According to the responsible comrades of Renqiu Flood Control Headquarters, since 1988 Baiyangdian came to the water, the water level has basically remained at about 8.5 meters, and the highest water level has reached 10.5 meters. After 1996, due to industrial and agricultural water use, especially the continuous drought, the water level of Baiyangdian Lake has been unable to be measured and is basically in a dry state.
Hebei saves Baiyangdian with 8 billion yuan: the extinction and salvation of a great northern lake.
Aegean Sea 2006- 1-8 22: 14
On June 5438+February 18, 2005, the Hebei provincial government announced to the media that the province had started the ecological environment control plan of Baiyangdian, which lasted for 10 years with a total investment of 8 billion yuan. This plan is expected to revive Baiyangdian Lake, the "kidney of North China", and bid farewell to the dilemma of drying up lakes every year.
Baiyangdian Lake is the largest freshwater lake in the North China Plain. Historically, it is a great lake in the north and is rich in aquatic plants. The natural ecology of the vast waterways in that lake was once the water battlefield on which the famous Yanling team in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression lived.
On the one hand, it maintains the wetland ecosystem with the largest ecological environment in North China, on the other hand, it is dying in recent years. The disappearance and rescue of Baiyangdian undoubtedly brought profound reflection to the world.
atrophy
On February 25, 2005, at 65438, Baiyangdian Lake was covered with a thick layer of ice, and there were mountains of domestic garbage on both sides of the lake.
Xin Mutou, a boating old man in his seventies, took the reporter to a chiseled ice cave. The lake below the ice cave is blue and black, giving off a little fishy smell.
The new old man who grew up drinking Baiyangdian water saw with his own eyes the clear and sweet lake in his memory, which became dirty a little, and now it has become black and smelly water.
Of course, you can't drink such lake water any more. Now people in Baiyangdian drink well water from the brigade. The younger generation can only imagine the cleanliness of Baiyangdian in the stories of the older generation.
"In the past, there were all kinds of fish in Baiyangdian, but now there are only crucian carp, carp and shrimp. It turned out that I could catch forty or fifty kilograms of melon seeds in two and a half days, and now I can catch five or six kilograms at most. " Fishermen who have lived in Baiyangdian for generations feel deeply about the changes of the lake under their feet.
In fact, people can't imagine the original appearance of Baiyangdian Lake, the largest lake group in Hebei Plain.
For Baiyangdian, the earliest historical records appeared sporadically after the Three Kingdoms. Bin in the Western Jin Dynasty recorded that there was a "digging carp lake" in Renqiu today, and Zhu in the Northern Wei Dynasty recorded that Dayindian and Xiaoyindian in the south of Rongcheng County are all Baiyangdian today. After the construction of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty, the large and small rivers flowing eastward from Taihang Mountain were cut off, and the flood to the west of the canal was not discharged smoothly, and it overflowed the river, rushing south and swinging north, forming in the low-lying areas of the plain.
According to other historical records, the Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday of Baiyangdian. In order to resist the invasion of Liao army, it was built everywhere from Taizong, with lakes connected, water connected, twenty miles or forty or fifty miles, one foot or six feet or seven feet deep.
After the Jin Dynasty, trees in mountainous areas were cut down on a large scale because of the need to build the capital in Beijing in previous dynasties. Since 1000, vegetation has been destroyed a lot, and soil erosion in mountainous areas has been serious, resulting in the gradual abandonment of some lakes in Baiyangdian.
According to historical records, the area of Baiyangdian Lake was sharply reduced by reclaiming land from lakes in Qing Dynasty. Yongzheng four to five years * * * 707 17 mu of cultivated land. In 237, from the sixth year of Shunzhi to the seventh year of Guangxu, the temple area was reduced by seven tenths. The area of Baiyangdian Lake has been reduced from 1000 square kilometers in history to 366 square kilometers now.
According to Professor Cao Yuping from the School of Life Sciences of Hebei University, in the 1950s, the overhaul of the water storage project in the upper reaches of Baiyangdian Lake, coupled with improper water storage, accelerated the demise of the lake.
human-made disasters
In addition to the change of natural climate, human factors account for a large proportion in the drying up of Baiyangdian Lake. The annual natural evaporation of Baiyangdian Lake is above 1000 mm.. If there is no natural supply on the lake, it will be reduced by about one centimeter every day due to evaporation. According to experts' calculations, Baiyangdian Lake will dry up as long as it is not replenished for two years.
