His ancestors were aristocrats in the Song Dynasty, and they declined several generations before Confucius. Confucius worked as a few junior officials when he was young, but he spent most of his life on education. According to legend, he received as many as 3,000 disciples and 72 sages, and taught many knowledgeable and talented students. Confucius was a thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was appointed as the head of the State of Lu. Later, he took his disciples around the world; Finally, I returned to Shandong and concentrated on teaching. When he was alive, he was known as "the sage of the heavens", "the muduo of the heavens" and "the sage of the ages". He was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time, and was respected by later generations as the most holy (saint among saints) and the teacher of all ages. Qiu's name comes from his parents praying for the birth of their children on the Niqiu Mountain. He wrote poems, books, rituals and music, and wrote Spring and Autumn Annals after Zhouyi. Confucius' thoughts and theories have far-reaching influence on later generations.
Confucius' famous saying
If you don't learn manners, you can't stand it
Don't do unto others what you don't want done unto you.
If you want to be a man standing, you want to reach out and be a man.
Bow from thick and thin to blame others, which is to stay away from resentment.
How about seeing Si Qi? See Si Qi for introspection.
In a threesome, there must be a teacher, choose the good one and follow it, and change the bad one.
Respect life, respect deacons and be loyal to others.
A gentleman is respectful without loss, respectful to others, and brothers all over the world.
Words must be kept, and actions must be fruitful. Although it is a barbarian country, it must be done. Is it true that you are disloyal and disrespectful, although you are in a state?
Being ashamed of yourself, making it useful in all directions, and not humiliating life, is the scholar.
Confucius said, "It is a benevolent person to be able to do five things for the world." Please ask questions. Say: "public, tolerant, trustworthy, people, and benefit. Respect is not insulting, forgiveness is popular, faith is responsible, sensitivity is meritorious, and profit can make people. "
Gentleman's righteousness is quality, courtesy is action, sun is action, and faith is success. Gentleman!
If you don't change, it's too much!
If you pass, you will be anxious to change.
Don't get angry, don't cross the line.
The three armed forces can win the handsome, but ordinary people can't win the ambition!
If a person doesn't think about distant things, he will find sadness close at hand.
Make haste slowly. Haste makes waste; When you see a small profit, you can't make a big deal.
Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement. Isn't it important to think that benevolence is your responsibility? Isn't it a long way to die?
If you don't stick to morality and don't believe in morality, how can you exist and die?
Make friends and keep your word.
Take literature as your friend and benevolence as your friend.
There are three friends who benefit and three friends who suffer. Friends are frank, friends forgive and friends listen more, which is beneficial. Friends make friends, friendly and soft, and friends will be destroyed and damaged.
A gentleman talks but doesn't do it.
A gentleman should not worry about not having enough to eat, be prepared for danger in times of peace, be cautious in words and deeds, be honest and clean, and be thirsty for knowledge.
Clever words make color.
Clever words, fresh and kind.
Rigid, resolute, dull, lazy and close to benevolence.
Those who have virtue must speak, and those who have words don't have to cultivate themselves.
Listen to what you say and see what you do.
Don't attract people with words, don't waste words with people.
The ancients couldn't say it and were ashamed to bow their heads.
A gentleman's name must be said, and his words must be done. A gentleman's words are nothing but nothing.
You can speak in words without talking to them, which is a loss; Don't talk to it in words, it's rude. Those who know, don't lose people, don't lose words.
It's called impatience if you don't say it. If you say it or not, it's called hiding. If you don't see the color, it's called jealousy.
Kindness is not easy to learn, and its cover is also stupid; If you know well and don't learn well, your cover will waver; Honesty is not easy to learn, and its cover is also a thief; Straight board is difficult to learn, and the cover is distorted; If you are brave and study hard, your cover will be messy; It is difficult to learn, but it is also crazy.
Politeness and rudeness are tiring, caution and rudeness are embarrassing, courage and rudeness are chaotic, and integrity and rudeness are distorted.
Be a gentleman, respect his business and eat.
The use of ceremony is precious in harmony.
Do it for the benefit, but complain more.
