(1) During the Warring States Period, Han Feizi proposed to establish a centralized feudal monarchy system. During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang, the State of Qin, reformed the system of enfeoffment, implemented the system of counties and counties, and implemented centralization.
(2) Establish the emperor system, the system of three public officials and nine ministers, and the system of counties and counties, and promulgate the Qin law. Unified measurement, money and words. Burn books to bury Confucianism and strengthen ideological control. Take law as teaching and officials as teachers.
Features: organically combine autocratic decision-making with centralized political system.
(3) Consolidation in the Western Han Dynasty
We should implement the system of secretariat of history, and promulgate the "law of favor" and "law of attachment" to solve the problem of the kingdom. Implement "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".
Features: the direct rule of the central government over local governments has been strengthened again; Turn Confucianism into a guiding ideology to meet the needs of feudal autocracy and centralization.
(4) Perfection in Sui and Tang Dynasties
Content: The implementation of "three provinces and six departments" made feudal bureaucrats form a complete and strict system, weakened relative power and strengthened imperial power. The establishment and perfection of the imperial examination system expanded the source of officials. We have adjusted and improved the government soldier system.
Features: ① strengthening the monarchy through decentralization; ② The selection of officials is standardized and institutionalized.
(5) Strengthening of the Northern Song Dynasty
Content: Centralized military power-remove the military power of North Korean generals and local military envoys, and set up three officials to command the imperial army and contain it with the Privy Council. Centralized administration-setting up advisers, Tang envoys and third secretaries to divide the political, military and financial power of the prime minister; Send a civilian as a magistrate and check with the judge.
Centralized financial power-set up transshipment ambassadors in various ways to manage local finances. Centralized judicial power-the central government sends civil servants as local judicial personnel. Through the above measures, the emperor mastered the military, political, financial and judicial power from the central government to the local government, and eradicated the foundation of feudal separatism.
Features: strong and weak; On the basis of central decentralization, local decentralization.
(6) Developed in Yuan Dynasty
Content: in the central government, the central official system has been improved, and the Chinese book province, the Privy Council and the Yushitai have been set up to take charge of administrative, military and supervisory affairs; Zheng Xuan Institute was established to take charge of religious affairs and manage Tibet. At the local level, the provincial system is implemented.
Features: the local administrative system has made great progress; The central government has established a direct management system for border areas.
(7) Strengthening in Ming and Qing Dynasties
Content: The Prime Minister was abolished in the early Ming Dynasty, and his power was divided into six parts. The local government implemented the separation of powers among the three departments, changed the commander-in-chief to the commander-in-chief of the five armies, separated the military power from the military power, formulated the Daming Law, and set up factories and health secret services. Implement stereotyped writing to take scholars. The Qing dynasty followed the Ming system, added the Ministry of War, promoted the literary inquisition, and strengthened the autocratic centralization.
Features: The centralization of feudal absolutism reached its peak.
(8) End at 19 12.
The Revolution of 1911 ended the rule of the Qing Dynasty and the feudal autocratic monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years.
2. Central administrative system
(1) The system of three officials and nine ministers: it is the central administrative system in the feudal autocratic centralization founded by Qin Shihuang. It is composed of prime minister, imperial censor and Qiu, among which the prime minister system lasted for more than 1000 years, with imperial censor in charge of supervision affairs and Qiu in charge of military affairs.
(2) Three provinces and six departments system: The three provinces and six departments system is a new central administrative system established by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty after integrating the official system since the Han and Wei Dynasties. The three provinces are Shangshu Province, Zhongshu Province and Menxia Province, which are the highest government agencies in the central government. Zhongshu Province is responsible for drafting and issuing imperial edicts; The province under the door is responsible for reviewing government decrees; Shangshu province is responsible for implementing important state laws and regulations, and the governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers.
The six departments of government, household, ceremony, army, map and industry are subordinate institutions of Shangshu Province. The three provinces and six departments not only have division of labor and cooperation, but also supervise and contain each other, which makes the feudal bureaucracy form a strict and complete system, effectively improves administrative efficiency and strengthens the ruling power of the central government.