The reservoir was built upstream, the intake canal was blocked, and Baiyangdian Lake was located on the largest "underground funnel layer" in North China (according to the data, the cumulative overexploitation of groundwater in Hebei Province has exceeded 5 billion cubic meters, and the underground leakage is quite serious), so the disappearance and even drying up of the lake is almost irreversible.
According to a research data, the amount of water into Baiyangdian Lake in 1950s and 1960s was 65.438+0 billion cubic meters, while it was only about 200 million cubic meters in 1980s, of which 654.38+0.983-654.38+0.988 was dry for five consecutive years, and 654.38+0.997-2004 was dry for eight consecutive years, and aquatic life was devastated. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, there were 54 kinds of fish in Baiyangdian. After the serious dry lake from 1985 to 1988, there are only 24 species of fish left in Baiyangdian.
Professor Cao Yuping said: "Many decisions seemed good at that time, but after the test of history, problems appeared. This problem does not appear in a day or two. Reservoirs built in the late 1950s did not appear until the 1970s. Another problem is that the weather is not beautiful At that time, due to the heavy rainfall, many reservoirs were built for flood control. However, there was a flood in 1963, and there was no heavy rain afterwards. "
The reservoir overhaul mentioned by Professor Cao Yuping refers to the establishment of four reservoirs, including Wangkuai Reservoir and Xiyangyang Reservoir, and 90 small and medium-sized reservoirs in the upper reaches of 1958 Baiyangdian Lake, in order to store water for flood control, meet the growing demand for water supply in central cities such as Beijing and Tianjin, and provide irrigation and domestic water to the vast rural areas and small and medium-sized towns.
It is the establishment of these large reservoirs that accelerated the degradation of the upstream water environment, artificially cut off the flow of eight rivers into the lake, resulting in a great reduction in the amount of water flowing into Baiyangdian Lake.
The old fisherman of Baiyangdian remembered the scene of Gandian with great fanfare: "Baiyangdian basically dried up in 1988. There is so little water, the wooden boat should be pushed, otherwise it can't walk at all. When the lake dried up, crops were planted in it for several years. In the driest time, dig more than one meter in the lake to see some (underground) water. "
Some local villagers recalled that in the past ten years, due to drought and lack of rain, Baiyangdian mainly relied on the upstream reservoir to divert water to help the lake. The Ministry of Water Resources has transferred water from the upstream reservoir 16 times, and replenished water for 6 times since 1997, with an amount of more than 200 million cubic meters. Even so, Baiyangdian has dried up several times, and the water level has continued to drop, and it has been in a dry state for many times.
Qi Haiqing, director of Anxin County Water Conservancy Bureau, said that there are climatic reasons for Baiyangdian's water replenishment in recent years, but the lack of rivers entering the lake is also one of the important reasons.
Extinction and rescue of the great lakes in the north.
Qi Haiqing said that at present, only Juma River and Fuhe River have water entering Baiyangdian all the year round, and Fuhe River is the sewage discharge river in Baoding. Flood control dams have been built around Baiyangdian instead of natural rivers, and Baiyangdian has become an artificial wetland reservoir to store floods and sewage.
On February 26th, 2005, at 65438, the senior engineer of Baoding Environmental Monitoring Station confirmed the above statement in an interview with our reporter.
Yu also believes that the over-exploitation of groundwater has also accelerated the shrinkage of Baiyangdian Lake. Due to the serious shortage of water resources, Hebei Province has mainly relied on over-exploitation of groundwater for many years. In recent years, the average over-exploitation of groundwater is about 5 billion cubic meters. Over-exploitation of groundwater leads to serious irreversible consequences such as spring water cut-off, aquifer drainage, seawater intrusion, land subsidence, etc., forming a terrible "big funnel in North China". Just above the big funnel, Baiyangdian Lake is difficult to fill this water-deficient hole even if it is "fully loaded".
Dangerous machine
With the destruction of the ecosystem, various problems are increasingly apparent.