Erudition and academic contribution
The essence of Confucius' thoughts and theories can be found in The Analects of Confucius, which consists of 20 articles, 1 1000 words. The Analects of Confucius is Confucius' quotations, some of which are records of Confucius' disciples' words and deeds, and are the memories of Confucius and his disciples' words and deeds. This book has a profound influence on the history of China. Its ideological content, mode of thinking and value orientation have long been integrated into the blood of our nation, precipitated in our lives and cast our national character. The Analects of Confucius embodies the core connotation of Confucianism-benevolence. "Benevolence" is the center of all theories, and all norms about "benevolence" and "happiness" are only the ultimate means to serve the morality of "benevolence". As a representative of China culture, The Analects of Confucius was introduced to Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, and was also designated as a compulsory course for Japanese students in Japan. Matteo Ricci translated it into Latin in 1594, and then it was translated into Italian, French, German, English, Russian and other languages, which were widely circulated in western countries.
Confucius takes "benevolence" as the core of his thought, which means "love". Put forward the arguments of "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" and "stand if you want, and reach if you want", advocate the principle of "loyalty and forgiveness", and think that the implementation of "benevolent policy" should be based on "courtesy": "self-denial, courtesy is benevolence". He is skeptical about the religious superstition of ghosts and gods since the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, and thinks that "you can't be a ghost if you don't know his life" and "you can't be a gentleman if you don't know his life". It also pays attention to the combination of "learning" and "thinking", and puts forward the viewpoints of "learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "reviewing the old and learning the new". Advocate the atmosphere of teaching in private schools, advocate teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, "teach without distinction", "never tire of learning, never tire of teaching", and emphasize that "a gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to learn easily". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", thinking that "Jun Jun, minister, father and son" should be worthy of the name, and put forward the view of "not suffering from poverty, suffering from inequality". Since the Western Han Dynasty, Confucius' theory has become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than two thousand years, with far-reaching influence.
When it comes to governing the country, Confucius attaches importance to the sufferings of people's livelihood, calls for benevolent governance, and hopes that rulers will treat people with benevolence and righteousness. He said that "tyranny is fiercer than tigers", and he also stressed that no matter what laws and regulations, rulers must first set an example. "They are upright and have no orders to do things; Its body is not right, although it cannot be done. " In interpersonal communication, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness. "Loyalty" means being loyal to others and working hard; "Forgiveness" means putting yourself in others' shoes, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", and "the beauty of a gentleman is not the evil of an adult". In dealing with people and things, Confucius advocated self-love and love. Confucius was cautious about fate, and he believed in man's own strength. He believes that "sex is similar, learning from each other is far away", and everything depends on personal efforts. Of course, there are also some thoughts in The Analects that deviate from the historical trend, such as his political retro tendency, over-emphasis on hierarchical order, introverted personality value orientation, etc., which have undeniably brought negative effects on the development of China society and need us to correct them with modern consciousness. However, we can't hide our shortcomings. In the pre-Qin era when human civilization was just dawning, our ancestors had such profound wisdom in life that our descendants could be proud of it.
political career
Confucius wanted to do something since he was in his twenties, so he was very concerned about world affairs, often thinking about various issues of governing the country and often expressing some opinions. By the time he was 30, he was already famous. In the twenty years of Lu, he visited Lu and summoned Confucius to discuss the question of being king with him, and Confucius got to know him. In the twenty-fifth year of Lu, civil strife occurred in Lu, and Lu was forced to flee to Qi. Confucius also left Lu for Qi, where he was appreciated and entertained by Qi Jinggong. He even prepared to seal the fields around Nishi to Confucius, but the doctor Yan Ying stopped him. In the twenty-seventh year of Lu, at that time, the doctor of Qi wanted to harm Confucius. When Confucius heard this, he turned to Qi Jinggong for help. Qi Jinggong said, "I am old and can still use it." Confucius had to flee to Lu. At that time, the state of Lu was actually in the hands of the doctor's retainer, which was called "ruling the country with the minister." Therefore, although Confucius had two opportunities to enter politics, he gave them up until he was appointed as the capital master in 9 years. At this time, Confucius was 5 1 year old. Confucius was in charge of Zhongdu for one year, and his achievements were outstanding. He was promoted to a small ordinary, and soon he was promoted to a big sheep herder, taking photos to take care of Lu. 12 years, in order to weaken the Third Ring Road (the third-generation leader and uncle Heshi were called the Third Ring Road because they were three grandchildren), the state power of Lu at that time was actually in their hands, and some retainers of the Third Ring Road also controlled the Third Ring Road to varying degrees), and Confucius took measures to reduce the Third Ring Road (that is, demolishing the castle built by the Third Ring Road). Later, the action of capturing the three capitals was abandoned halfway, and the contradiction between Confucius and the Third Ring Road was also exposed. 13 years, Lu Dinggong, Qi sent 80 beautiful women to Lu, and Ji Huan's family accepted female music. The monarch and his subjects were addicted to singing and dancing and ignored state affairs for many days. Confucius was very disappointed. Soon, Lu held a sacrifice in the suburbs, and he didn't give the meat to Confucius as usual, which showed that Ji didn't want to hire him again. Confucius had to leave Shandong to find a way out and began to travel around the world.
