Maslow believes that people's needs (click here to see the definition) are hierarchical, from low to high. They are:
The need for self-realization
Respect needs and needs.
Social needs
Safety and reliability requirements
The needs of biology and reason
Physiological needs are the most primitive and basic needs of people, such as food, clothing, housing, medical care and so on. If you are not satisfied, your life is in danger. In other words, it is the strongest and inevitable lowest-level need, and it is also a powerful driving force to promote people's actions. Obviously, this physiological need has the significance of self-protection and racial protection, mainly hunger and thirst, which is an indispensable need for human individual survival. When a person has multiple needs, such as lack of food, safety and love, the desire for food always occupies the greatest advantage, which shows that when a person is controlled by physiological needs, all other needs are pushed behind the scenes.
The demand for safety requires labor safety, occupational safety, stable life, hope to avoid disasters, and hope to have security in the future. , embodied in: ① Material: such as operation safety, labor protection, health care, etc. (2) Economy: such as unemployment, accidents, pension, etc. ③ Psychological aspect: I hope to remove the threat of harsh supervision, avoid unfair treatment, and have the ability and confidence to cope with the work. Safety demand is higher than physiological demand, and when physiological demand is met, this demand should be guaranteed. Everyone who lives in reality will have a desire for security, freedom and defense.
Social needs, also known as the need for belonging and love, refer to the individual's desire for care and understanding from family, groups, friends and colleagues, and the need for friendship, trust, warmth and love. Social needs, physiological needs and security needs are more subtle and elusive. It includes: ① social desire. I hope to maintain friendship and loyal partnership with my colleagues, and I hope to get a sense of belonging such as mutual love. I hope to have a sense of belonging, become a member of the group, help each other when individuals are in trouble, and hope that familiar friends can pour out their hearts, talk about their views and even complain. And love not only refers to the love between the two sexes, but also refers to love in a broad sense, which is embodied in mutual trust, deep understanding and mutual giving, including giving and receiving love. Social needs are related to personal personality, experience, living area, nationality, living habits and religious beliefs. This demand is difficult to understand and cannot be measured.
The need for respect can be divided into three categories: self-esteem, respect for others and desire for power, including self-esteem, self-evaluation and respect for others. Related to self-esteem, such as self-esteem, self-confidence, independent needs, knowledge, achievements and abilities. The need for respect can also be divided into: ① longing for strength, achievement, adaptation and self-confidence in facing the world, longing for independence and freedom; 2 eager for fame and fortune. Prestige is respect, appreciation, attention or appreciation from others. Satisfying the needs of self-esteem will produce feelings of self-confidence, value and ability experience, strength and adaptability, while hindering these needs will produce feelings of inferiority, weakness and incompetence. Based on this need, I am willing to do a better job, hope to be valued by others, so as to show myself, and hope to have opportunities for growth and the possibility of getting ahead. Obviously, the need for respect is rarely fully met, but basic satisfaction can generate motivation. Once this need becomes the driving force, it will make people have lasting motivation.
The need for self-realization is the highest level of need. In order to meet this need, we need to complete the work commensurate with our abilities, give full play to our potential abilities, and become expected people. This is a creative need. People who need self-realization seem to be trying to make themselves perfect. Self-realization refers to fully, actively, selflessly and intently experiencing life. A sense of accomplishment is different from a desire for growth. A sense of accomplishment pursues an ideal, often forgets to eat and sleep, and regards work as a creative activity, hoping to solve major problems for people and fully realize their ambitions.
In Maslow's view, there are two different needs in human value system. One is the instinct or impulse that gradually weakens along the rising direction of biological pedigree, which is called low-level demand and physiological demand. One kind is the potential or need that appears gradually with the evolution of organisms, which is called advanced need. People hide these five different levels of needs, but the urgency of various needs is different in different periods. People's most urgent needs are the main reason and motivation to motivate people to act. People's needs gradually change from external satisfaction to internal satisfaction.
Before the high-level needs appear completely, the low-level needs must be properly met. After the low-level demand is basically met, its incentive function will be reduced and it will no longer maintain its dominant position, and high-level demand will replace it as the main reason for promoting behavior. Once some needs are met, they cannot be the reason to stimulate people's behavior, so they are replaced by other needs.
