Keywords: urban renewal and development process experience summary and enlightenment
I. Overview of urban renewal content
(A) the understanding of the concept of urban renewal
At present, urbanization, knowledge, technology and internationalization are also an important development trend of China. On this basis, how to carry out urban renewal under the impetus of urbanization has become an important research topic. For urban renewal, it is not only a systematic project, but also involves residents' life, market economy, the development of related industries and the interests of the three parties. However, all the work begins with a comprehensive understanding of the concept. Therefore, how to correctly understand the concept of urban renewal has become the primary task of comprehensively considering various factors, realizing the promotion of renewal to market economy and promoting the smooth implementation of urban development.
We can understand the concept of urban renewal from two aspects, namely "city" and "renewal". Cities are the living environment of human beings and the platform for all activities. It is a dynamic, diverse, continuous and advancing organism, which is similar to human function and needs constant metabolism to support it. And this so-called urban metabolism is renewal. "Renewal" means getting a new life, starting from the whole city and combining the interests of the government, market, enterprises and residents. Promote the development of the city while preventing the decline of the city. In addition, it should be noted that the "recession" mentioned in urban renewal is a relative existence, which refers to the depreciation of urban structure and function. Their current indicators can no longer meet people's material and spiritual needs, and this difference between supply and demand will even lead to the lag of urban development. Among them, tangible depreciation can replace equipment, but intangible functional depreciation plays a decisive role in the development of the city. To sum up, we can understand the concept of urban renewal in this way: "Urban renewal is based on government control and administrative system support, with certain economic investment, scientific management methods to monitor the renewal process, constantly adjust the factors that are not in line with development, comprehensively consider humanities, history, economy, society, culture and other aspects, and adopt various means to cooperate with the use of renewal methods according to different development stages and urban foundations. Finally, the sustainable development of the city will be realized.
(B) the main content of urban renewal
Based on the above understanding of the concept of urban renewal, the main content is divided into two parts: tangible renewal and intangible renewal. Material renewal includes: transportation renewal, spatial planning renewal, capital renewal, etc. Intangible renewal includes: urban development planning adjustment, urban culture renewal and urban positioning.
(1) Traffic update. At present, with the development of science and technology, the increase in the number of private cars not only brings convenience to people, but also causes serious traffic congestion and environmental pollution. Therefore, while widening the traffic arteries, we should also consider the traffic system renewal strategies in different periods and regions. Control the number of vehicles driving and the emission of automobile exhaust. Energy-saving cars and low-pollution energy should also be included in the scope of renewal, echoing the low-carbon policy and advocating "zero pollution" travel.
(2) the renewal of space. In terms of space, it is emphasized to adjust the area and layout of human activity space with the most suitable living environment as the goal, and the importance of space resources is emphasized in combination with social and economic benefits. For example, in a residential area, the number of small commercial outlets should be fixed, and the site selection should take into account the balance of the distance between residents and commercial outlets in all directions of the whole community. Whether the daily outlets such as education, medical care, entertainment, procurement and commerce around the living environment are complete or whether the time cost of reaching these locations is reasonable.
(3) the renewal of capital. One is material assets, and the other is human capital. Material assets advocate upgrading on the basis of the original framework to reduce the huge cost brought by overall replacement; In terms of manpower, we advocate mobilizing the enthusiasm of human resources and learning the latest science and technology and the operation skills of new equipment. The replacement of enterprise's core capital, namely "manpower", drives the whole to the forefront of development.
(4) Planning update. This item mainly refers to the update of development planning. Urban development planning is the navigation of how the city shows its charm with what attitude and efficiency. Therefore, the healthy development of a city needs the guidance of urban development planning that keeps pace with the times. The rapid change of society and market determines the dynamic nature of a development plan, which needs to be constantly adjusted to meet the needs of development and provide reliable and cutting-edge basis for urban renewal.
(5) Cultural renewal. Urban cultural renewal can put forward renewal countermeasures from the perspective of urban soft and hard culture. Among them, hard culture refers to material culture and environmental culture with visibility and touch; Soft culture belongs to abstract recessive culture, such as behavior culture, concept culture and social policy. Soft culture can only play a role on the basis of hard culture, and the development of hard culture also needs the assistance of soft culture, and the two complement each other.