Confucius first took his disciples to Weiguo, and Wei Linggong began to respect Confucius very much. According to Lu's salary standard, he was given a salary of 60 thousand, but he was not given an official position and was not allowed to participate in politics. Confucius lived in Weiguo for about 10 months. Because someone slandered Wei Linggong, Wei Linggong became suspicious of Confucius, and sent someone to publicly monitor Confucius' actions. So Confucius left Weiguo with his disciples and planned to go to Chen. When passing through Kuangcheng, I was besieged for five days because of misunderstanding. I fled Kuangcheng, came to Dipu, met my uncle, a patriotic aristocrat who launched a rebellion, and was besieged again. After escaping, Confucius returned to China to defend his country. Wei Linggong was very happy to hear that Confucius and his disciples had returned from Dipu, and went to meet him in person. Since then, Confucius has gone abroad several times and returned to China several times. On the one hand, Wei Linggong had both good and bad feelings towards Confucius; On the other hand, after Confucius went abroad, he had nowhere to go and had to return.
In the second year (Confucius was 59 years old), Confucius left Wei, passed through Cao, Song and Zheng, and went to Chen, where he lived for three years. When Wu attacked Chen, the war broke out and Confucius left with his disciples. When the Chu people heard that Confucius had arrived at the junction of Chen and Cai, they sent someone to meet him. The doctors of Chen and Cai knew that there was something wrong with what Confucius did, and they were afraid that Confucius would be reused in Chu, which was not good for them. So they sent laborers to surround Confucius and his disciples in the middle of the road, not relying on the village in front or the shops behind. After eating all the food they brought, they were deprived of food for seven days. Finally, Zigong found the Chu people, and Chu sent troops to meet Confucius, so that Confucius and his disciples were saved from death. Confucius returned to Weiguo at the age of 64. With the efforts of his disciple Ran Qiu, he was welcomed back to Lu at the age of 68, but he was still respectful. Lu Aigong 16, Confucius was 73 years old and died of illness.
2. Shi Tiesheng: Male, Han nationality, Beijinger. 1958 studied at Wang Daren Primary School in Dongcheng District, Beijing, and 1967 graduated from the High School Attached to Tsinghua University. Then at 1969, go to Yan 'an area in northern Shaanxi to "cut in line". Three years later, he returned to Beijing because his legs were paralyzed and worked in Beixinqiao Street Factory. Later, I went home to recuperate because of illness. Published works 65438 to 0979.
Some of Shi Tiesheng's early novels, such as Half-hour Lunch, have the characteristics of exposing "dark side" literature. My Distant Qingping Bay published by 1983 is not only Shi Tiesheng, but also an important novel creation at that time. It is explained on many levels: or it broadens the horizon of "educated youth literature", or its significance in literature "seeking roots". On the issue of "seeking roots", the author expressed the view that "seeking roots" and "seeking roots" are completely different. One is where we come from and why we come. The other is also for: where are we going and how to get there? Regarding the latter, he thinks that "this is to see the absurdity of life and find a reliable basis for the spirit" (Postscript on Sunday, Huaxia Publishing House, 1983 edition).
Shi Tiesheng's personal experience of physical disability makes some of his novels describe the life dilemma and spiritual dilemma of the disabled. However, he transcended the pity and self-pity of the disabled for their fate, and thus rose to the concern of universal existence, especially the phenomenon of mental "disability". Different from other novelists, he has no attachment to the perceptual life characteristics of his own nation and region. He regards writing as a narrative and exploration of personal spiritual course. "The universe and its endless desires will become eternal songs and dances. What kind of names this desire has can be ignored "(Shi Tiesheng's Me and Ditan). This persistent concern for the survival of the "disabled" (in Shi Tiesheng's view, all people are disabled and defective) makes his novels have a strong philosophical meaning. Because of his personal experience, his narrative runs through a kind of warmth, but fatalistic sadness; But there is also a struggle against absurdity and fate. Life is like a string, a fable that struggles with absurdity to gain the meaning of existence.
He is the author of a novel "Notes on Retreat", a short story "Life is like a String" and a collection of essays "I and Ditan".
My Far Green Ping Bay and Grandma's Star won the National Excellent Short Story Awards of 1982 and 1983 respectively, and My Old House won the first Lu Xun Literature Award.