Beijing is the oldest city in Zhao Yan with a history of more than 3,000 years. During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, Yan was a big tribe in Beijing, taking "Yan" as its totem and later taking "Yan" as its country name. Some scholars believe that its capital is located in Dong Jialin and Huangtupo Village, Liu Lihe Township, Fangshan District, Beijing. BC 1045, the Shang Dynasty was destroyed and named "Emperor Yao was later than Ji", which was called Yan. The country name remains the same, but the family line has changed. In the 7th century BC, Yan State merged with Ji State, and Ji City was its capital. In 226 BC, Qin Jun went to Xia Jicheng. After the Five Dynasties, from the unification of Qin Dynasty to the early Jin Dynasty, Ji Cheng was always the political and military center of the north. Among them, from 352 to 357 AD, it was Murong of Xianbei nationality. The capital of Qianyan; In 9 1 1 ~ 9 13 A.D., it was the capital of Yan in the five dynasties of local separatist regime.

In 938 AD, Liao got sixteen states of Youyun, and promoted Youzhou to Youdu Mansion. Liao has five capitals in China: Shanghai, Central, East, West and South, and Nanjing, also known as Yanjing City. Yanjing follows the ancient city of Youzhou (that is, ancient Ji Cheng) in the Tang Dynasty, with a cycle of 26 miles a week. The north wall is in the north of Baiyun Temple, the south wall is in the east of Fayuan Temple in Xuanwu District, the south wall is in the west of You 'anmen today, and the west wall is in the west of Baiyun Temple today. There are eight gates in the city, with Anton and Yingchun in the east, Kaiyang and Feng Dan in the south, Xianxi and Qingjin in the west and Tian Tong and Chen Gong in the north. The Imperial Capital is located in the southwest corner of Yanjing City. It was built by the State of Luo and returned to Wuli every week. There are doors on all sides, and Xuanhe Gate in the east; West is Xianximen; The north is the north gate; There are three doors in the south, the south gate in the middle, the Wanchun Gate on the left and the Money Goal on the right. The imperial city has thirteen palaces such as Yongxing and Qing Ji, and three halls such as Liang Qing, Yuanhe and Jianing. There are 26 squares in big cities, all of which are residential areas. There is a moat around the city, and there is a city in the north, where merchants gather and goods are piled up.

During the reign of Song Xuanhe, Song and Jin agreed to jointly attack Liao. In the fourth year of Xuanhe (1 122), Yanjing was captured by Jin, and Yanjing was acquired at the expense of increasing the age of coins in Song Dynasty, which was called Yanshan House and Yanshan House Road. In the seventh year of Xuanhe, Yanshan House was captured by Jin, and it was still called Yanjing. In the third year of Tiande (1 15 1), with "Yanjing is a land of courtesy and righteousness, with a vast territory and rich people", King Hailing moved the capital by imperial edict, made a fortune among the people and built Yanjing City. Completed in three years. In the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), Yanjing was changed to Zhongdu and designated as the national capital.

Zhongdu was expanded on the basis of Yanjing City. The north city wall stood still by the river, and the other three sides spread out for three miles. This city is triple. There are four doors on the north wall of Dacheng, and the other three doors are clockwise. There are Huicheng, Xuan Tong, Chongzhi and Guang Tai in the north, Shiren, Xuanyao, Yangchun, Jingfeng, Fengyi and Li Duan in the east, and Li Ze, Haohua and Zhang Yi in the west. The big city is the imperial city, rectangular, located in the south of the central part of the big city, and there is a propaganda door on the south wall of the imperial city. The palace city is built in the imperial city. Miyagi has four gates, Yingtian in the south, Chen Gong in the north, Dinghua in the east and Yuhua in the west. An imperial road runs through yingtianmen in Miyagi, the propaganda gate in the imperial city and the Phoenix Gate in the big city, and administrative agencies such as government departments are arranged on both sides of the imperial road. There are nine palaces in Miyagi. Daan, Renzheng, Taihe and Shenlong Hall are all arranged on the central axis of the imperial city from yingtianmen to Gongchenmen. After the completion of Zhongdu, "its palace is magnificent, spanning buildings and cutting Han Xiao, although Qin Afang and Han are like this." In addition, Yuhuamen on the west side of Miyagi has a "fish and algae pond paradise" (now the lotus pond outside Guang 'anmen), and the northeast suburb of Dacheng (now Beihai and Zhonghai) is planned as a forbidden area for emperors and queens. Jin Zhongdu already has the size of the capital of a feudal country.

