Baima [Baima, pronounced as (báI m )] originated from Zi's surname and came from Wei, a minister at the end of Shang Dynasty in the early years of Western Zhou Dynasty, which is a historical event. According to the historical book "Romance of Customs", "Song Weizi rode a white horse to Zhou, followed by a white horse." Wei, also known as a singer in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty (now Qixian County, Henan Province). He is the son of Di Yi in Shang Dynasty and an ordinary brother of Zhou Wang. In Shang Dynasty, Wei Zi was named after his title. According to historical records, "Wei, with fornication, the Shang Dynasty will die, and he has repeatedly advised. The king didn't listen and ran away. The prince of Wu can still beg for surrender naked. Wu Geng, the son of Zhou Wang, rebelled and was destroyed by Zhou Gongdan, that is, he inherited Yin Si and was sealed in Song Dynasty. " Wei Ziqi was the ancestor of Song State in Zhou Dynasty. It is said that he is a political saint and deeply loved by Yin people. In the Han Dynasty, it was renamed Zikai to avoid the taboo of Emperor Liu Qi. At the end of Shang Dynasty, Wei personally remonstrated with Jin for many times. Seeing that "I can't remonstrate", I want to compete with Ji Zi and Shao Shi. Ji Zi believes that "today is sincere in governing the country, and the country does not hate death; There's no cure when you're dead It is better to go. " Wei fled and returned to Wei (now Lucheng, Shanxi). Later, Wei moved to the northwest of Liangshan, Shandong Province, so it was also called Wei. According to historical records, after Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty, "Wei held a ritual vessel and built it at the military gate, with his skin naked, his left hand holding a sheep and his right knee holding a spear", and explained the reasons and circumstances for his departure. Zhou Wuwang was very moved and said, "This freed him from bondage, and he is still a noble scholar" to show his generosity.

Ji Fa of Zhou Wuwang died in BC 1043, and Song Jicai of Zhou Chengwang 12 years old. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Gongdan, Zhou Wuwang's younger brother, ruled the Western Zhou Dynasty. In BC 104 1 year, Wei Zi was appointed emperor in the Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) at the order of Zhou Chengwang Song Ji, and Wei Zicheng was the monarch and ancestor of the Song Dynasty. After his death, he was buried in the northwest of Weishan Island, Weishan Lake. Confucius called Wei Zi, Ji Zi and Bi Gan "three benevolence". According to the ancient book The Book of Songs Zhou Song Tourists, "If there is a guest, it is also a white horse. And all the waiters, many of them, go with him. The guest stayed at the hotel for two nights. I really want to take out the rope and ask a guest to stay and tie his horse. The guests said goodbye to me and the officials thanked him. There are both arrogance and blessings for Kong Yi. " This ancient poem describes that after the Song Dynasty sealed Wei, Wei rode a white horse to worship the ancestral temple of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the Zhou Dynasty treated him like a distinguished guest. Because Yin Shang advocated white, Wei Zi also rode a white horse to Qi Lai Chao.

This historical event has always been praised by the world, so some descendants of Wei took Baima as their surname, and in many provinces it was simplified to a single surname of Ma. It originated from the surname Ji, and came from the subordinate general of Gongsun Zan in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. It was named after its ancestors. According to the history book "Genealogy", "Han Gong lived in Youzhou and Hezhou, because he often rode a white horse." Gongsun Zan: Bo Gui, a native of Ganoderma lucidum in western Liaoning (now Qian 'an, Hebei), was born in a famous family. Because of her humble status, her mother only became a small official in the county. Gongsun Zan is beautiful, has a loud voice, and is witty and eloquent. Liu Wei, the prefect of Zhuojun County, was very grateful and betrothed his daughter to him. Gongsun Zan studied under Gou Shan and was proficient in Confucian classics. Later, he was promoted to senior county magistrate. Liu Wei was sent to Japan for breaking the law. At that time, the law forbade his men to walk with the sill car, so Gongsun Zan disguised himself as a valet, took Liu Wei's daily necessities and escorted him by car. Before leaving, he knelt in front of his ancestral grave and said, "I used to be a son, but now I am a minister." I should go to Japan with Liu Taishou. " I'm afraid I can't come back because of the miasma in southern Japan. Let's say goodbye to our ancestors here. "He cried generously, got up and left, and all the onlookers sighed. Liu was pardoned on the way. Gongsun Zan gradually became a corps commander by his own talents, fought bravely against the northern minorities with a tough attitude, and had a great influence in the frontier.