(6) Update of positioning. Urban positioning can be subdivided into image positioning, natural positioning and functional positioning. This requires a full understanding of the development trend of the city and its own development needs, and on the basis of keeping pace with national policies, improving people's livelihood, contributing to the economy and protecting the environment, we should design a positioning that adapts to the development trend.
(C) the background of urban renewal
The term urban renewal originated from the industrialized countries in Europe and America in 1950s and 1960s, and was defined authoritatively at the first urban renewal seminar held in The Hague, the Netherlands in August, 1958. Mainly because the second industrial revolution greatly promoted the rapid growth of urban economy and the improvement of people's income level, urban land resources can no longer meet people's needs. At this time, population explosion, traffic chaos, outdated equipment and other phenomena abound. In order to get rid of this state of tight space, under the impetus of the development of long-distance transportation, urban residents began to migrate to the suburbs, that is, suburbanization. This kind of population dispersion makes the central area of the city lose its economic vitality, unable to shoulder the heavy responsibility of the core of urban leadership, but presents a trend of depression. In order to restore the vitality of cities, attract people to return to cities, revitalize economic and cultural development, and improve the phenomenon of "dead cities" caused by "suburbanization", European and American countries began large-scale urban renewal plans after World War II. At this time, the focus of the update is the improvement of building facilities and environment and the adjustment and reuse of space. Then supplemented by Burgess's "downward filtering", welfare economics, game theory and other theories, it gradually tends to be perfect, providing rich experience for future urban renewal work.
China's urban renewal history has been more than 60 years, but compared with the history of Europe and America for nearly 200 years, China is still in the development stage, and it takes some time and experience to mature. China's urban renewal is carried out late, and the focus of the renewal is the improvement of infrastructure such as dangerous houses and the solution of residents' housing problems. Later, due to the implementation of the policy of "changing consumption-oriented cities into production-oriented cities" proposed by the central government, the newly emerging renewal work was put on hold. This is also a historical fracture period in the process of urban renewal in China. Starting from 1953, the update started again and entered the second stage. However, limited funds, too many problems left over from history, imperfect equipment and other defects still hinder the progress of the work, and problems such as "introducing the old into the new", "speculation" and "blind demolition and construction" are gradually emerging. However, in the era of knowledge economy, while learning from the experience of urban renewal in Europe and America, China has avoided the destruction of the environment and the decline of urban centers, and instead adopted its essence to take a diversified and leap-forward development path suited to China's national conditions in stages. This not only avoids detours, but also conforms to the development trend. At present, China's urban renewal has gradually stepped onto the right track, from "timely" in 1970s and 1980s to the renewal principles of "people-oriented", "multi-effect utilization of space", "environmental protection" and "emphasizing urban integrity". This change will play a positive role in promoting urban development. Second, the process of urban renewal and development in China.
(A) China urban renewal and development stage division.
(1) 1949 rpm 1952. After the Opium War, modern cities in China began to rise and develop in the early 20th century. From mid-term to 1952 is the first development stage of urban renewal in China. 1949 most cities in China have a long history of architecture, poor facilities and poor living environment. These ancient cities left over after the war urgently need to be revived through renewal. Therefore, this stage focuses on improving the living environment and advocating serving the working people. However, due to the limited financial resources of the country, the scope of work is strictly limited, and only local and small-scale gradual renovation of dangerous houses can be carried out. During this period, on the premise of replacing the old with the new and saving money, the resources were fully utilized, and the transformation effect was remarkable, which played a positive role in improving the urban environment and the living environment of residents. However, due to the urban renewal policy put forward in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the emerging process of urban renewal was blocked or even stagnant, and it was not until 1953 that it turned back to urban renewal.
