Stone tools refer to tools made of rocks, which are the initial main production tools of human beings and prevailed in the early period of human history. Mao Chuan (Mao Heng): "Cutting bones is like cutting, cutting jade and grinding stones". Cutting, chipping, chipping and grinding are the processing methods of bone, tooth, jade and stone respectively. In the Paleolithic Age (about 2.5 million years ago ~ 654.38+0000 years ago), stone tools were made by knocking stone cores or cutting stone pieces into certain shapes, while in the Neolithic Age (about 654.38+08000 years ago -4000 years ago), stone tools were made by grinding or cutting stones into appropriate shapes.
People choose rocks to make stone tools, use them as weapons or primitive production tools, transform themselves in the struggle with nature, and learn to use primitive tools for labor. This is the fundamental difference between humans and apes. The appearance of production tools has improved the efficiency of agricultural production, accelerated people's development and utilization of land, and promoted the development process of society. Stone tools, as tools of life and labor, are necessities for human survival; It is also a sacrifice and a work of art that enriches spiritual life.
Tao Rong Tiandi-pottery
"Book of Rites" is made of pottery, and the utensils are statues, reeds, cowpeas, pots and other pottery utensils, or practical utensils suitable for ancient times. In Guo Moruo's China Historical Manuscripts, "the appearance of pottery is an epoch-making invention in the struggle with nature", and the appearance of pottery marks the beginning of the Neolithic Age. Hongshan Culture pottery can be divided into four categories: red pottery made of clay, gray pottery mixed with sand, gray pottery made of clay and black pottery made of clay. Decorate with string patterns, carved patterns and additional pile patterns. The rhombic zigzag composed of chords has begun to show the characteristics of thunder patterns. The invention of pottery is an important process of human civilization-it is the first time that human beings have created new things by using natural things according to their own will. It has opened a new chapter for human beings to use and transform nature, which is of epoch-making significance. Pottery made of clay can not only change the properties of objects, but also shape objects for easy use. It enables people to add cooking methods to food besides barbecue.
Straight mouth, short strength, round shoulder, flat bottom and dragon nine-beast jar.
This jar is mud-gray pottery with dragon, snake, fish, sparrow and deer on its body. The totem of the Yellow Emperor (bear, dragon, turtle, cloud, bird, etc. China's ancient literature records bears, and historical records record: "The Yellow Emperor has bears; Second, the dragon, "Historical Records" said "Xuanyuan, Huanglong body"; The third one is a tortoise. " Mandarin says, "I fell from the sky"; Fourth, clouds, Hongshan Culture's gouyun-shaped jade modeling is related to clouds; Fifth, birds. According to Guoyu, among the twelve surnames of the son of the Yellow Emperor, there is a "bird with a human face", which may take birds as totems. These totems all correspond to the jade articles of Hongshan culture and the production and living conditions of Hongshan ancestors in clay pots.
Hongshan Culture-the treasure of all things.
Hongshan renren
A three-dimensional circular sculpture of a naked woman with prominent chest, high cheekbones and slightly thin lips. Legs slightly apart, squat posture. In the history of China, all the big tribes were developed from matriarchal clans, but their mothers didn't know their fathers. The worship of female ancestors and vulva is a major feature of primitive society.
C-shaped Yulong
Yulong is dark brown. Most of the dragons have no lines, and their bodies are curled into a C-shape, which looks like the word "dragon" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. The snout stretches forward, slightly bends upward, the mouth is closed, there are symmetrical double nostrils, and the protrusions of the eyes are prismatic and ringed. "Shuo Wen Jie Zi": Dragon, the length of scale worm, the vernal equinox rises to heaven, and the autumn equinox dives. Scale phoenix ichthyosaur, called four spirits. The dragon was the first one and later became a symbol of imperial power. Emperors of all ages called themselves dragons.
Advocating Nature and Heaven —— Qijia Culture and Liangzhu Culture
Qijia culture, named after its earliest discovery in Qijiaping, Guanghe County, Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province, is mainly distributed in the platforms along the Yellow River and its tributaries in Gansu Province and Qinghai Province. It is a culture from the late Neolithic to the early Bronze Age in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, 4 100-4000 years ago. The characteristics of Qijia culture are: first, yellow pottery is the most distinctive; Second, there has been a copper smelting industry, with little red bronzes or bronzes; Thirdly, there are adult male and female tombs, such as two in the Qin and Wei families and three in Huangniangtai, indicating that the era has changed from "marriage by marriage" to monogamy and polygamy; The fourth is the phenomenon of human martyrdom; Fifth, jade articles unique to Qijia culture, such as knives and shovels, jade-shaped pieces, round carved jade figures, four-sided bas-relief jade cong, bamboo-shaped cong and so on.
Liangzhu culture, named after its earliest discovery in Liangzhu Town, Yuyao District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, is a late Neolithic culture, mainly distributed in Taihu Lake basin in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, from 5300 to 4200 years ago. The characteristics of Liangzhu culture are as follows: firstly, the use of plows and tillers shows that agriculture has entered the era of intensive cultivation; Second, the birth of ancient rice farming; Third, the typical artifacts represented by polishing black pottery and putty tire jade, especially jade cong and jade yellow; Fourthly, the discovery of the ruins of Liangzhu ancient city shows the organizational system of ancient countries.
Liangzhu culture and Qijia culture are in the south and the north, and the civilizations in the Yangtze River basin and the Yellow River basin they represent echo each other, indicating the diversity of the origin of Chinese civilization.
Jade with animal face patterns
Jade is about 35cm in diameter, and its aperture is dark green and smooth. It is one of the traditional jade ritual vessels in China and one of the "six sites". Erya Shi Qi: Meat is twice as good as jade, meat is twice as good as jade, and meat is as good as a ring. "This flaky round jade can be divided into three types according to the size of the central gap: jade jade, jade jade and Yuhuan.