A Memorandum of Understanding on Integrated Ecosystem Management and Project Investigation of Baiyangdian Lake by the field investigation team of Asian Development Bank shows that Baiyangdian Lake is shrinking and drying up.
This memorandum confirms the statement that the area of Baiyangdian Lake has been reduced by nearly half in the past 50 years. According to the memorandum, the lake surface of Baiyangdian has dropped sharply from 56 1.6 square kilometers in the 1950s to 366 square kilometers today. The capacity of the lake has also been greatly reduced, and the whole lake area has completely dried up, and the water level has continued to drop. The eutrophication of the lake water is very serious, and the water quality of the lake has deteriorated from three categories to four or five categories. The degradation of biological habitats, especially around the lake area, has led to the reduction of biodiversity, which has now been reduced to 47 species of aquatic plants, 24 species of fish, 65,438+090 species of birds and 65,438+04 species of wild mammals.
The change of water quality in Baiyangdian Lake has directly affected the life of fishermen who used to fish everywhere for a living. The lake has dried up many times in the past 20 years, and the water quality has deteriorated, so it can no longer provide rich fish, which makes more than half of Baiyangdian fishermen lose their fishing livelihood. The accelerated discharge of upstream and surrounding sewage has also seriously polluted the once clear lake water.
Some villagers recalled to our reporter that the heavy metals, toxins and chemicals in the lake brought several diseases to local residents. Some villagers even recalled that in the past few years, none of the local residents passed the physical examination at the time of recruitment because they drank the water from Baiyangdian Lake.
Zhao, deputy director of Baoding Environmental Protection Bureau, told the reporter that the most serious pollution period of Baiyangdian Lake was around 1988 to 1992. At that time, chemical fiber factories, paper mills, battery factories and petrochemical plants in Baoding City became the main pollution sources, and the total amount of urban sewage has increased to 250,000 tons/day, with 90,000 tons of high-concentration sewage discharged into Tanghe sewage pool and industrial wastewater 16 tons.
This situation was not alleviated until 1998 Baoding Sewage Treatment Plant was put into operation. However, the uncontrolled discharge of industrial and domestic sewage in recent years has turned Baiyangdian into a polluted lake, and it is difficult to completely improve it.
With the aggravation of the water crisis, the economic and social development of rural and urban areas in a considerable part of the north of the Yellow River has fallen into a dilemma maintained by crowding out water for ecological environment and a large number of over-exploited groundwater.
Long-term over-exploitation of groundwater leads to a sharp drop in groundwater level, and ground subsidence and cracks appear in some areas. In recent years, the land subsidence rate in Tianjin ranks first in the world; There are more than 200 surface cracks in Hebei Plain.
Where will the "kidney of North China" go?
The price of saving Baiyangdian-8 billion
Expensive rescue
On the one hand, there is a shortage of water resources, on the other hand, the only water has become a pool of sewage, which cannot be used at all.
1989 and 1992, the State Council Environmental Protection Committee held two on-site office meetings in Baoding, Hebei Province, focusing on the water pollution of Baiyangdian Lake. Zhao of Baoding Environmental Protection Bureau said that during the seven years from 1992 to 1999, Baoding invested more than 400 million yuan to control Baiyangdian pollution.
However, the facts show that although sewage treatment can partially alleviate the water pollution in Baiyangdian Lake, it cannot fundamentally change the water quality and increase the water source. In order to make the water in Baiyangdian lake alive, there must be sufficient inflow in the upper reaches, which depends on the weather on the one hand and the virtuous cycle of the upstream ecology on the other. Over the years, the environment in the upper reaches of Baiyangdian Lake has deteriorated sharply, and the nine rivers flowing into Baiyangdian Lake have basically no runoff.
The government has also been deeply aware of the importance of ecological crisis. From 1997 to 2003, the Ministry of Water Resources and Hebei Province successively diverted more than 900 million cubic meters of water from the upstream reservoir at any cost.