(2) 1953 rpm 1978. After entering the second stage of urban renewal, the work is mainly based on industry. On the one hand, the development of industrial areas needs the support of large areas of land; On the other hand, the housing problem is still being solved, but the target population has shifted from residents to urban workers, and the housing pressure needs to be alleviated urgently. In order to meet the above demand, a large number of new houses and buildings occupy green space and expand at will. This destructive renewal phenomenon, which ignores the urban mechanism, has gradually caused the inconsistency and disorder of the city. Coupled with the ten-year turmoil in the second stage of the "Cultural Revolution", from 1958 to 1978, the project management was unorganized and unconstrained under the guidance of the "Left" ideology, and the irregular buildings alternating between the old and the new began to destroy the urban pattern. This kind of chaos makes the quality of life of residents worse and worse, and at the same time, the backward protection concept makes historical sites unattended, laying a heavy foreshadowing for future urban renewal.
(3) 1979 rpm 1990. The reform and opening up to the early 1990s was the third stage of urban renewal in China. At this time, with the improvement of the market economic system, the social environment provides good conditions for urban renewal. The per capita housing area in China has nearly tripled compared with the past. For example, during this period, the number of new residential buildings in Beijing reached more than 44 million square meters, and the per capita living standard increased from 4.55 square meters to 6.82 square meters. The great improvement of urban construction speed pushed urban renewal to a new historical stage. However, the ideological remnants of planned economic development have not been eliminated, which still hinders the progress of the work. In addition, the problem of capital and policy perfection has been accompanied by the work, which has led to the urban renewal of China entering a special stage of "inadequate" and "struggling". Although new buildings are constantly being built, batches of multi-storey box-shaped residential areas are the same, which destroys the diversity of the city and gradually disintegrates its characteristics.
(4) 199 1 year to date. Since 1990s, China has realized the shortage of land use, so it advocates "intensification" to improve the efficiency of urban land use and ease the pressure on land use. So far, residents' demand for quality of life is gradually improving. Coupled with the improvement of various housing systems, in order to meet the needs of users, high-quality "garden-style residential quarters" entered the national vision and became a common sight in major cities in China at that time. Then, in the successful case of Beijing Juer Hutong, China also gained valuable experience and began to pay attention to cultural protection. The breakthrough of marketization has also broadened the financing channels, and the mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation model has brought more job opportunities. But only a few decades of experience is not enough to support the huge project of urban renewal. Shallow experience will inevitably lead to various problems. However, looking at the 60-year history of China's urban renewal and development, although there are many difficulties, it shows a curve trend and the prospect is still promising.
(B) China City Renewal Experience Summary
(1) Experience summary. The first is the issue of cultural protection. The problem in cultural protection comes from the conflict caused by the imbalance between spiritual interests and material interests, and pursuing interests while ignoring history and culture or giving up urban progress in order to preserve culture is another main content that affects urban development. The culture of a city is a fusion of long memories of past dynasties. At the same time, it is also a symbol to distinguish different cities and an irreplaceable valuable resource. In addition, with a history of 5,000 years, through cultural protection, China can enhance people's sense of national belonging, improve national morale, show its personality and stand out in the international arena. In view of this problem, Professor Wu of Tsinghua University analyzed and summarized the existing urban renewal studies in the West, and put forward the concept of "organic renewal" to solve the conflict between old and new buildings and how to integrate buildings with the surrounding environment, and applied this concept to the transformation of Beijing Juer Hutong. In the transformation of Juer Hutong, Professor Wu kept the original quadrangle model and borrowed the concept of "prudent renewal". As far as possible, the original green belt has been preserved, and the building height is strictly limited to below three floors. It is more humane to avoid the abrupt new building, with white and gray as the main colors, and to retain the traces of history. Professor Wu's transformation not only pushed traditional architecture to a new stage, but also realized the continuation of history.
Secondly, people-oriented management. People-oriented management comes from the central idea of people-oriented and emphasizes the integration of individuals and cities. Highlight the importance of the public by responding to and satisfying the needs of the grassroots. Open mind and public participation are no longer new. When discussing the issue of public participation in urban renewal, Qian Xin also drew a schematic diagram of "public participation system in open urban renewal", which intuitively explained the role of the public in the renewal process. Long Tengfei (2008), Zhou Anyuan (2009), (20 12) and others also expounded the mode construction of public participation in urban renewal from the perspective of stakeholders, and made a comparative analysis of the specific situation with empirical evidence. In addition, the concern for humanity in humanized management is also reflected in the compensation in the process of house demolition. Urban renewal needs to occupy land, and residents in this area will be evacuated temporarily or permanently. Then, how to appease the residents who have left their long-term residence, spiritual or material comfort, the amount of financial subsidies, and the interest relationship between developers and residents are all issues that need to be considered. At the same time, whether the problem is handled properly will directly affect the degree of cooperation of residents and the progress of the project.