In the fifth year of Zhong Ping (AD 188), Wuhuan people (a branch of Donghu people living in Inner Mongolia, belonging to Xianbei people) plundered Qingzhou (now Linzi, Zibo, Shandong Province), Youzhou and Jizhou (now Linzhang, Hebei Province). Gongsun Zan came to war with Qiu at Shimen, a vassal state. After Zhang Chun's defeat, he left his wife and children and fled to Xianbei. Gongsun Zan, desperate to continue the pursuit, was besieged by the Ministry of Qiuli in Guancheng, western Liaoning for more than 200 days because he was alone. All the food was used up, and most of the infantry were killed or injured. But Qiu Li's army was exhausted and unable to fight again, so he had to go to Liucheng. Therefore, the Eastern Han Dynasty imperial court made Gongsun Zan a captain and made Hou Ting its capital, taking over the country's long history. Gongsun Zan then commanded the military forces and guarded the northeast border. Every time I hear an enemy attack, Gongsun Zan immediately bites, fights like Saburo desperately, and even refuses to give up until late at night, so people in Wuhuan are afraid of Gongsun Zan's bravery and dare not attack again. Gongsun Zan loves to ride a white horse, and people call him "General White Horse", so hundreds of brave soldiers who are good at riding and shooting around him also ride a white horse, which is Gongsun Zan's left and right wings when he went to war, hence the name "White Horse is just obedient". During the war, a large group of white horse soldiers, like a white whirlwind, let the enemy run away. Gongsun Zan was belligerent by nature, and he was at odds with Liu Yu, the boss who advocated a soft policy towards ethnic minorities. The contradiction between them gradually intensified and even developed to attack each other. Relying on his own military ability, Gongsun Zan killed Liu Yu, seized the imperial envoys of the four northern States under the authorization of the governor, and then sent a secretariat to become the most powerful vassal in the northern region at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Later, Gongsun Zan contended with Yuan Shao, a separatist force in Hebei, and occupied a great military advantage in the early stage. However, due to his strategy of self-protection, he gradually lost the trust of his subordinates, and was finally defeated by Yuan Shao, trapped in a tall building he built and set himself on fire. Its power was annexed by Yuan Shao.

After Gongsun Zan's death, the "Baima Yi Cong" scattered in all directions, and some of its descendants took their ancestral titles as their surnames, which were called Baima's. Later, many provinces simplified it to a surname, Ma Shi. Originated from place names, from Baima Post in Tang Dynasty, belonging to the name of place names. According to the history book "On the Hidden Husband", "The white horse family is also because of the land." During the Tang Dynasty, a battle broke out in Baimayi (now Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province), which became the prelude to the war of eliminating East Turkistan in the Tang Dynasty.