3. Local administrative system
(1) enfeoffment system (purpose, object, content and function): In order to consolidate the slave-owner regime, the rulers of the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the vassal enfeoffment system politically, which consolidated the rule of the Zhou Dynasty and expanded their territory. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it gradually disintegrated and was replaced by the county system, which still existed in some subsequent dynasties.
(2) County system: It appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the Qin Dynasty carried it out throughout the country, thus replacing the enfeoffment system nationwide, greatly weakening the independence of local political power and strengthening centralization. This is an epoch-making reform of the local administrative system in China. The county system has been used for a long time in China and has far-reaching influence.
(3) County-county parallel system: County-county system was implemented in the early Western Han Dynasty, and feudalism existed at the same time. Parallel counties and countries are not conducive to the unified management of the country and are in danger of division.
(4) The partition of Han and Fan: There are many ethnic groups living in Liao, and there are great differences between Han and Qidan in the level of economic and cultural development and people's lifestyle. It is characterized by the division between nationalities, and its essence is class rule rather than national oppression. Its function is to promote the development of Qidan, accelerate the feudal process of Qidan, and also promote the development of a multi-ethnic country.
(5) Meng 'an system: After the establishment of the Jin State, in order to strengthen the ruling power, Yan Hong Akuta promoted Meng 'an system, which is a system that integrates military and agriculture. Meng 'an Mok was not only a military organization, but also a local administrative organization, which promoted the feudal process of the Jurchen nationality.
(6) Provincial system: Yuan Dynasty was a feudal country with unprecedented territory at that time. In order to exercise effective jurisdiction and rule over all localities, the Yuan government established a provincial system.
Its establishment consolidated national unity and ensured the centralization of the system, which was a major change in the history of China's political system after the county system in the Qin Dynasty. The provincial system in Yuan Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on the political system of later generations. Since then, the provinces have been made into the local administrative organs of China, which have been in use since the Ming and Qing Dynasties and have been preserved to this day.
(7) The monk official system: In the Ming Dynasty, Tibet practiced the monk official system. Because Tibetans believed in Tibetan Buddhism, the Ming government used religion to rule Tibetans, but stipulated that monks at all levels should be rabbits by the court, thus strengthening the jurisdiction over Tibet.
(8) Eight Banners System: The Eight Banners System was established by Nuerhachi, the leader of Jurchen in the late Ming Dynasty. The Eight Banners system organized Nuzhen in the form of military organization, which was controlled by nobles. It has three functions: military conquest, administration and production organization. It is a social organization in integration of defense and civilian technologies. It is not only a military organization, but also an administrative system, which promotes the development of Jurchen society.
The Eight Banners Army played an important role in the process of unifying China in Qing Dynasty. However, with the invasion of western capitalism and its own problems, its combat effectiveness has gradually declined. The rising Xiang Army and Huai Army had a great influence on the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, especially the large-scale training of the "new army" in the Qing Dynasty and the demise of the Eight Banners Army.
(9) Tusi system: The Ming Dynasty followed the rule of the Yuan Dynasty in the southwest minority areas and implemented the Tusi system. These chieftain officials, who are held by local ethnic minorities, have autonomy, inheritance and great power in the administration within their jurisdiction, and have gradually evolved into a separatist force.
(10) "Changing land into stream": Formation and development: During Yongle period of Ming Dynasty, the Tusi yamen was abolished in southwest minority areas, and the government sent stream officials to rule directly; After the Qing Dynasty put down the San Francisco Rebellion, Yong Zhengdi carried it out on a large scale.
Returning to one's homeland is a major reform in China's political development. It not only strengthens the central government's rule over ethnic minorities in southwest China, but also changes the backward, isolated and disputed situation in the local area, promotes economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups, and is conducive to the consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country.
② The change from enfeoffment system to county system mainly reflects the change of management appointment principle from patriarchal clan system to administrative appointment relationship, which is the performance of political system progress. The change from county system to provincial system mainly reflects the change of administrative divisions. Generally speaking, with the development of society, administrative divisions are getting smaller and smaller, and there are more and more divisions.
4. Official selection system
(1) Official system: The official selection system of Shi Qing Shi Lu in the Western Zhou Dynasty was implemented according to the patriarchal clan system.