Finally, it is a multi-disciplinary leap. Although foreign countries have more experience in urban renewal, China has a strong stamina. It is also through 60 years of history that it has caught up with the accumulated experience of foreign countries in the past 100 years and entered a multi-field and wide-angle research field. Tourism, humanities, aesthetics and sociology are all involved fields. Among them, Li Yanling (200 1) made a detailed summary of the characteristics, achievements, significance, existing problems and limitations of American urban renewal after World War II from the perspective of sociology, and proposed that urban renewal should be linked with society to adapt to the transformation to social economy; Su Jian (20 13) took Beizheng Street in Changsha as an example, applied landscape aesthetics theory to study urban renewal, and realized the spread of landscape culture in old streets by satisfying people's pursuit of art and visual aesthetic needs. Cai (2008) and Ling Chunyang (20 13) keep up with the development trend of the tertiary industry, combine tourism with urban renewal, protect history, develop tourism resources and realize the sustainable development of urban tourism. It can be seen that the involvement of multi-disciplines broadens our research horizons, helps to make a more comprehensive plan, and also makes us deeply realize that urban renewal is not only attributed to urban planning, but also a comprehensive work. (2) defective. Compared with western developed countries, China's urban renewal is complicated and special. Historical buildings left over from history not only left a valuable spiritual legacy to future generations, but also hindered the renewal work. Coupled with the promotion of urbanization, modernization, internationalization and science and technology to urban renewal, generate has produced various problems in the accumulation of 60 years without considering the actual blind construction:
First, there is a lack of funds and the project is stagnant. Capital is the blood of project implementation and the foundation of operation. China has indeed won various victories on the road of development, but once compared with developed countries, it will find its own shortcomings, and there is still a long way to go from developing countries to developed countries. Unfortunately, the idea of catching up with the trend and winning by quantity has blinded some developers, and projects that stop only halfway through development have brought pressure to the city.
Second, it is superficial and the interests are smoked. Pursue immediate interests and destroy historical buildings and the original features of the city. Abandon urban characteristics when interests conflict with culture. At the expense of the development of future generations, the complexity of China city is ignored, and the planning is divided by generalization and historical renewal. In the final analysis, urbanization is a replica of 1000 cities without connotation. This is not only the misfortune of a city, but also the sorrow of historical and cultural destruction.
Third, the whole is missing and the effect is retrogressive. The overall lack refers to the lack of understanding of urban replacement layout in the process of updating planning and design. High-density high-rise buildings have affected the lighting of surrounding low-rise buildings, and the compression of green space has turned residential areas into cages made of cement. In recent years, all kinds of open construction equipment have entered various communities, but the space for people's activities and exercises is still tense and lacks formality.
Third, the process of urban renewal and development in foreign countries.
(A) foreign urban renewal and development stage division
(1)65438+ From the end of 2009 to the end of 1940s. During this period, the term urban renewal has not been put forward scientifically and normatively, but the renewal work related to urban renewal has become a major link in urban construction. Due to the influence of the industrial revolution, the large-scale industrialization of production methods has promoted the expansion of cities, and this sudden change in urban pattern has caused the random expansion of cities. The project aimed at solving the slum problem has not played a substantive role. For example, houseman's "Paris Reconstruction Plan" was ridiculed by later generations as the "Paris model" of "the master of house demolition". The lack of government control over construction also makes urban traffic jam. In contrast, Howard's idea of "garden city" is advanced, and in a sense it can be said to be the embryonic form of modern urban planning [19]. Although it looks like a utopia full of longing for the future [20][2 1], it points out the direction for people to interpret the connotation of the future city. In his book Tomorrow, the Road to Peace for Real Reform, he pointed out that the scale of urban-rural integration should be properly controlled. It is emphasized that the urban layout and scale should conform to the combination of man and nature and build a human settlement environment that conforms to human ideals.