Qijia culture yuwa
"Shuo Wen Jie Zi" "Frog, Fight Zhu Ye." Zhan Zhu is a toad, the moon essence in ancient myths and legends. Frogs seemed to be gods in ancient times. The ancients worshipped frogs because they had many children, and even they were associated with our human reproduction. I hope that human beings will continue to live as totems. "Wa" is homophonic with "frog", and the frog totem is the tribal symbol of Nuwa clan.
Liangzhu Culture Yu Cong
"Bai Hu Tong Wen Zhi pian" said that "the teeth in the circle are mysterious and the body is outside". The appearance of this jade material is yellow and white after erosion, short square column, inner circle and outer side, and there are two groups of animal face patterns on each corner. The hole is formed by reverse drilling, and the hole wall is slightly curved and smooth. Huang Cong is regarded as a gift to the land in The Book of Rites. Jade cong is a ritual vessel for the ruling class to sacrifice the vast land, and it is also a tool for wizards to contact the gods.
Majiayao Culture Horse Factory-style variant God-man pattern ear jar
Frog pattern is one of the most representative decorative patterns in Majiayao culture. Frog patterns are rarely repeated, and the shapes are vivid. Ancestors can't control the vast and fierce water, but they can't live without water, so they naturally have awe, attachment and worship for aquatic products. From the worship of water to the worship of fish, frogs and lizards roaming freely in the water.
Warring States brushing
In the past, the utensils in the humanities room were used to hold washing pens. Because of its elegance and exquisiteness, different styles and different decorations, it has won the love of literati who pursue elegant and exquisite life interests. Chen Zhongyuan's "Talking about Old Things in Antiques" tells the story of "Cui bracelet washing pens for Jun kiln", which shows the deep love of the ancients for washing pens.
Auspicious mud and gorgeous colors-Han and Tang culture
Han Chu kuo pen
There are dragons carved on the wall, and rows of small breasts are carved on the wall of the valley, which is like a valley, meaning that the valley can keep healthy. Because the wall is round and has the meaning of peace, it is still a symbol of peace.
Hanhei Cai Taoma
In the Han dynasty, some horses were used to ride instruments and guards to show respect for others. In the Book of Changes, the sky is like a dragon and the earth is like a horse. The ancients thought that the horse on the ground was a dragon with changing image, which shows that the horse has certain mystery.
Tangwushitou
Like tomb animals, warrior figures are also one of the tomb figures used by the ancients to frighten ghosts and protect themselves. Unearthed in pairs, it was popular from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the early Tang Dynasty. After Tang Gaozong, they were gradually replaced by the Heavenly King figurines. Tomb animals and warrior figures are usually placed in the tomb or in the aisle behind the epitaph and listed at the door. Warrior figurines are usually placed behind animal tombs.
Based on Kindness and Wisdom —— Buddhist Sculpture Art
Tang Guanyin
Rich men and women in the Tang Dynasty especially loved beauty, taking fullness as beauty, affirming this world and worshiping the future. Standing posture is no longer a solemn positive image, and the posture is often S-shaped, but it does have a colorful tendency. At the same time, the detailed lines range from raw and plain to soft and gorgeous, and there is a sense of flow in elegance.
Noble Glory-Ming and Qing Furniture
Huang Huali official hat armchair
"Guangzhou annals" says: "Flower palm is purplish red, slightly fragrant, and its pattern looks like ghost face or raccoon spot, also known as' flower raccoon'. The old man tattooed his fist, and the tender Chinese tattoo was straight, and the flowers were round and dizzy like money, so it was better if the size was wrong. "
Porcelain captures the pearl-Ming and Qing porcelain
From porcelain clay selection, blank painting, glazing to kiln firing, from ordinary to exquisite illusion, let art play and display. China porcelain evolved from pottery, the original porcelain originated more than 3000 years ago, and the real porcelain in China was produced in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
In the Song Dynasty, famous kilns spread all over most of China, which was the most prosperous period of porcelain industry. At that time, Ru Kiln, Guan Kiln, Ge Kiln, Jun Kiln and Ding Yao were also called the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty. The blue and white porcelain produced in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi Province, which is known as the porcelain capital, has become the representative of porcelain in the Yuan Dynasty.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, from blank making, decoration, glazing to firing, the technology surpassed that of the previous generation. Famous treasures "Doucai" and "Multicolor" were fired in the Ming Dynasty, and "Enamel Color" and "Pastel Color" were creatively created and developed in the Qing Dynasty, reaching the historical peak of China porcelain firing. After entering the Middle Ages, with the export of China porcelain, China became famous as "the country of porcelain". In English, the word china has become a synonym for "China".
Unforgettable-Red Culture
The red culture displayed in this hall includes Chairman Mao's bodiless lacquerware statue, Chairman Mao's badge, Chairman Mao's quotations and so on.
Gu Shan Art Center
China's calligraphy and painting skills are like "silence is better than sound, and intangible", which is a silent poem and a silent song. Calligraphers of past dynasties used China's unique artistic "painting" to express people's most essential spiritual world and their pursuit of beauty, which embodied thousands of years of profound cultural heritage, had strong artistic charm and expressive force, and was a treasure in Chinese national culture. The Valley Art Center integrates the long-standing China culture into calligraphy and painting, and devotes itself to displaying the most orthodox cultural skills and giving people beautiful enjoyment. The name of the valley is taken from Huang Tingjian, a Taoist priest in the valley, and the communication generation to be exhibited here is the artistic achievements of Huang Gu.