From the third year of Tang Zhenguan (AD 629) to the fourth year of Tang Zhenguan (AD 630), in the third month of the lunar calendar (1 1), in the war between the Tang Dynasty and the Turks, the Tang Dynasty fought an important battle to eliminate the threat from the north and the Ashina Jie Li Khan of the Eastern Turks. At the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, Turkic Khan began to rise again. He repeatedly sent troops to harass and support Liu Wuzhou, Liang, Liu Heita and other separatist forces. In order to concentrate on unifying the whole country, Tang Gaozu Tang Gaozu adopted a policy of accommodating the Turks, and once considered moving the capital to avoid it. After the Xuanwumen incident, Ashina Li Jie believed that Taizong Li Shimin had just ascended the throne, the internal contradictions had not been completely solved, and the ruling order was not yet stable. So he joined forces with Tuyuhun Khan with 200,000 troops and went straight to the north of the Weishui temporary bridge in the west of Chang 'an. Emperor Taizong walked to the south of the bridge, talked with Ashina Li Jie across the water, and put him in charge. Tang Jun main force followed closely, intensive. When Ashina saw that Tang Jun had come prepared, he did not dare to fight a decisive battle, so he withdrew after forming an alliance with Emperor Taizong. After the Wei-Shui Alliance, Emperor Taizong took a series of political and economic measures to enhance national strength and actively prepared for the war militarily. He opposed the previous rule that officials were not allowed to bring weapons into temples. Every day, he led hundreds of soldiers to practice martial arts and archery in Xiandetang, and soon cultivated an elite army capable of fighting well. At the same time, in the first year of Tang Zhenguan, Emperor Taizong fought for Yuan's attachment to Heng 'an Town (now the ancient city of Datong, Shanxi). In the second year of Tang Zhenguan, he destroyed the beam separated from Shuofang (now Baichengzi, Wushenqi, Inner Mongolia) and occupied a military position convenient for counterattacking East Turkistan. On the contrary, due to years of wars, frost and drought and other natural disasters, many sheep and horses were frozen and starved to death. Xue Yantuo, Uighur, Ba, and others also took the opportunity to rebel, pushing the leader of Xue Yantuo to turn people into Khan and accepted the knighthood of the Tang Dynasty. The Turkic Khan of East Turkistan was suppressed and excluded by Ashina Jie for a long time, but he also secretly contacted the Tang Dynasty and expressed his willingness to join it. The conditions for the Tang Dynasty to counterattack the Turks were ripe.

In the third year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, in the lunar calendar 165438+ October, the Turkish army invaded Hexi and was defeated by the defenders of the Tang Dynasty in Suzhou (now Jiuquan, Gansu) and Ganzhou (now Zhangye, Gansu). Emperor Taizong took this as an excuse, and on June 23rd, 165438+ appointed Li Ji, the governor of Bingzhou, as the chief officer of Hantong Road, Li Jing, the minister of war, as the chief officer of Dingxiang Road, Chai Shao, the secretariat of Huazhou, and Li Daozong, the king of Ren Cheng, as the chief officer of Datong Road, Wei Xiaojie, the governor of Youzhou, as the chief officer of Heng 'an Road and Xue Wanche, the governor of Lingzhou.

In the 4th year of Emperor Taizong (65438+ October), Li Jing led 3,000 Xiaoqi to start from Baimayi (now Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province), enter Xieyangling (now Pinglu, Shanxi Province), and attack Xiangcheng (now Inner Mongolia and Linger Tuchengzi) at night. Ashina valerian didn't expect Tang Jun to come suddenly, so he thought that Excavate dared to go deep alone and decided to have the main force. Later, he hurriedly withdrew his teeth to Qikou (now Great Hural in Dingshan, Inner Mongolia). Excavate also sent spies to alienate the headquarters, and Kang Sumi, a confidant general, took his queen Xiao and grandson to Dingxiang to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. When Ashina Jie saw Kang Sumi surrender to the Tang Dynasty, he dared not stay and continued to lead his troops to retreat to Yinshan. In Baidao (now Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), Li Ji's army was stopped by Izumo (now Datong, Shanxi), and was defeated by World War I, so Ashina Li Jie had to retreat to Tuntieshan (now Baiyun Ebo, Inner Mongolia) and retreat tens of thousands. After this campaign, Ashina Jie felt that he was no longer Tang Jun's opponent, that is, he sent a special envoy to Chang 'an to apologize to Emperor Taizong and expressed his willingness to give a domestic attachment. In fact, he wanted to move to Mobei and wait for an opportunity to make a comeback. Emperor Taizong sent his wife Tang Jian and others to Turkey to comfort him, and at the same time ordered Li Jing to lead the troops to meet him.

