This building is also regarded as a symbol of Sydney. When it comes to the "Soul of Sydney", almost no one will doubt that it is the Sydney Opera House, which was listed as one of the greatest buildings in the 20th century as a world cultural heritage last year, and is also known as the "Flower of Australia".
However, few people know that the construction process of Sydney Opera House was full of twists and turns, and the design blueprint of this fantastic building was almost buried in the waste paper basket. At that time, a jury composed of four people discussed and considered various design schemes of the Opera House. After several rounds, the jury still didn't find a suitable plan, and someone dug up Wu Zhong's plan from the wastebasket. Wu Zhong's plan became an implementation plan. Wu Zhong said that the creativity of the Opera House actually comes from oranges. It was the orange that had been peeled for half a layer that inspired him. Therefore, this creative source was carved into a small model and placed in front of the Sydney Opera House for tourists to appreciate the great ideas triggered by this ordinary thing.
The unique design of the Opera House naturally challenges the traditional architectural structure. The project budget is amazing. When the Opera House was completed, the total investment was 65.438 USD +0.02 billion USD. The delay in the construction period and high cost led to the collapse of the old government. After the success of the new government, the attitude towards the construction of the opera house is not as firm as that of its predecessor. So there was a fierce debate between the builders and the government, which finally forced architect Wu Zhong to bid farewell to Sydney with tears and move his family out of Australia. At that time, the opera house project was not even completed 1/4. After that, Wu Zhong, the designer of Sydney Opera House, never came back.
Hanging gardens in Babylon
The Hanging Garden, built in the 6th century BC, is a garden built by King Nebuchadnezzar II of new Babylon for his concubine, and is regarded as one of the seven wonders of the world.
Legend has it that Nebuchadnezzar II held a wedding after he ascended the throne, and the queen was Miras, Princess of Medea. The fathers of both sides established a deep friendship in the war against Assyria and decided this marriage. Milas was not dissatisfied with the marriage itself, but had no opinion of Babylon. Because her hometown is in the mountains of Iran, where there are beautiful scenery, birds and flowers, pleasant scenery and humid climate, Babylon is full of loess and the climate is hot. As a result, the queen was homesick and worried day and night, and the beautiful and plump girl soon became sallow and emaciated. In order to relieve her depression, the new king imitated the scenery of her hometown and built this unprecedented and enviable hanging garden.
Greek historians Strappo and Diodoros have different records about this. According to the latter description, there are terraces of different heights in the park, which are getting smaller and smaller, forming a theater-like building. Each platform is supported by a stone arcade, which is placed on the wall and arranged as an exquisite room under the arch. The platform is covered with soil and planted with various rich trees and flowers. There is a water lifting device at the top to water the plants. This gradually divided platform is covered with plants, just like an artificial mountain covered with forest, which looks like it is hanging in the air from a distance. This garden is the oldest roof garden.
Hanging gardens in Babylon are another miracle in the history of ancient architecture, and they are still fascinating today. The architectural technology represented by this city has become the most remarkable achievement of Babylon. The city of Babylon is located about 95 kilometers south of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, in the middle of Mesopotamia Plain, which is the closest place between the two rivers. Located in a traffic fortress, it was built in 3000 BC and was an important commercial center, which later developed into the capital of the kingdom of Babylon. The city of Babylon has three inner and outer walls, 3-8 meters thick, which are separated by trenches. There is a defensive tower every 44 meters around the city, and there are more than 300 in the city. According to Herodotus, a Greek historian, it has more than 100 doors, and the door frames, beams and gates are all made of copper. The city of Babylon not only has thick walls and high walls, but also has a set of hydraulic defense system. When the enemy attacked Enemy at the Gates, as long as the sluice was opened, the flood of the Euphrates River would surge out and turn the city into a Zeguo. The straight road running through the north and south of the city is called Shengdao, which is paved with a square meter marble slab with white or rose in the middle and red on both sides. At the end of the holy road, there is a huge tower-shaped building-Babel of Babylon, which is as high as 30 stories. According to Hebrew mythology, people built the Babel of Babylon in an attempt to achieve a paradise with unified language, no barriers and no disputes. The Lord was afraid that mortals would have great power to build the city of Babylon and the Tower of Babel, and he was jealous of their wisdom and success, so he secretly cast a spell to disturb their accents, so that they could not complete the project because of mutual distrust. However, this magnificent project finally reached an amazing height, but it was later destroyed. The largest building in the city, the Marduk Temple, is next to the Babel in Babylon. But the most outstanding architectural achievement of Babylon is the hanging garden, which is called one of the seven wonders of the world.