In the third year of Jin Zhenyou (12 15), Mongolian cavalry were trapped in Zhongdu, soldiers were burned, and women who plundered gold and silk went north. Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan acceded to the throne, and decided to move from Kaiping, a commercial capital, to Yanjing, with Yanjing as its capital, the grassland as its back, the Central Plains and the Han Dynasty as its face, and rule the whole country. But Zhongdu has been destroyed, so we abandoned the old city and rebuilt the new city in the northeast. Construction started in the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (1267). "To build the capital, all the expenses are paid by the government, not by the people, and loggers have to pay taxes." In the eighth year of Zhiyuan, the founding of the People's Republic of China was called "Dayuan". The following year, Zhongdu was changed to Dadu. On Spring New Year's Day in the 11th year of Zhiyuan, "The Palace Que was completed", and Kublai Khan's Palace accepted the congratulations of hundreds of officials. In the 20th year of Yuan Dynasty (1283), all buildings were basically completed.

After the completion of most new towns, the old capital of Yanjing is still retained, which is called "South City" and the new town is also called "North City". The new city was built of rammed earth. The history of the Yuan Dynasty recorded "the city is 60 Li", and the city was measured on Friday 17.2 Li. The south wall foundation is located on the south side of Chang 'an Avenue in the east and west, and the ruins of the metropolitan wall outside Andingmen and Deshengmen are its north wall. The east and west sides are consistent with the base of the Second Ring Road and extend northward. Dadoucheng has eleven gates, two in the north and three in the east, west and south, which means that Nezha has three heads, six arms and two feet. The names of the city gates are Jiande Gate and Anzhen Gate in the north, Guangxi Gate, Chongren Gate and Qihua Gate in the east, Shuncheng Gate, Lizhengmen Gate and Wenming Gate in the south, Pingze Gate, Heyimen Gate and Qingqing Gate in the west. There are main roads in the city gate, which are connected by hutongs. There is a central platform in the city center, with the Drum Tower in front and the Bell Tower behind. The residential area in the city is divided into 50 squares, each with its own door, with names on the door and alleys below. There are left and right police patrol courts in the workshop, "dividing the capital into civil affairs."

The Imperial City is located in the central area in the south of Tucheng, with the east wall on the west side of today's North-South River along the street, the west wall on the root of today's West Imperial City, the north wall on the south of today's Di 'anmen, and the south wall on the south side of today's Dongdong and Xihuamen Street. The Imperial Capital is nearly 20 miles away. There are Taiye Pool (now Beihai and Zhonghai), Miyagi, Sheng Xing Palace and Long Yun Palace in the imperial city. The main entrance to the south of the Imperial City is called Lingxingmen, and the main entrance to the south is Huang Ting Square. There are Qianqianlang on the left and right sides, which is an important office of the central government.

Miyagi, located on the east bank of Taiye Pool, has four gates, namely Houzai in the north, Donghua in the east, Xihua in the west and Tian Chong in the south. Dozens of steps north of Chongtianmen is Daming Gate, and the Nikkei Gate and Yuehuamen are separated from each other. The main buildings in Miyagi are Daming Hall and Yanchun Pavilion. Daming Hall is located in Daming Gate, with a width of 1 1, a length of 200 feet from east to west, a depth of 120 feet, and a height of 90 feet. It is magnificent in scale. In front of the temple, a white stone fence was used to surround the abutment, and sedges moved from the desert were planted on the abutment, which was specially arranged by Kublai Khan to let future generations not forget the difficulty of starting a business. State-owned ceremony, the emperor and empress sit on the royal couch here to accept the worship of ministers, which is a Mongolian tradition.