In February of the fourth year of Tang Zhenguan, Li Jing led his troops to Baidao to meet Li Ji. He thinks that Ashina Li Jie has been defeated, but there are still many troops. If we let him escape to Mobei and attach himself to Xue Yantuo, it will be difficult to pursue him. Today, Tang Jian is in Turkic, and Ashina is slack. If you choose to attack him, you can capture him without fighting. So Li Jing ordered Li Jitong's army to ride 10 thousand people, each with 20 days' rations, set out overnight and galloped to Tieshan. Li Jing led the army to Yinshan, where he met more than 1000 Turks and captured them in the army. Valerian saw the Tang envoy coming to comfort him, thinking that he was unprepared. On February 8 of the lunar calendar, Li Jing sent Su with 200 cavalry as pioneers, and under the cover of dense fog, they rushed to the gold medal. Only seven miles before Ashina Valerian's dental account was discovered, Ashina Valerian escaped on a swift horse. Excavate led the army to follow up, and the Turkish army broke up, killing more than 10,000 people and capturing more than 100,000 men and women. Tang Jian is also out of danger. More than 10,000 people tried to escape embarrassment in Jie's rest department, but they were intercepted by Li Ji's army, and all his leaders led the people to surrender. Only Ashina Li Jie fled to the Shabolo tribe in the northwest of Lingzhou (now Lingwu, Ningxia), that is, the Suni tribe in Ashina, which is nomadic in Alashan League, Inner Mongolia today, and wanted to take a break before going to Tuyuhun Department. As a result, Suni was captured alive by Zhong and sent to Zhang Baoxiang, deputy general manager of Datong Road March, and sent to Chang 'an, Tang Dou. At this point, the Eastern Turkic khanate, which has controlled hundreds of thousands of strings, started from Liaodong in the east and rejected Wan Li in the West Sea, competing with the Central Plains dynasty for nearly a hundred years. Baimayi also became a milestone in the destruction of the Eastern Turkic khanate in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, there were countless border people in the Tang Dynasty who were harassed by Turks all the year round, so it became fashionable to take their city names as surnames. Most of them were renamed Baimayi, and later many provinces were simplified to single surname Ma. Those from posts, from livestock breeders, belong to the world title. According to the history book "surname test", it is recorded that "the incumbent is a green cow and a white horse. In ancient times, white horses were often used as oaths, or white horses were used to sacrifice rivers. " In ancient times, when people were allied with blood, why did they kill a white horse? In the Xia, Shang, Zhou and even the whole pre-Qin period, when people offered sacrifices to God, they mostly offered sacrifices to black cows, saying that "black cows are prolific, heaven is gratifying, and the country is blessed"; When offering sacrifices to ancestors, white horses are often used as sacrifices, saying that "white horses are gods, heaven is fire, and demons do not invade." In ancient times, white horses and black cows were the highest level of temple sacrifices. In fact, in ancient divination, Ma Xingjian, like Tianlong, belongs to the fire house, so it can ward off evil spirits best. Sacrificing a white horse with red blood was the most sacred act in the eyes of the ancients, and later it was extended to the highest realm of oath.

Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of Han Dynasty, once loved a lady of Qi in his later years. Mrs Qi gave birth to a prince named Liu Ruyi, who was named Prince of Zhao. Emperor Gaozu always thought that Lv Hou's son was weak by nature, fearing that he would not be able to do great things in the future, but he spoke and did things as he did, and did whatever he wanted. So, I want to turn Ruyi into a prince. He once discussed this matter with ministers, but they all opposed it. Even Sean, whom he always respected, helped Lv Hou. Four famous hermits, known as "the Four Masters of Good", were invited to assist Liu Yuxin. Emperor Gaozu knew that the prince could not be abolished, so he said to Mrs. Qi, "The prince has a helper, and his wings have grown hard. There is no way to change them. " Mrs Qi was too sad to speak. When Emperor Gaozu attacked Ying Bu, he was shot in the chest. Later, the injury became more and more serious. On one occasion, someone secretly said to him, "Fan Kuai (his brother-in-law) colluded with him and planned to kill Mrs. Qi and him as soon as the emperor died." Emperor Gaozu was furious and immediately called Chen Ping and General zhou bo to the palace and said to them, "Go to the barracks quickly, cut off Fan Kuai's head and come to see me at once." At that time, Fan Kuai was leading troops in Yan State. Chen Ping and Zhou Bo took orders and whispered, "Fan Kuai has made great contributions and is the wife and brother of the Queen. We can't just kill him. Now the emperor is angry and wants to kill him. What should I do if I regret it later? " They discussed for a while, locked Fan Kuai in a prison car and sent him to Chang 'an. Later, he was released by Lv Hou. Emperor gaozu was seriously ill, so he called his ministers to the front, ordered his men to kill a white horse, and asked them to give their blood as allies. In front of Emperor Gaozu, everyone swore with blood: "From now on, no one named Liu Can can be crowned as king, and no one can be crowned as a marquis unless he is a hero. Anyone who violates this agreement will be punished together. " The ministers swore an oath, and Emperor Gaozu was relieved. The "White Horse Alliance" is a covenant made by the Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, the kings of Liu Family and the minister of Manchu Dynasty by killing the white horse, and it is the most important oath sworn by ancient people. The reason for this is that he saw more and more powerful forces. He was worried that the Han Dynasty would be taken away by Lu, so in his later years, he made an alliance with Liu's king and killed the white horse to ensure safety. Emperor gaozu's illness became more and more serious. He called Lv Hou in and told him about the funeral. Lv Hou asked him, "If Guo Xiang died in a hundred years. Who can replace him? Emperor Gaozu said: "Cao Can can be replaced." . Lv Hou asked again, "What happened after Cao Can?" "Emperor Gaozu said," The imperial tomb can take over. However, the tomb is a bit upright. You can ask Chen Ping to help him. Chen Ping has enough intelligence, but he can't be independent. Zhou Bo is kind and cautious, but he doesn't know much about words and ink. But in the future, I still have to rely on to stabilize my Liu family. " When Lv Hou asked again, Emperor Gaozu shook his head and said, "You never know what will happen in the future. "