In 2003, there was basically no water storage in the upper reaches of Daqing River system belonging to Baiyangdian Lake. However, in order to avoid the serious ecological crisis caused by drought in Baiyangdian, the Ministry of Water Resources and Hebei Province have formulated a plan of "diverting water from Yuecheng Reservoir belonging to the South Canal system to Baiyangdian via Ziya River system". It was completed on February 16, 2004, and it took more than four months to pump 4170,000 cubic meters from Yuecheng Reservoir, raising the water level of Baiyangdian Lake to about 7.3 meters.
In 2004, the Ministry of Water Resources and Hebei Province jointly invested a total investment of 25.4 million yuan to "draw Yue into Hebei" water supply project. Previously, Hebei Province had replenished water 10 times from upstream reservoirs such as Xiyang Reservoir and Wangkuai Reservoir, and the total cost had already exceeded 100 million. This time, the water supply reached 654.38+59 million cubic meters.
Comprehensive management to get rid of difficulties
"Bringing Yue into the lake" has alleviated the shortage of water resources in Baiyangdian to some extent. But it can't fundamentally solve the problem. The increasing shortage of water resources has seriously restricted the economic development in northern China.
In order to solve this ecological problem, the country started the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. It is true that there is no plan to supply ecological water to Baiyangdian in the planning of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, but after the project is completed, it will supply 3 billion cubic meters of water to Hebei every year, which can replace part of groundwater to supply ecological water to Baiyangdian.
Yu, a professor at the Forestry College of Hebei Forestry University, is an advocate of upstream ecological construction. He proposed: "Baiyangdian, Hebei Plain and Hebei Mountain Area are a unified ecosystem, which should be considered from the perspective of the whole region. To make Baiyangdian have a long-term flow, the long-term solution is to make the upstream produce more water. " Yu proposed his own governance ideas to the government:
"There are three environmental factors that affect the upstream governance construction, one is drought, the other is thin soil layer, and the third is erosion, that is, soil erosion and soil erosion. In this case, we mainly brush grass, close mountains to facilitate afforestation, assist in planting trees, and cultivate the vegetation environment of trees and shrubs. At the same time, in mountainous areas, technologies such as river slope and ditch terrace are adopted to control soil erosion and regulate underground runoff and surface runoff. In this way, the upstream water will be stored, and the water in Baiyangdian will be there. "
On the basis of experts' urging and years of experience in treating Baiyangdian Lake, the government gradually realized that establishing a long-term water replenishment mechanism is the fundamental solution to Baiyangdian Lake problem. According to this idea, in June, 2005, the large-scale eco-environmental system planning of Baiyangdian and its upper reaches was finalized.
From 2005 to 20 14, it is planned to invest 8.05 billion yuan in 10 to implement 26 control projects, such as forest vegetation restoration, water supply and water resources management, and solving soil corruption, to comprehensively control the upper and lower reaches of Baiyangdian Lake and completely change Baiyangdian Lake and its fragile ecological environment, which is the "kidney of North China".
As early as 1990s, Baoding Municipal Party Committee and Municipal Government, while strengthening the construction of ecological protection forest in the upper reaches of Baiyangdian Lake, strengthened the comprehensive management of water environment in Baiyangdian Lake, built two sewage treatment plants with a daily treatment capacity of 80,000 tons in Lugang and Yindingzhuang, shut down four key industrial pollution sources in the urban area, and banned and closed more than 2,000 "fifteen small" enterprises around Baiyangdian Lake and upstream.
How to raise 8 billion yuan?
"The China municipal government has realized the urgent need for unified regional planning and comprehensive management of the basin development model." In a memorandum of understanding, ADB commented on this plan in Hebei Province.
The goals of this grand ecological blueprint are: by 20 10, the forest coverage rate in Baoding will reach 28%, and the soil erosion control area will be 3200 square kilometers; Strengthen the control of pollution sources in the river basin, and the total discharge of major pollutants is reduced by more than 17% compared with 2004; The centralized sewage treatment rate in Baoding City is over 92%, and that in county towns is 60%. Establish a water replenishment mechanism for Baiyangdian Lake to ensure that the water level of Baiyangdian Lake is not less than 7.3 meters in dry years. When the water level is not lower than 8.4 meters, most of the water quality in the lake reaches and is superior to the national third-class water standard.