Yanchunge is located in the north of Daming Hall, with an east-west 150 feet, a depth of 90 feet and a height of 100 feet. The emperors of the Yuan Dynasty held Buddhist and Taoist ceremonies here, and sometimes held banquets here. There is a sleeping hall behind Daming Hall and Yanchunge, which is the place where empresses live and is connected with the front hall through cloisters.

There are two groups of buildings on the west bank of Taiye Pool, with Long Fu Palace in the south and Sheng Xing Palace in the north. Long Fu Palace is mainly built by the Temple of Sky Light. It has four halls, east and west, and there are more than one hundred rooms around it. Kublai Khan's prince Jin Jin once lived here. Jin Jin died early, and his wife still lives here. After Kublai Khan's grandson timur ascended the throne, Zunjin's wife was the Empress Dowager, and the palace has been the residence of the Empress Dowager ever since. The main hall of Sheng Xing Palace is Shengxing Hall, which is the residence of concubines.

With the prosperity of the new city, the residential buildings in the south of the city are also increasingly depressed. However, in the Yuan Dynasty, the royal family believed in Buddhism and Taoism, so the old scene of the ancient temple in the south of the city was prosperous for a long time. Every spring, it has become a custom for residents in the north of the city to visit the ancient temples in the south of the city. Xiaonan Haizi is a royal hunting ground, covering more than 40 hectares. The Mongolian royal family still retains the custom of grassland life, and hunts with eagles here in autumn and winter.

In the first year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1368), the Ming army captured Dadu, and Yuan Shundi led his ministers to the desert grassland in the north. Previously, Ming Taizu made Nanjing its capital, Nanjing was changed to Beiping, and Yuanmingyuan was demolished. Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, ascended the throne. In the first year of Yongle (1403), Beiping was changed to Beijing, the capital was moved here, and the wall of Gongque was built. In the 18th year of Yongle (1420), the project was completed and Du Ming moved from Nanjing to Beijing. Beijing was founded in the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Beijing followed the rules of the previous dynasty and did not describe it separately.

The walls of Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties were divided into inner city and outer city. The inner city was built on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty. Compared with the metropolitan tucheng, the north wall of the inner city was indented five miles to the south. The city wall is made of bricks, with a width of 6650 meters from east to west, a length of 5350 meters from north to south and a circumference of 45 miles. The station is basically the same as today's subway loop. There are nine gates in the city, named Deshengmen and Andingmen in the north, Dongzhimen and Qihuamen (later renamed Chaoyangmen) in the east, Wenmingmen (later renamed Chongwenmen), Lixiangmen (later renamed Zhengyangmen, commonly known as Qianmen) and Shunchengmen (later renamed Xuanwumen) in the south, and Pingzemen (later renamed Fucheng) in the west. The inner city was built in the early Ming Dynasty, and the streets and lanes basically followed the metropolitan system of the Yuan Dynasty.

Beijing Outer Town was built in the 32nd year of Jiajing (1553). At that time, Mongolian tribes often invaded south and threatened Beijing. So they plan to build an outer city and surround the inner city from all directions to ensure the safety of the capital. Because of many projects and lack of financial resources, it is difficult to sustain only by building the southern outer city, so they have to turn back and meet the southeast corner and southwest corner of the inner city. The outer city is 7950 meters wide from east to west, 3 100 meters long from north to south and 28 miles in circumference. There are three doors in the south wall, Yongding Gate in the south, Zuo 'anmen on the left and You 'anmen on the right. There are two doors in Dongyuan, the main entrance is Guangqumen, and the north is Dongbianmen. The main entrance to the west is Guangning Gate (later renamed Guang 'anmen), and the north of the west is Xibianmen. In the Ming dynasty, civilians could choose to live in the inner city and the outer city; In the early Qing Dynasty, the Han people in the inner city were expelled, and the Eight Banners were stationed in the inner city. In the early years of the Republic of China, the railway around the city was built, and the Beijing wall building was initially destroyed. Due to disrepair, these towers were broken and collapsed. 1969, Beijing built a subway ring road, and most of the city walls and towers were demolished. Now it only exists in Zhengyangmen Gate Tower, Arrow Tower, Deshengmen Arrow Tower, Southeast Corner Tower, a section of the city wall in the southwest corner of the inner city and a section from Chongwenmen to Southeast Corner Tower.

