Although in the14th and15th centuries, some cities along the Mediterranean, such as Florence in northern Italy, had sparsely sprouted capitalism, and some countries in western Europe had already possessed the basic conditions for capitalist development in the16th century, it was not until the British bourgeois revolution broke out in the 1940s that a new era of capitalist development really began. In the first stage of the historical development of capitalism, the British bourgeoisie did not immediately establish advanced productive forces that were compatible with capitalist economic relations and social development. They still use the existing social productive forces that grew up in the matrix of feudal society. Economically, they did not rely on the development of productive forces to accumulate capital, but mainly relied on the coercive power of the regime to carry out "primitive accumulation" in the form of "enclosure movement" at home and carry out crazy colonial plunder abroad. The bourgeoisie wrote the history of the primary stage of their economic development in words of blood and fire. The capitalist economic relationship in the primary stage is not stable, and wage labor as the axis of this economic relationship is still in the stage of "formal subordination" to capital.

The 1960s of 18 to the end of 19 was the development stage of free competitive capitalism, and it was also the stage when free competitive capitalism was transformed into monopoly capitalism.

The first scientific and technological revolution marked by the invention and widespread use of the steam engine was a "generous gift" given by history to the bourgeoisie for free. It has realized the transformation of natural forces replacing manpower, and promoted the vigorous rise of modern machinery manufacturing industry and the revolutionary reform of transportation industry. Indeed, in less than 100 years after 1760, Britain realized the revolution of replacing the factory handicraft industry with the machine industry as the main body, created the miracle of material civilization and progress, and made Britain take the lead in becoming an advanced industrial country dominated by the machine industry. 1848, Marx and Engels profoundly reviewed this historical achievement in the Eternal Manifesto of the Productive Party. They pointed out: "The productive forces created by the bourgeoisie during its less than one hundred years of class rule exceeded all the productive forces created by all generations in the past." Following the British bourgeois revolution, in the second half of the18th century, the United States and France also successively won the bourgeois revolution. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, Germany, Russia and Japan also experienced different forms of bourgeois revolution. After the victory of the bourgeois revolution, these countries also completed the industrial revolution one after another, and generally established a capitalist mode of production with free competition.

1, industrial revolution: 65438+1940s.

The Invention of the Steam Engine-Watt

2. The Second Industrial Revolution:11960s-1970s-widespread use of electricity.

3. Scientific and technological revolution, that is, the third industrial revolution-the invention and use of electronic computers.