Cao Jidong, deputy director of Baoding Development and Reform Commission, is also the person in charge of this project. On February 25, 2005, at 65438, Cao Jidong said in an interview with this reporter that this plan reflected the government's determination to govern Baiyangdian to a certain extent. Although 8 billion yuan is only a preliminary plan, how to raise funds is still a problem, but the government has given considerable support and has implemented1500 million.
Cao Jidong said that the sub-project of10.50 billion-"Comprehensive improvement of ecological environment and environmental protection in Baiyangdian River Basin is to be financed by loans from the Asian Development Bank" includes 28 specific projects, including the construction of green water conveyance corridors, sewage treatment plants and water supply, including a loan of $96 million from ADB and a grant of $3.5 million from the Global Environment Facility.
At present, the project has been approved by the State Council and included in the alternative project plan of the National Development and Reform Commission in 2004-2006 with the loan from the Asian Development Bank. In April 2005, Baoding established the "ADB Loan Project Office for Ecological Environment and Protection of Baiyangdian River Basin" to implement ADB projects.
Project official Wang Zhao told reporters that ADB attaches great importance to this project, and now the two sides are conducting preliminary negotiations, and it is very likely that a conclusion will be reached. In February 2006, ADB will invite a third party to provide technical assistance for the project for seven months to check the feasibility of specific projects.
The plan of 8 billion yuan is ambitious, but whether it can really achieve the goal still needs to be implemented step by step. Cao Jidong said frankly that the implementation of this ten-year plan is very difficult. When it comes to the point, it is still money. He expects more private capital to participate in and cooperate with sewage treatment, greening and other projects in the upper reaches of Baiyangdian Lake, so as to achieve a win-win situation of environmental benefits and economic benefits.
Self-examination/introspection
Behind Baoding's 8 billion rescue of Baiyangdian Lake, an ancient proposition once again stands out: how to balance the balance between ecology and development and find a sustainable development model.
In the ecological crisis of Baiyangdian Lake, we can clearly see the man-made reasons: in the early years, the upstream vigorously built reservoirs, which increased the upstream irrigation, industrial and domestic water consumption, but also directly led to the deterioration of the upstream ecological environment and the drying up of the downstream Baiyangdian Lake; The expansion of agricultural and industrial activities and the intensification of pollution, as well as the limited solid waste and sewage treatment methods in upstream areas and lakes, make Baiyangdian a warehouse for human sewage and pollutants. Among them, half of the pollution comes from the upstream area, and the other half comes from the life and production activities of more than 200 thousand people in the lake wetland and surrounding areas.
In the memorandum of understanding, the Asian Development Bank commented that since economic growth is the primary concern of the local government, the harm to environmental sustainability is put in a secondary position. In environmental management, the strengthening of rules and regulations often makes way for economic development. All these have aggravated the lack of public awareness of environmental protection and reduced the enthusiasm of private groups to protect scarce water resources and the ecological environment of the lake area.
In Baiyangdian, the phenomenon of throwing domestic garbage into the lake can be seen everywhere. Fishermen also told reporters that after the fish quantity in Baiyangdian Lake decreased in recent years, some villagers began to fish with electric fish. People do not have a deep understanding of the destructive effects of these methods on the water environment ecology closely related to their lips and teeth.
Fisherman Lao Yang said: "After the development of tourism, motorboats are widely used in scenic spots, which brings new pollution. At present, there are 2000 motorboats in Baiyangdian, and the government is not interested in wooden boats because they have low income, slow speed and few passengers. The motorboat is fast, and the county with high income and high income is used. "
During the interview, the reporter also learned that the reason why ADB chose Baiyangdian ecological management from many projects is precisely because they believe that Baiyangdian, as a representative of wetlands, is quite typical in the whole process of ecological deterioration. They believe that the governance of Baiyangdian Lake can play an exemplary role in the global environment.
"The destruction of the environment is irreversible, and the cost of saving after destruction is expensive." An expert said in an interview with this reporter that how to find the best balance point in the benign interaction between economic development and environmental protection, "Baiyangdian text" prompted people to reflect.