The imperial city of Ming and Qing Dynasties was built in the fourth year of Yongle (1408) and completed in the eighteenth year of Yongle (1420). It extends south, north and east along the former site of Yuan Da Nei. The walls of the Imperial City are ten feet high and extend in all directions. The main entrance is Chengtianmen (later changed to Tiananmen Square); The west side is the right gate of Chang 'an, and the east side is the left gate of Chang 'an; Originally Daming Gate, it was renamed Daqingmen in the first year of Shunzhi (1644) and Zhonghua Gate in the early years of the Republic of China. There is an end door at the back. The back door of the imperial city is Bei 'anmen, which was renamed Di 'anmen in the ninth year of Shunzhi. Simon is called Xi 'anmen; The east gate is Dong 'anmen. The main buildings in the imperial city are palaces, offices, warehouses, temple fairs and temples. South of the center is Miyagi, also known as the Forbidden City. To the south and east of the Forbidden City are ancestral halls, and to the west are social altars. Long live the Mountain in the north of the Forbidden City, commonly known as Jingshan Park, renamed Jingshan in the early Qing Dynasty. It was artificially piled up on the former site of Yanchun Pavilion in Yuan Dynasty, which was intended to win the geomantic omen of the previous dynasty, so it was also called "Zhenshan". There is a "famous hall" in Jingshan, which is the place where Ming Di learned Taoism and cultivated immortals. In the west of the Forbidden City and the south of Taiye Pool, the South China Sea is dug, which connects the China Sea and the North Sea, also known as the Three Seas and the West Garden. To the east of the Forbidden City, there is an East Garden, and there is an Imperial Monument nearby, where a book of "Yongle Grand Ceremony" was once stored. The government offices, temples and institutions built in the imperial city to serve the royal family were demolished after the Republic of China. Today, there is only one section on both sides of Tiananmen Square, and there are buildings such as the Forbidden City, Beihai, Jingshan, Huangshigeng, Tuancheng and Dagao Xuandian.

The Forbidden City is the imperial palace of Ming and Qing Dynasties, located in the imperial city. It was built in the 4th to 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1406— 1420), and it has been rebuilt, rebuilt and expanded for many times, but it still maintains its original layout. Twenty-four emperors lived here for nearly 580 years. Covering an area of 72 hectares, there are more than 9,000 pavilions, and the palace wall is 6.8 miles in circumference and more than 30 feet high. There are exquisite turrets in the four corners, and a moat with a width of 52 meters around the city wall. There are four gates in the Forbidden City, the main entrance is in the south, the noon gate, the east gate and the west gate, and the Shenwu gate is in the north.

The overall pattern of the Forbidden City is outside the imperial dynasty and the palace, and the main buildings are located on a central axis between the north and the south. The outer court is centered on the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, which are arranged in turn from south to north. The three halls are built on a three-story white marble pedestal, surrounded by cloisters, and surrounded by Wenhua Hall and Wuying Hall. Ganqingmen Square separates the outer court from the inner court, which is the inner court. The main buildings are Ganqing Palace, Jiaotai Palace, Kunning Palace, Dongxi Palace and hall of mental cultivation. East of the Sixth East Palace is Ningshou Palace, and west of the Sixth West Palace are Cining Palace, Shoukang Palace and Yuhua Pavilion. To the north of Kunning Gate is the Royal Garden, with exquisite and unique small gardens, buildings, platforms and pavilions with their own characteristics. To the north of the Imperial Garden is the Shenwumen.