Ruide palace tower
The Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar was built around 550 AD, and it was 9 meters high when it was first built.
Ruide palace tower
After many renovations. In the 65438+5th century, King Pinjegen (in the reign of 1450- 1455) raised the tower to 100 meter, with a bottom circumference of 430 meters. His successor, Queen Xin Xiufu (1455- 1472 in office) was added around the tower.
The tower is made of brick with gold foil on its surface. In the previous restoration, it has been inlaid with red, blue and emerald, dazzling. The outline of the tower is bell-shaped, and the tower body shrinks from width to top, forming a soft curve. Although the tower is multi-storey, the horizontal division is not obvious, so there is a strong upward trend. There is a statue of half man and half lion in each corner of the tower foundation, and 64 small towers with the same shape and size are surrounded at the foot of the tower, which makes the Red Palace Tower look majestic and tall.
Now the height of the tower is 1 12m, which was built by King Simpuxin, the son of King Anupaya in 774. During the construction, a new golden umbrella was installed at the top of the tower.
The base of the pagoda is 427 meters in circumference, and the top of the pagoda has a finely carved metal canopy. There are 1065 gold bells and 420 silver bells hanging on the eaves, as well as 7,000 rare ruby and sapphire diamond balls, including a famous Jin Gangzuan weighing 76 carats. This tower has been gilded many times, and the gold on it weighs 7000 kilograms. There are 68 small pagodas around the Shwedagon Pagoda. These pagodas are made of wood or stone, some are like clocks, others are like boats, and they are of different shapes. In the niche of each small tower, there is a jade statue of Buddha. Fuhui Temple on the left side of the Shwedagon Pagoda is a Chinese-style temple, which was donated by local overseas Chinese in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty and became an important part of the ancient architectural complex in Shwedagon Pagoda area.
The Shwedagon Pagoda is shaped like an inverted giant clock, made of bricks. Pagoda height112m, tower foundation115m2. More than 1000 pieces of pure gold foil were pasted on the tower, and the gold used weighed more than 7 tons. There are more than 1.5 thousand gold and silver bells hanging around the tower. The wind blows the bell, crisp and pleasant, and the sound spreads everywhere. The top of the tower is all made of gold, and the weight of the metal umbrella is 1260 kg, surrounded by 664 rubies, 55 1 jadeite and 443 diamonds. The whole golden pagoda is glittering, resplendent and magnificent.
There are gates in the southeast and northwest of the Shwedagon Pagoda. There are a pair of tall stone lions in front of the gate, just like the gatekeepers in front of China Temple. There are promenade stone steps in the door, and you can climb to the top of the tower. There are stalls on both sides of the steps. There are statues and portraits of Buddha carved from wood, bamboo, bones and ivory, incense, candles and flowers for Buddha, and various Burmese snacks.
Above the stairs is a marble platform with the main tower in the center. A statue of a reclining Buddha and a jade statue of Luo Cha are enshrined in the tower, which is exquisitely carved, dignified and beautiful. Around the tower, there are 64 small towers of different shapes, some like clocks, some like sails, some made of stone and some made of wood. There are jade buddhas of different shapes and sizes in the niches of these small towers. There are larger archways and Buddhist temples at the four corners of the tower, and there are sphinxes of Myanmar at the four corners of the tower.
In the northeast and northwest corners of the Shwedagon Pagoda, there are two ancient clocks, one weighing about 40 tons and the other weighing about 16 tons. Colored ancient clocks were donated by 174 1 and 1778, the reigning kings of Myanmar. Burmese people regard the ancient clock in the northwest corner as a symbol of good luck and happiness, and think that they can get what they want by knocking three times in a row.
In the southeast corner of the Shwedagon Pagoda, there is an ancient bodhi tree, which is said to have been transplanted from the sacred tree garden of the King Kong throne in Sakyamuni, India. On the left side of the tower, there is a China temple named Fuhui Palace, which was donated by overseas Chinese during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. In the south of the tower, there is also an exhibition hall, which is dedicated to displaying items donated by Buddhist believers and pilgrims.
The magnificent and exquisite Shwedagon Pagoda in Yangon is not only a masterpiece of world architectural art, but also the oldest and most expensive stupa in the world. During the festival, many people come here to worship Buddha. People must walk barefoot when entering the stupa, even the head of state is no exception, otherwise it will be regarded as the greatest disrespect to the Buddha.