In BC 195, Emperor Gaozu died. Lv Hou blocked the news, secretly went to one of her confidants, Shen Shiqi, and said to him, "The generals and the late emperors all set out together. They don't want to work under the late emperor. Now that the first emperor has passed away, it is even more unreliable. It is better to kill them all. " Shen Shi thought it was not easy, so he asked his younger brother to help him. Lu's son told the secret to his good friend Li, and Li told the secret to his father Li Shang. After learning the news, Li Shangyin hurried to see Shen and said to him, "I heard that the emperor has been dead for four days. Instead of mourning, the queen planned to kill the minister. Doing so will certainly arouse the resistance of ministers and generals. Needless to say, there will be chaos in the world, and I'm afraid your life will be lost. " ShenShiQi frightened, busy to find Lv Hou. Lv Hou was not sure about killing the minister, so he ordered him to send out obituary. The ministers buried the Emperor Gaozu and won the throne, that is, Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty. Lv Hou became the empress dowager. Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty is an honest and incompetent person, and everything is decided by his mother Lv Hou. Empress Lu has this power, and she can do whatever she wants. What she hates most is Mrs. Qi and. She first punished Mrs Qi as a slave, and then sent someone to recall Liu Ruyi, the king of Zhao, from the fief to Chang 'an. Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty learned that the Empress Dowager was going to kill her younger brother Liu Ruyi, and hurriedly took Liu Ruyi into the palace in person, accompanying him with food and sleep, so that Empress Lu could not do it. One morning. Han got up and went out to practice archery. He wanted to ask Liu Ruyi to go with him, but Liu Ruyi was young and sleepy. Seeing that he was sleeping soundly, Emperor Hui of Han couldn't bear to wake him up, so he went out to contact himself. When Hui Di returned to the palace, Liu Ruyi was already dead in bed. Han knew that his brother had been poisoned, so he had to hold the body and cry. After the Queen Mother Lu killed Liu Ruyi, she didn't feel trap to feel avenged. She brutally cut off Mrs. Qi's hands and feet, gouged out her eyes, forced her to take dumb medicine, and threw her into the pigsty, calling her "a human being." Later, Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty saw that Mrs. Qi was tortured like this, so he couldn't help crying and fell ill with fear. He sent someone to see the queen mother and said, "No one can do such a thing. I am the son of the Queen Mother, and I am no longer able to govern the world. " After that, Emperor Huidi was unwilling to ask about the government affairs of the imperial court.