The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the main hall of foreign dynasties, which was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420). Formerly known as Fengtian Hall, it was renamed Taihe Hall in the second year of Shunzhi (1645). Its base is 8.13m high, the main hall is 315.05m high, eleven rooms are wide and five rooms are deep, and the golden painted throne is hollowed out in the hall. Every year, on New Year's Day, Winter Solstice and Wanshou Festival, as well as the new emperor's accession to the throne, wedding and conferring the queen, the emperor gives a banquet and orders him to go out. All the ceremonies are held here. Zhonghe Hall was originally named Gaihua Hall, and later changed to Zhongji Hall. In the second year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1645), it was called Zhonghe Hall. The hall is square, with square eaves and domes, and the length and width of five rooms. Whenever celebrating the "three major festivals", the emperor takes a nap here first, and then goes to the Hall of Supreme Harmony to worship. Every time the Temple of Heaven, Ditan, Ancestral Hall and Xiannongtan offer sacrifices, we must finish the sacrificial ceremony here in advance. The day before Empress Dowager Cixi received the emblem and other gifts, the Emperor also read out the memorial and congratulatory message here. Baohe Hall was originally named Shenshen Hall and later renamed Jianji Hall. At the beginning of Qing Shunzhi, it was called Baohe Hall, with nine rooms wide and five rooms deep. Behind the main hall, there is a whole Yunlong stone carving in the middle and lower floors, which is the largest stone carving in the Forbidden City. In the Qing Dynasty, every year on New Year's Eve and the fifteenth day of the first month, the emperor would hold a banquet here to entertain Mongolian princes and Manchu ministers. In the fifty-fourth year of Qianlong (1789), the highest-level imperial examination "Gongkao" was held here. Wenhua Hall was built in the early Ming Dynasty. It was the temporary hall of the emperor at that time, dealing with daily affairs, and also the reading place of the crown prince. The Qing emperor held a "banquet" here to meet foreign envoys. Wuying Hall was built in the early Ming Dynasty, located on the west side of the Hall of Supreme Harmony. Symmetrical with the cultural center, with the same regulations. Emperors of Ming and Qing dynasties handled government affairs here. After Li Zicheng went to Beijing, he used this hall as a temporary Jin Jubao Hall. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, a bookshop was established here, which later became the Royal Press. First print the integration of ancient and modern books, and then reprint the ancient books. With meticulous proofreading and excellent paper and ink, it is the best among the rare books of ancient books.

Gan Qing Palace, located at Gan Qing Gate, was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420). The main hall is nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, right in the middle of the carved dragon throne, with a "aboveboard" plaque hanging on it, and paintings, scales and yi vessels arranged on the left and right. Before Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Gan Qing Palace was the residence of the emperor and empress, where they handled state affairs. After Yongzheng, the living quarters moved to hall of mental cultivation, becoming the office where the palace held ceremonies, called ministers and marked the throne. On holidays, I will pay a New Year call and hold a banquet for the relevant personnel of this trip. The Qing emperor died here. Jiaotai Hall, located behind Gan Qing Palace, was built in the Ming Dynasty and was the residence of the Empress of the Ming Dynasty. Empresses of the Qing Dynasty received greetings here during the three major festivals. In the 13th year of Qianlong (1748), 25 jade seals were stored here. Located behind the Jiaotai Hall, Kunning Palace is the main palace of the Empress of the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Dongnuange was the bridal chamber of the emperor's wedding. Sinu Pavilion is a place where the royal family worships the gods. Every time there are morning and evening sacrifices and big sacrifices, the emperor and queen should worship God in person. The West Warm Pavilion is dedicated to the Shaman God of Manchu belief, as well as 15 buddhas such as Sakyamuni, Laozi, Guan Yu and Kitchen God. On New Year's Day every year and the first day of every month, a jumping ceremony will be held here.

The six oriental palaces in the Forbidden City are Zhongcui Palace, Chenggan Palace, Ren Jing Palace, Jingyang Palace, Yonghe Palace and Yan Xi Palace. Its six western palaces are Palace of Gathered Elegance, Yikun Palace, Xianfu Palace, Changchun Palace, Taiji Hall and Yongshou Palace. The six palaces of the East and West were the residences of the Crown Prince, Empress, Empress Dowager and concubines in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The Forbidden City is the largest and best preserved ancient architectural complex in China.