1In September, 1989, the Myanmar government carried out another large-scale renovation of the Shwedagon Pagoda, widened four corridor-style entrance passages, and installed elevators with glass windows on all sides of the pagoda, making it more magnificent. Because this tower is built on the sacred mountain of Yinya Lake in the north of Yangon, no matter where people stand in the city, they can see the glittering tower top. If you stand at the top of the tower, you can see a panoramic view of Yangon.
the pilgrimage chapel of notre dame du haut at ron champ
1955, the Langxiang Church designed and created by le corbusier was just completed.
the pilgrimage chapel of notre dame du haut at ron champ
It caused a sensation in the construction industry. People are amazed at its peculiar appearance, rich connotation and artistic magic.
Decades have passed, and the tide of the construction industry has ebbed and flowed. I don't know how many styles and ideas have become the past. But as long as you ask someone who is familiar with architecture about Langxiang Hall, maybe he will give you warm admiration. In many people's minds, Langxiangtang will always be the first in the architectural world.
This phenomenon is surprising. In the architectural history of the world, there are more than 10 million Christian churches and many masterpieces. Why is this chapel so striking and admirable? Even people who have little to do with Christianity are heartbroken and amazed.
Not only that, le corbusier is a well-known standard-bearer of modernist architecture. At that time, it was he who called on architects to learn from engineers and get inspiration from the design and creation of cars, ships and planes. His famous saying "A house is a living machine" still rings in my ears. People know that he is rational. So, how did such an architect create such a strange building as Langxiang? Can we say that Langxiangtang is still the product of reason? If not, what kind of background and thought contributed to Langxiangtang? People say that architectural creation should have aesthetic feeling, so where does the aesthetic feeling of le corbusier come from?
In the design of Langxiang Church, le corbusier pays attention to the feeling of architectural modeling and architectural form. He abandoned the traditional church model and the general technology of modern architecture, but shaped it into a concrete sculpture.
The church has a strange shape and an irregular plane; Almost all walls are curved, and some are inclined; The tower-shaped prayer room looks like a granary; The heavy roof is rolled up, leaving a gap of 40 cm high with the wall; The rough white wall has large and small square or rectangular windows embedded with colored glass; The entrance is at the junction of the curled wall and the tower; The main space of the room is irregular and the walls are curved. Light is projected through the gap between the roof and the wall, as well as the windows and holes inlaid with colored glass, creating a special atmosphere indoors.
People have different views on the image of Langxiangtang. To sum up, few people think it is beautiful, beautiful, elegant, noble, elegant and sublime, and most people say it is grotesque. Recently, aestheticians believe that grotesque is also one of the aesthetic categories. Langxiangtang can be classified as grotesque. The strangeness and complexity mentioned above seem to contain the grotesque, so it is not necessary to say it separately. But the three are both related and different. For example, looking at people, strangers and people with complicated personality experiences is not necessarily grotesque, and grotesque has another merit.
Weird is abnormal, beyond convention, beyond common sense, even beyond reason. For Langxiangtang, it is unclear to use the common sense and routine of architecture, whether it is structural science, structural science, functional demand, economic truth, general laws of architectural art and so on. When we face that shape and appearance, a strange and incredible feeling arises at once. Why? It's just that the image of this building is so weird.
The grotesque of Langxiangtang is related to its original style. It was built between 1950- 1955 in the middle of the 20th century, but there are almost no traces of modern civilization except metal doors. Rough and stocky quality and chaotic image stand like rocks in the mountains. The water is far from the stone. It not only transcends the history of modern architecture and modern architecture, but also transcends the history of Renaissance and medieval architecture. It seems to be earlier than ancient Rome and ancient Greece ... much like a huge stone building in primitive society. Langxiangtang is not only solidified music, but also a symbol of solidified time and eternity. Time is disturbed by it, this grotesque building!
This creates a sense of mystery. There seems to be some strange power in the complex combination of the heavy blocks of Langxiangtang. They pull each other, support each other and compete with each other. Generate was forced, but Generate didn't come out. He struggled, twisted and twitched. It is worrying to cite but not send it.
These are not easy to understand, or even incomprehensible. Who built this building? It's obviously le corbusier, but it doesn't look like man-made, not like a civilized and prosperous country in the 20th century. Is he superman? Or was he inspired by Superman? Who is Superman? God, of course. How wonderful it is to pray to God in such a church!