"White Horse Alliance" is a famous event in history, which was cited as a major oath in the Three Kingdoms, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. So some people take it as their surname and call it a white horse. The Di nationality, which originated from the nation and branched from ancient times, belongs to the clan and is called the surname. In ancient times, the Di nationality was called "the other species of the western barbarians", and it was also called "White Horse". In ancient historical records, it is often called Baimayi, Baimazu, Baimadi and Baimaqiang. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, it has lived in the dragon riding area for generations. The history book "Southwest Historical Records" records: "Starting from the northeast, the number of governors is the largest, and the migration and wealth are the most; From the northeast, what is the length of the monarch, and Ran Hao is the largest. Its customs or aborigines, or migration, are in the west of Shu. From northeast to northeast, there are the most princes and the most white horses. " Ancient clan people were mainly distributed in the Western Han River and Bailong River basins in southeastern Gansu. Among more than ten tribes, Baima Castanopsis fissa is the most powerful. Baimati people are mainly distributed in Chengxian and Wudu, Gansu.

The history book "The Biography of Southwestern Foreigners in the Later Han Dynasty" records: "Baima nationality, which was opened in Ding Yuan in six years, was divided into the western part of Guanghan and considered as the military capital. The land is dangerous, and there is a horse field, which is famous for horses, cows, sheep, lacquer and honey. Clans are brave in taking risks, greedy for money and dying for profit. Living in Hechi, an enemy pool, with a square area of 100 hectares, fighting on all sides is considered as a border guard. If the counties discuss it, they will stick to it. In the third year of Yuanfeng, Di Ren rebelled, sent troops to break it and moved to Jiuquan County. In the first year of Zhao Yuanfeng, the barbarians rebelled and sent Wu Jinma, Shi Jian, Han Zeng and Da Guangming to break Sanfu and Taichang disciples. " Baimati people once established a local separatist regime for 380 years centered on Qiu Chi Mountain in the south of Xihe County, Gansu Province, which was called Qiu Chi State. This period of history has never been valued by historians, and there are no detailed records in various historical books from the Jin Dynasty to the Sixteen Countries, so the history of the kingdom has become an unsolved case. It was not until recent years that some scholars noticed that the western and ancient kingdoms were established by Yang Baima in the early years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Wang Feilong, a clan leader who was active in Qiu Chi and Wudu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province), and his adopted son Yang Maocuo succeeded Yang Feilong as the leader of the Di clan, and was named "White Horse General" by the Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty.

During the Sixteen Kingdoms period in Wuhu, Baima Miao people once established a powerful former Qin State (AD 350-394).

The pre-Qin state was founded by Lueyang, a Lin Wei native of Yi nationality. His original surname was Pu, but later his surname was Gu. He used to be a tribal marshal, his father was Pu Huaigui and his mother was Jiang.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Pu Hong was promoted to the head of clan and tribe, and was later named Wang by Liu Yao, the former State of Zhao, and later named the post-State of Zhao. Because the latter country Zhao obeyed, he fell to the Western Jin Dynasty in a rage. In the sixth year of Emperor Sima Danyong of Jin Mu (AD 350), Pu Hong claimed to be the viceroy, general, Khan and King of Qin, changed his surname to Fu, and established the former Qin Dynasty, calling himself Fu Hong and Emperor Taizu of Qin. Soon after, he was poisoned by his handsome general Ma Qiu in March of the lunar calendar.

The former monarch of the State of Qin was passed down to the fifth generation of Emperor Taizong of Qin, and was the descendant of Fu Jian, Sun Maodeng. In the 19th year of Taiyuan, Sima Yao (AD 394), he was defeated by Yao Xing, the later monarch of Qin State, and was immediately killed. His son, Fu Chong, fled to the throne in Huangzhong, and was soon killed by the king of the Western Qin Dynasty, and the former Qin Dynasty perished. After the demise of the former Qin State, the Miao people have been integrated into Qiang, Xiongnu, Xianbei and other ethnic groups. In the end, most of them merged into the Han nationality, a few into the Mongolian and Manchu nationalities, and a few moved to the southwest today, becoming one of the ancestors of Miao, Yao, Dong and Yi ethnic minorities. Later, some Di people took the nickname "Baima" of the Han clan as their surname, which was called Baima. Later, many local languages were simplified to Ma and Bai.