These five needs cannot be fully met, and the higher the level, the less the percentage is met. Any kind of demand will not disappear because of the development of the next high-level demand, and all levels of demand are interdependent and overlapping. After the development of high-level demand, low-level demand still exists, but the proportion of influence on behavior decreases. High-level needs are more valuable than low-level needs. Enthusiasm is inspired by high-level needs. Man's highest need, that is, self-realization, is to express his potential in the most effective and complete way, and only in this way can he get a peak experience.
The five basic needs of people are often unconscious in ordinary people. For individuals, unconscious motivation is more important than conscious motivation. For experienced people, through appropriate skills, unconscious needs can be transformed into conscious needs. Maslow also believes that in the process of self-realization creation, a so-called "peak experience" emotion is produced. This time is the most exciting moment for people, and it is the highest, most perfect and harmonious state of human existence. At this time, people have a feeling of ecstasy, ecstasy, ecstasy.
Experiments have proved that people who stay in beautiful rooms are more energetic, lively and healthy than those who stay in simple rooms. A kind, sincere and beautiful person can appreciate the truth, goodness and beauty existing in the outside world better than others. When people find the highest value in the outside world, they may also produce or strengthen this value in their own hearts. In short, better people and people in better environments are more likely to have peak experiences.
Abraham harold maslow (1908- 1970) is an American psychologist. In his early years, he engaged in the research of animal social psychology, and published the article "Dominant Quality and Social Behavior of Primates" in American Journal of Social Psychology 1940. Then turn to the study of human social psychology. 1943 published Human Motivation Theory, 1954 published Motivation and Personality, and 1962 published Introduction to Existentialist Psychology. Maslow's view belongs to humanistic psychology, and its philosophical basis is existentialism.
What is need?
Need is the power base and source of human behavior, and it is the reflection of human brain on physiological and social needs (the reflection of human requirements for various things in social life in the brain). Psychologists also call the desire to promote people's various behavioral motives needs.
In social life, human beings have formed their initial needs from the early survival and continuation of their offspring. In order to survive, human beings must meet their own physiological needs. For example, if you are hungry, you need food; Need clothes when it is cold; If you are tired, you need to have a rest; You need love and marriage in order to carry on the family line. In order to survive and develop, people will inevitably have social needs. For example, through labor, create wealth and improve living conditions; Through interpersonal communication, exchange information, exchange feelings and cooperate with each other. These physiological needs and social needs of people are reflected in the individual's mind, which forms his needs. With the increasing progress of human social life, in order to improve the material and cultural level, advanced material needs and spiritual needs have gradually formed. People have physiological needs and social needs, that is, to pursue, to strive for and to work hard. Therefore, as some psychologists say, "necessity is the source of enthusiasm." "Need-this is the necessity of some living and development conditions that people feel. ..... need to stimulate people's enthusiasm. " "Necessity is the basic motive force of human thinking activities."
The following characteristics are required:
1, any requirement has a clear object. Or the idea of pursuing something, or the idea of avoiding something and stopping an activity.
2. General demand is cyclical; Although more complex requirements are not periodic, they can be repeated many times under the right conditions.
It needs to develop with the progress of social history. Generally from low to advanced, from simple to complex, from material to spirit, from simple to diverse.
People's needs have the following characteristics:
First, objectivity. People's demand is not empty, but has a purpose and an object, and it also develops with the expansion of the object to meet the demand. The objects of human needs include not only material things such as food, clothing, housing and transportation, but also spiritual things such as faith, culture, art and sports. It includes not only personal life and activities, such as personal daily material and spiritual activities, but also participation in social life and activities and the results of these activities. For example, through mutual cooperation, it brings material achievements, and through interpersonal communication, it communicates feelings and brings joy and enrichment; It includes not only the idea of pursuing something or starting an activity, but also the idea of avoiding something or stopping an activity. These ideas are based on personal needs and their changes. The difference of various requirements lies in the difference of demand objects. But whether it is material needs or spiritual needs, there must be certain external material conditions to meet. For example, living needs a house, going out needs transportation, and entertainment needs a place. ...
