Features:

First, adopt western religious teachings as the leading ideology of the insurgents.

Two: two classes and two different policy programs have been promulgated successively. Before awarding the contract

"China's farmland system" is the policy agenda of the peasant class, which was later.

The new chapter of senior minister promulgated by Hong Ren embodies the western bourgeoisie.

Level idea, but neither scheme has been realized.

Third, during Tian Ping's Heavenly Kingdom Movement, other Asian countries also launched anti-imperialist and anti-feudal uprisings. Together with these uprising movements, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement set off the climax of the national liberation movement in Asia.

Fourthly, it was the last large-scale anti-feudal uprising led by the peasant class in the history of China. (The Boxer Rebellion is an anti-imperialist movement)

Reason for failure:

Subjective reasons: 1 is the limitation of the peasant class, unable to put forward a practical revolutionary program, and the purpose of the soldiers participating in the revolution is not clear; After the capital Tianjing, the leaders were greedy for pleasure, their privileged thoughts expanded, and they fought for power and profit, resulting in personnel division and political chaos. 2. It is a strategic mistake. The Northern Expedition was carried out alone, without logistical support, which was a taboo for military strategists.

Objective reasons: Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded to stifle the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Qing court had powerful landlord armed forces and imperialism had advanced weapons, so it was difficult for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom to resist.

Reform Movement of 1898

Features: The Reform Movement of 1898 was a bourgeois reform movement initiated by the reformists in the form of an imperial edict issued by Emperor Guangxu.

Reasons for failure: mainly due to the weakness and compromise of the bourgeois reformists, lacking the courage to oppose imperialism and feudalism, they only adopted improved methods, pinned their hopes on feudal reactionary forces and power, stayed away from the people, and feared the people, so they failed. At the same time, the die-hards are very strong, and western capitalist countries do not want China to embark on the road of independent development of capitalism. As a result, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces stifled the Reform Movement. In the final analysis, it is determined by the level of capitalist development in China. The level of capitalist development in China is very low, the economic foundation is still very weak, and the strength of the bourgeoisie is weak. The strength of the bourgeoisie is not enough to compete with the feudal forces, which is the fundamental reason for the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898.

Yihetuan

Features:

First, the biggest feature is spontaneity. The Shandong people began their struggle against foreign religions in the autumn of 1898, and reached its climax in June of l900, taking on the task of fighting against Eight-Nation Alliance, but they never formulated a specific struggle program or formed a unified leadership.

Second, the second is its dispersion. The boxer movement always goes its own way and lacks unified command and leadership.

Reasons for failure: The root cause of failure: The basic masses of the Boxer Rebellion are farmers and small-scale craftsmen. At first, they were repeatedly suppressed by the Qing government for the purpose of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight". Facing the serious national crisis, the Boxer Rebellion pointed its finger at imperialism and put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Due to the limitations of the peasant class and the lack of the leadership of the advanced class, the Qing government headed by Empress Dowager Cixi was forced to surrender to imperialism and suppress the Boxer Movement in order to avoid the attack of the Boxer Movement, which made the Boxer Movement in a position of internal and external attack. It was defeated by enemies at home and abroad.

the Revolution of 1911

Features: The Revolution of 1911 was a bourgeois-led revolution, aiming at opposing absolute monarchy and establishing a bourgeois republic, making it a bourgeois democratic revolution in a relatively complete sense.

Reason for failure:

From the subjective and objective point of view, one is due to the limitations of the bourgeoisie itself, and the other is because the reactionary forces at home and abroad are too strong. From the specific reasons, it can be analyzed from four factors: planning, farmers, political parties and the army:

The bourgeois revolutionaries have never had a thorough anti-imperialist program. The Three People's Principles did not propose to oppose imperialism, the main enemy of the Chinese nation. After the establishment of the Nanjing provisional government, it also fantasized about imperialist support. Failure to recognize the real enemy is one of the reasons for the ultimate failure of the bourgeois revolutionaries.

Bourgeois revolutionaries have never had a thorough anti-feudal program. The Three People's Principles did not completely deny feudal land ownership, and the bourgeois revolution did not solve farmers' land problems, so it could not be supported by farmers. Farmers are the main force of China revolution. Without their support, they can't defeat powerful enemies.

The bourgeois revolutionaries have never established their own armed forces. In the Revolution of 1911, all the armed struggles launched by bourgeois revolutionaries were short-term. The "Second Revolution" China People's Party, although it has mastered some troops, is not a unified revolutionary force. The movement to protect France relies on the strength of warlords, so it is impossible to fail whenever it encounters powerful counter-revolutionary armed forces.

The bourgeois revolutionary party is also loose. After the establishment of the League, it lacked strict organization and discipline. Before the outbreak of Wuchang Uprising, it actually existed in name only. Without a strong revolutionary party, revolutionaries can't unite closely and form a strong fighting capacity. The reason why Yuan Shikai was able to steal the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 was also related to the disintegration of the League and the different political views of leading members.

The historical lesson brought to people is that the peasant class and the bourgeoisie cannot lead the people of China to carry out a thorough revolution, and the advanced people of China need to make new explorations and seek a new way out for China.