oil is formed!
Many years later, the volcanic ash dispersed, the earth reappeared in the sun, the earth warmed, creatures reappeared, and humans appeared!
Oil is a gift from nature. We should make good use of these resources to benefit mankind!
The earth is like a big machine, which needs running-in, and finally forms this shape, which is blooming in spring and suitable for human habitation. It is the most beautiful planet in the universe!