② 1950s and 1960s. The "second industrial revolution" brought by the development of science and technology has promoted the growth of urban economy in this decade, and the definition of urban renewal has made it more standardized. In order to promote the urban economy, financial industry and commerce with high profit characteristics are introduced into the city center and spread around the city in a point-to-area manner, so that the whole city is prosperous. However, the gathering in the city center has secretly raised the land price, and a large number of people have caused traffic congestion. In order to escape from this high-pressure living environment, people began to spread around the city, and the city center gradually lost its vitality. Every night and weekend, some city centers even become "dead cities". Then, western scholars began to realize that they should proceed from reality and oppose the "grand and huge" Baroque plan. j？ Jane Jacobs also pointed out that the large-scale transformation of huge capital is a "natural waste way", which should be reasonably updated, preserve the diversity of cities, and pursue exquisite, continuous and gradual urban transformation in a small and flexible way.
(3) 1970s to 1980s. After entering the 1970s, people were enthusiastic about urban renewal and formed their own community organizations, which made the work at that time present a "bottom-up" model. As the participating public are all indigenous residents of the area, they attach importance to neighborhood relations, are familiar with urban texture and have a certain understanding of the history and culture of the living environment. In addition, young people have received some education, so they can express their views clearly. Therefore, the participation of the community public makes the renewal planning closer to life and more practical. The protection and recognition of this community culture has become the main way of urban renewal in Europe and America in the 1980s. Lewis Mountford, a well-known urban theorist and social philosopher, also put forward the theory of sustainable development in his book History of Urban Development, covering many aspects such as economy, politics, culture, religion and society.
(4) Since the 1990s. In 1990s, the theory of sustainable development was recognized, and more scholars from related marginal disciplines, such as environmental protection, resource allocation and social economy, began to integrate into the ranks of urban renewal. Participate in the planning work from many aspects and angles. In addition, the involvement of private funds has also brought more financial support to the project, and the way of facing the public has also attracted more partners. The renewal team has gathered human resources from all walks of life and started to develop and grow. During this period, people-oriented thought was gradually formed, focusing on the balance between economic benefits, social benefits and personal benefits. While reflecting on the adverse consequences of urban renewal in the past, we should open our minds, standardize the planning scope and construction scale, and emphasize the importance of the community. At this time, the renewal and progress of the city has been sublimated to a higher stage.
(B) Summary of foreign urban renewal experience
Urban renewal in Europe and America has a history of nearly a hundred years. In the process of exploration in this century, we seek vitality in failure and gradually sum up some valuable experiences worth learning.
The first is the coincidence of historical protection consciousness and measures. From the perspective of historical duration, although China's 5,000-year-old culture is far superior to that of the West, from the perspective of the coincidence of protection awareness and measures, we are not as mature as them. Since the 1990s, the protection of urban history and culture has been brought into the city-related issues, and cities have begun to realize the importance of cultural protection. Many foreign scholars not only put forward protection measures, but also are good at finding stumbling blocks that hinder historical protection. The typical case of conservation is Philadelphia Social Mountain, which covers 25 blocks and has as many as 500 colonial and early American-style buildings, which is of great historical significance. Therefore, the original appearance was preserved in the design, only partial repairs were made, and the original historical traces were retained. On the other hand, Max (1996) grasped the relationship between funds and historical protection in his research, and thought that the lack of funds had a certain impact on the expression of historical protection views, while the poor people could not afford the cost of historical protection, which brought pressure to historical protection in urban renewal. The limitation of lack of funds and manpower for historical and cultural protection also applies to developing countries.