This is all speculation, speculation, meditation, and it is impossible to be sure. Many buildings, perhaps most of them, can roughly see their nature and general purpose even from the appearance. The Chairman Mao Memorial Hall in Beijing and the US Capitol in Washington are full of restaurants, shopping malls, stations and houses, all of which are clear. Other buildings are not so clear, such as Pompidou Center in Paris and Sydney Opera House. Need to speculate, there can be many associations. Because their images in our hearts are ambiguous and ambiguous, different audiences can have different associations. The same viewer will also have multiple associations, feeling both one way and another, ambiguous, and then ambiguity brings uncertainty.
This is the image of Langxiangtang. A gentleman once used a sketch to show five associations or metaphors that Langxiangtang might cause. They are folded hands, floating ducks, an aircraft carrier, a nun's hat, and finally two monks standing side by side. Professor V Scari also said that Langxiang Church can remind people of a big clock, a plane taking off, a shelter in Sardinia, and a cave covered with the wings of an airplane. It is inserted in the ground, pointing to the sky, the entity is disintegrating and soaring ... It is amazing that the image of a small church can trigger so many (or more) associations. None of these associations, images and metaphors is clear and definite. They flicker in people's minds, merge, overlap and transform. Therefore, when we look at Langxiangtang, we will find it difficult to analyze it, unable to pursue it, and unable to express the complex experience in our hearts in clear language. Cutting is always messy, especially in my heart.
And this is not a defect, not a defect. The difference between Langxiang Hall and other buildings that can be understood at a glance is just like the difference between poetry and narrative. Write sentences in the language of logical reasoning, each word has exact meaning, and the grammatical structure is rigorous and standardized. However, the grammatical structure of poetry is not rigorous and standardized, and its semantics are vague. "Petals have flowed like tears, and lonely birds have sang their grief." "Autumn waters are pale, and cold mountains are full of thoughts." Can it be analyzed by logical reasoning? Can you fix a clear image in your mind? Compared with the vagueness and ambiguity of daily reason, it is more in line with people's complex psychological experience at some time and in some situations, and can touch the inner world of many people. "Poetry can't achieve its purpose" precisely because it has greater appeal.
It can be said that Langxiangtang, as an artistic image, is a trance-like image, which embodies a trance-like beauty. It is an interesting phenomenon that an architectural work in the mid-20th century is out of the track of European classical aesthetics and in tune with the spirit of ancient aesthetics in China.
In short, strange, surprising, abrupt, confused, complex, grotesque, strange, mysterious, hazy, trance, constantly changing and fluctuating artistic images, including architectural images, are more eye-catching, thought-provoking, intriguing, stimulating and triggering people's complex psychological experience today. Because there are more and more people with such aesthetic mood and aesthetic requirements. Langxiangtang meets such aesthetic expectations, so it is regarded as deep, powerful, broad and intense among this group of people, and therefore it is regarded as one of the few most profound and charming architectural works.
Langxiangtang belongs to the poetry in architecture and belongs to the misty poetry school.
Arc de Triomphe of National Defense
La Dé fense in the western suburbs of Paris is a symbol of modern Paris. This used to be a quiet and nameless highland in the western suburbs of Paris. In the Franco-Prussian War of 1870- 187 1, the French army lost, and Paris fell. A small group of French troops retreated to the unknown highland here and resisted tenaciously until they ran out of ammunition and food and were all killed. Later generations erected a group of statues in the highlands, named La Defenses, which means defense to commemorate the fallen soldiers. During the development and construction of the new district, not only this group of statues was completely preserved, but also the whole new district was named after it.
Soon, La Dé fense has many office buildings with different heights. The tallest building is the Gan office building, 179 meters high. However, these high-rise buildings have aroused strong public protests. They said that these office buildings blocked their view of the Arc de Triomphe from the Star Square. In order to alleviate public dissatisfaction, the French government decided to build a new Arc de Triomphe in La Defense.
This plan was first put forward by President Mitterrand. Mitterrand's grand blueprint is to spend 654.38+0.5 billion francs to build a series of modern memorial buildings. La defense arch is one of them. Mitterrand's original intention was to rebuild the Arc de Triomphe in 18 10 with the architectural style of the 20th century. 1July, 985, Danish architect Otto von Spligerson accepted this design task. This project is scheduled to be completed in 1989 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution. However, before it was finished, Spligerson died in 1987.