Second, the stage. People's needs change with age and period. In other words, individuals need different characteristics at different stages of development. For example, babies mainly have physiological needs, that is, they need to eat, drink and sleep; Childhood began to develop to the need for knowledge and safety; In youth, it develops into the need for love and marriage; As an adult, it develops into a need for fame, status and respect.
Third, social constraints. People not only have innate physiological needs, but also develop many social needs in social practice and in the process of accepting human culture and education. These social needs are influenced by the times, history and class nature. In the period of economic backwardness and low living standards, what people need is food and clothing; In the period of economic development and improvement of living standards, people need not only rich material life, but also elegant spiritual life. People with different class attributes have different needs. What the bourgeoisie needs is to get something for nothing and enjoy success. What the working class needs is freedom, democracy, adequate food and clothing and the elimination of exploitation. Therefore, people's needs are social and limited by history and class.
Fourth, uniqueness. The needs between people are both common and unique. Due to different physiological, genetic, environmental and conditional factors, everyone's needs are unique. People of different ages, different physical conditions, different social status and different economic conditions have different material and spiritual needs.
Modern western countries generally accept Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, and think that needs can be divided into various levels (five levels: physiology, safety, socialization, respect and self-realization), which reflects the different requirements of different people. In addition, the two-factor theory calls the first two demands put forward by Maslow as health care factors, and the last three demands as incentive factors. According to the hierarchy of needs theory, there are two basic methods to meet the needs: direct satisfaction and indirect satisfaction. The former is obtained by the work itself and the relationship between people in the work. The responsibility of enterprise management lies in finding ways to meet the needs of employees in various management activities such as organization, planning and coordination, so that employees can have interest, enthusiasm and pride in their work and have a peak experience. Indirect satisfaction is the satisfaction outside the post, which is obtained after work, such as salary, remuneration, canteen, nursery, club, etc. Specific content as follows
Class directly satisfies indirect satisfaction.
Physiologically speaking, the working environment needs wages, rewards, allowances and benefits.
Safety requires operational and psychological safety, economic safety and health care treatment.
Socialization needs socialization, which belongs to money, status and title.
Respect needs growth desire, position desire, social respect and appreciation.
Ambition needs the honor of a sense of accomplishment expert
On the basis of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a new demand difference theory is put forward after the research of many behavioral scientists. According to this theory, due to different conditions, the emphasis needed is also different (simplified to three modes). This difference in emphasis is universal and regular. In fact, in my opinion, nothing is absolute. After the concept of need exists in the mind, it is more important to know the individual in detail, which varies from person to person.
Needs play an important role in the development of people's personality and are the basic driving force of people's psychological activities and behaviors.
Marxism holds that individual needs are the source and foundation of individual behavior enthusiasm and motivation. Only when people have material and spiritual needs can they have enthusiasm for action; It is this and that kind of personal needs that urge people to engage in this or that kind of activities and accomplish this or that kind of tasks. As Marx said in the book German Ideology, man's "first historical activity is to produce these needed substances, that is, to produce material life itself". It is people's needs that urge people to pursue various goals and carry out active activities to achieve these goals in order to meet their own needs. The stronger a person needs something, the higher his enthusiasm and the greater his motivation. Therefore, demand is always dynamic and positive, and the level of demand is always improving.
Demand is constantly updated and increased, and demand always pushes people to make constant efforts and struggles.
Demand also plays an important role in people's personality psychology. Need is the internal motive force of human cognitive process. In order to meet the needs, individuals must solve certain problems and complete certain tasks through cognitive processes. Needs are often expressed in the form of emotions in people's individual psychological activities. Everything that can meet people's needs produces positive emotions; Anything that can't meet people's needs will produce negative emotions. Emotion reflects whether people's needs are met, and things that have nothing to do with people's needs will not cause people's emotions and concerns. Demand also plays a positive role in promoting the formation and development of human will. Personal material and spiritual needs and social needs will urge people to make unremitting efforts to meet and adapt to this demand, and form their own will and determination in the process.
It is worth noting that correct and moral needs will cultivate good personality, good mood and good will; Incorrect and immoral demands will lead to bad personality, bad mood and bad will.