The second is to vigorously implement sustainable development. There are various measures to realize the sustainable development of cities, such as the "residential diversity" advocated by European countries such as Britain and the Netherlands, which effectively avoids the lack of urban characteristics and reserves a broad development space for future generations to develop cities. Bryson, Grace K. L. Lee (2008) started from the environment and added social and economic factors. It is believed that before solving the contradiction between protection and development, we should first determine the relationship between various influencing factors and their position in sustainable development, and then make a scientific judgment. In addition to theoretical suggestions, Bridson and Jeremy (20 13) went one step further and drew up a relative standard, taking Expo 74 as the standard to explain environmental problems. The content emphasizes the importance of environmental protection many times, and puts forward that human transformation activities should follow the law of natural development, and the harmony between man and nature is a necessary prerequisite for urban renewal and sustainable development. The third is to cooperate with real estate for mutual benefit. Urban renewal can not be separated from capital investment, but the lack of capital is also a major problem that has been plaguing urban renewal at home and abroad. The government can't bear huge amounts of money on its own. At this time, the investment of private funds has become another main channel to raise funds. Among many enterprises, real estate developers have abundant funds and set up their own think tanks. They have rich experience in land planning and strong ability to resist unpredictable risks. Their participation not only solved the funding problem, but also promoted the scientific and all-round development of urban renewal. Among them, William of the United States? Kendoff is a typical representative. He devoted himself to the urban renewal of major cities with an open mind, and completed the reconstruction project of Philadelphia through cooperation with designer I.M. Pei, which is a masterpiece. In the process of renewal, the federal government of the United States encourages enterprises and communities to participate by providing subsidies for community development, encouraging local governments to participate in projects, and reducing taxes. Give full play to the role of real estate enterprises.
Fourthly, the enlightenment of foreign urban renewal to China urban renewal.
China's urbanization and urban renewal are in a period of rapid development. Although we know the importance of environment, culture, sustainable development and multilateral cooperation from experience, we still lack a complete and scientific planning framework. Therefore, we can get inspiration after analyzing various advanced concepts and successful cases of urban renewal abroad, and get some improvement measures to improve the quality of urban renewal in China.
(A) the diversity of updating methods
Nowadays, the research center of urban renewal has begun to tilt to three levels: people-oriented, sustainable development and society. In the case that modern architecture has caused visual fatigue, using multidisciplinary research methods and setting feasible planning schemes according to different backgrounds, different needs and different ability ranges can avoid the situation that similar buildings and broken capital chains lead to project stagnation, inconsistent updating effects and waste of funds. Considering the coordinated development of social, political, economic and cultural issues can also promote the convergence of values, balance the interests of all parties, avoid conflicts, preserve the urban texture, and provide rich tourism resources for the development of tertiary industry tourism.
(B) government action to keep pace with the times
In urban renewal, the government needs to formulate laws and policies that are in line with practical significance according to different periods to promote the development of renewal. Therefore, from a macro perspective, it is very important for the government to play a leading role. Secondly, policy norms, process control, fund coordination, scheme approval and manpower mobilization all need government intervention. How to coordinate the interests of the government, developers and residents also needs government coordination; Finally, in today's open economy, how to mobilize the masses to participate, give the public some power, and what scope should the government control? This is a problem that needs to be studied.
(c) the selective inheritance of "gentrification"
"Gentleman" is a British scholar Ruth in 1964. Glass put it forward when describing the changes in the inner city blocks of London. Mainly refers to the middle class moving into low-income activity areas, reviving the urban economy like the fresh blood of the city, and relying on private funds to drive the market vitality. However, this kind of economic revival was beyond the power of low-income groups, and finally the indigenous people were forced to move out. It can be seen that the emergence of "middle class" is like an invisible hand holding private funds to contribute to market vitality, which is a powerful way to reduce the pressure on the government. Although it has brought some shortcomings, China can stimulate these private enterprises to provide more employment opportunities for low-income groups through tax reduction, so as to achieve the development of the whole region through local prosperity.
Discussion and summary of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
This paper expounds urban renewal from two angles at home and abroad. By comparison, it is not difficult to find that urban renewal in foreign countries has gradually matured from baroque demolition to partial gradual transformation, from gentrification to expulsion of low-income households to people-oriented management, neighborhood rejuvenation, sustainable development and respect for history, while not forgetting to reflect on their own shortcomings. Although the development of China has many advantages, but because the course is only 60 years, some of the mistakes we have made at present are the old ways of the 1950s and 1960s in the West. However, we can see the results of the implementation of various similar plans from the development history of the west, avoid these foreseeable adverse consequences, and thus avoid detours.
Throughout the whole paper, this review summarizes the connotation, background, development process, experience, defects and enlightenment of urban renewal as a whole. The general discussion at home and abroad in each section is easy and concise, which is conducive to a preliminary understanding of the whole process of urban renewal in a short time.