Because the water level of Baiyangdian Lake must reach 8.4 meters to meet the requirements of water environment functional zoning, the water level of Baiyangdian Lake has been low for many years. In order to maintain a certain water level elevation in the lake area, since 2003, our province has transferred water from the upstream reservoir for three consecutive years, and the amount of water entering the lake is1.1.600 million cubic meters,1.600 million cubic meters and 4251.600 million cubic meters respectively. Due to the lack of water supply in 2005 and the continuous drought since winter, the water level elevation in the dead fish period was only 7.07 meters, which was lower than 7.46 meters in the same period last year, which led to the increase of pollutant concentration and the deterioration of water quality in the lake area.
If the low water level is a natural disaster, then a large amount of sewage discharged directly into the lake area is an out-and-out man-made disaster.
Sewage mainly comes from three aspects: First, the construction of sewage treatment plants in Baoding and related counties (cities, districts) is seriously lagging behind, and a large amount of untreated industrial and domestic sewage directly enters Baiyangdian. According to reports, Baoding produces about 250,000 tons of domestic and industrial sewage every day. At present, there are only two urban sewage treatment plants, each with 80,000 tons, and the sewage treatment capacity is obviously insufficient. Every day, about 90,000 tons of sewage is discharged into Baiyangdian Lake through Fuhe River without centralized treatment. Qingyuan, Mancheng, Lixian and other counties (cities) located in the upper reaches of Baiyangdian 12 have not built urban sewage treatment plants, and a large amount of untreated domestic sewage enters Baiyangdian in non-agricultural irrigation season and flood season.
Second, the sewage discharge from the paper industry in Mancheng County has increased significantly. In the past two years, the paper industry in Mancheng County, especially Daceying Town, has developed out of control. There are 156 enterprises in the county, and the sewage discharge has increased to 80,000 tons per day. Except for 30,000 tons that have been treated centrally, the remaining 50,000 tons are discharged into Caohe River after simple treatment in the factory. In previous years, due to agricultural irrigation and dam closure along the line, sewage did not enter the lake. Last year, due to the increasing drainage, sewage began to enter the lake, resulting in a substantial increase in the total amount of pollutants entering the lake.
According to the investigation, the main causes of water pollution are: First, the construction of sewage treatment plants in Baoding and related counties (cities) is seriously lagging behind, and a large amount of untreated industrial and domestic sewage directly enters Baiyangdian; Second, the paper industry emissions in Mancheng County have increased significantly; Third, the water level of Baiyangdian Lake has been low for many years, and the water supply is late this year; Fourth, some enterprises have a weak awareness of environmental protection, and there are problems of smuggling and smuggling. In particular, among the 28 papermaking enterprises under the jurisdiction of the new urban area of Baoding City, 27 could not meet the discharge standards stably, and only after the Baoding Municipal Party Committee and the municipal government took emergency measures did they stop production and limit production.
At the press conference, Director Ji Zhenhai reported the following measures taken in handling the incident: First, strengthen water quality monitoring in the lake area; The second is to comprehensively investigate polluting enterprises; The third is to intercept Fuhe sewage; Fourth, do a good job in stabilizing the damaged fishermen; The fifth is to implement emergency water replenishment measures; Sixth, seriously investigate those responsible. Li Wenli, deputy head of Xincheng District, was given administrative warning according to law and discipline; Wang Yiheng, director of the Environmental Protection Bureau of Xincheng District, was given an administrative demerit, ordered to take the blame and resign, and was not allowed to arrange corresponding positions within two years; Li Hongtao and Liu Zhi, deputy directors of the Environmental Protection Bureau of Xincheng District, were given a heavier administrative record and removed from their administrative posts. Liu Administrative, deputy head of Mancheng County Government, was given a demerit and removed from his post as deputy head of government; Give Shi Ji, deputy secretary of the Party Committee and mayor of Daceying Town, Mancheng County, greater punishment and remove his post as deputy secretary of the Party Committee and mayor; Liu Zhijun, member of the Party Committee and deputy mayor of Daceying Town, Mancheng County, was given administrative demotion and removed from his post as member of the Party Committee and deputy mayor; Liu Chunxi, the environmental protection director of Mancheng County, was given administrative demotion and ordered to resign.
All I know is that these are reproduced. If you need information, go to the local environmental protection department, meteorological department and archives room. No one has such information on the Internet.