The new Arc de Triomphe in La Dé fense, designed by Danish architects, is more like a cubic tall building. This big white arch is 106 meters high, with a cubic structure and a hollow center, forming a huge doorway, imitating the style of the Arc de Triomphe. On both sides of the gate are 35-storey office buildings with a total construction area of about 95,000 square meters. Take the elevator to reach the huge exhibition space at the top of the new Arc de Triomphe. From here, you can see the scenery of the nearby Boulogne forest and the Seine River, and you can also see the distant city of Paris. In fact, the building is somewhat asymmetrical, deviating from the central axis by 6 degrees, but this is not the original design idea, but a special improvement to bypass the underground tunnel.
In other words, La Dé fense's art is caused by the policies of the French government. After several years of construction, La Defense Business District now has the headquarters of more than 65,438+0,000 well-known companies and the largest shopping center in Europe. Sculptures of famous contemporary artists such as Miro, takis and alexander calder are placed in the square. The buildings in the new urban area, represented by La Dé fense Arch and CNIT (National Center for Industry and Technology), are full of postmodern elements, so La Dé fense Business District is defined as a futuristic city.
The designer of the central axis built La Dé fense Square and the big arch, the representative building of the new district, on the same central axis symbolizing the Arc de Triomphe, Champs Elysé es and Place de la Concorde in ancient Paris, which made modern Paris and ancient Paris echo each other from afar and set each other off. After 16 years of phased construction, La Defenses District has become a modern urban area integrating office, commerce, shopping, life and leisure. Many French and European and American multinational companies, banks and hotels have built their own skyscrapers here. Four Seasons Commercial Center, Auchan Supermarket and C&A Shopping Mall with an area of over100000 square meters provide convenience for people to shop.
The archway of La Defense's representative building is a miracle in the history of architectural art, which perfectly combines the artistic charm of classical architecture with modern office functions. The arch covers an area of 5.5 hectares, and there are towers 1 10 meters high,12 meters long and 18.7 meters thick on the north and south sides of the city gate. The top floors of the two towers are huge exhibition places, and the platforms above the top floors are ideal viewing platforms. Looking into the distance from the top platform, you can see the scenery of the nearby Boulogne forest and the Seine River, and you can also see the scenery of Paris in the distance.
La Defense's traffic system is completely separated from the traffic flow, which is unique in the world. The commercial and residential buildings on the ground are connected to a huge square, and the underground is the transportation network of roads, trains, parking lots and subway stations. The planning and construction of La Defense does not attach great importance to the single design of the building, but emphasizes the street space design composed of slopes (pavements), pools, trees, green spaces, pavements, sketches, sculptures and squares.
The wonderful garden, Dallas Fountain Square, covers an area of about 6 hectares and is located in the center of Dallas, surrounded by the tower of Ailide Bank. The tower is 60 stories high, all decorated with glass curtain walls. 70% of the total area of the square is covered by water, and the vast water surface is countless trees and fountains. In the center of the square is a group of fountains with computer-controlled 160 nozzles, which can automatically adjust the height of the fountains. When the water spray stops, pedestrians can cross freely. 440 cypress trees are lined up like soldiers, neatly arranged on the roadside or in the water. There are 263 bubble fountains in turn among cypresses. The pools are arranged step by step with the terrain, and waterfalls are formed between the pools. The trail is paved with bean-green stone slabs, some of which are flush with the water, and stepping into it is like floating on the water. At night, fountains and trees have their own lights, and the scene is spectacular.
Fountain Square provides an excellent environment for people to rest and walk, which can enhance people's perception and imagination of nature. The book London Architectural Review calls this square the best urban environmental design since the Renaissance in 1980s, and it is a large garden with the widest water area.
The city square is dominated by hard landscape, but it should not be just a big floor. The design of modern city squares should start from the overall ecological environment of the city, and introduce and reproduce nature in the space field of points, lines and areas by means of integration, embedding, miniaturization, beautification and symbolization, so as to adapt to the local specific ecological conditions and landscape characteristics, so that people can enjoy the freedom, freshness and pleasure brought by infinite nature in a limited space. At the same time, the design of city square should pay special attention to the rationality of its ecological microenvironment, which should not only have enough sunshine, but also have enough greening to create a pleasant space environment for residents' various activities. For example, the fountain square designed by American landscape architect Dan Kelly in Dallas. The main building of the square is the Union Bank Building designed by China architect I.M. Pei, which is a typical geometric glass curtain wall building. Dan Kelly tried to use water to activate the monotonous and empty environment around him. It is not only to copy nature, but also to guide people's experience of nature to the square in the urban environment. On a 5-meter matrix, through 36/kloc-0 fountains and more than 200 Taxodium, a natural landscape is created in a high-density city.