(2) Inspection system: The system of selecting officials and talents was developed in the Han Dynasty, in which the inspection system is the main content, and it is a bottom-up system of selecting talents and appointing people.
The Western Han Dynasty strengthened centralization through this system, which was mainly based on personal talent and morality. The procuratorial system in the Eastern Han Dynasty attached importance to filial piety. Tea house mainly depends on personal prestige at the local level, which is called township election. With the development of powerful landlord forces, families hope to become the main basis for elections.
(3) Nine-grade Zheng Zhi system: implemented in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At first, family background was equally important; After the Western Jin Dynasty, attention was paid to family status and family background, which promoted the development of the gentry system.
(4) Imperial examination system: With the decline of the gentry and the rise of civilian landlords, the original official selection system could not be carried out. The imperial examination system was established in the Sui Dynasty and perfected in the Tang Dynasty. This system has been used by generations and has far-reaching influence.
5. Ancient supervisory system
The establishment of imperial supervision officials by the central government has existed in all dynasties, but there have been some changes in the local supervision system.
(1) Qin dynasty: the central government set up an imperial history, and the local government set up an imperial history.
(2) Western Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty designated 13 as the prison area and set up a secretariat supervisor. The level is not high, and you can monitor princes and local senior officials.
(3) Eastern Han Dynasty: The supervisory power of the secretariat was further strengthened, and the local administrative power and military power were gradually increased. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the secretariat evolved into the highest local military and political chief.
(4) Northern Song Dynasty: A chief judge was appointed, who was responsible for supervising and reporting to the emperor directly. This official document can only take effect after it is known and signed by the Chief Justice.
(5) Ming dynasty: the local authorities set up a petition department to be responsible for local supervision and justice; A special agency for factory health has been set up to supervise officials and civilians.
6. Military system
Government soldier system; Recruitment system; Imperialism; A more defensive approach; Garbo law; The general art of war; Meng Anmou Ke; Eight banners system.
7. The system created by ethnic minorities
Land equalization system, tenancy system, officers and soldiers system, sub-Han vassal system, fierce security system, provincial system, and the Eight Banners system.
8. Other important political systems in ancient times
(1) abdication system: refers to the system of democratic election of leaders by tribal alliances in the late primitive society in China. It is not only a political reflection of primitive public ownership, but also a signal of the collapse of primitive society.
(2) Hereditary system: refers to the class society, and the throne (or throne) can be inherited from generation to generation (the hereditary system lasted until the Qing Dynasty and lasted for nearly 4,000 years). From abdication to hereditary throne, from serving the public to serving the family, it is the result of the development of productive forces, the product of class opposition and the inevitable trend of historical development. Hereditary system reflects the great progress of society with its distinctive privatization.
It is a historical progress that the hereditary system of the throne replaces the abdication system; Because the hereditary system of the throne is the result of the development of productive forces, private ownership and class opposition.
(3) Patriarchal system: Patriarchal system is a system that determines inheritance and birthright according to consanguinity and infidelity since the Western Zhou Dynasty. The patriarchal clan system and privilege system formed by patriarchal clan system have great influence on later generations. The patriarchal clan system of the Western Zhou royal family is a political system that is mutually exclusive to the feudal system.
The influence of patriarchal clan system on China society today: ① positive influence: it is conducive to national unity, social stability and the reunification of the motherland, such as "respecting ancestors" and "recognizing ancestors"; ② Negative effects: It is easy to form local separatist forces and sectarian forces, such as "cronyism" and "sectarianism".
(4) Military titles: Shang Yang's political reform in the Warring States period stipulated that military titles and Tian Zhai were awarded according to the size of military achievements. Politically, the abolition of the privilege of the title of slave owners and nobles is conducive to the establishment of the dictatorship of the emerging landlord class.
(5) Gentry system: Gentry developed from powerful landlords and belonged to the privileged class in the landlord class. The gentry system was formed in Wei and Jin Dynasties, fully developed in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, declined at the end of the Southern Dynasty, and disappeared in Sui and Tang Dynasties. It chooses officials by family background, that is, "being an official depends on family background, and getting married is a decadent political system."
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