The publication of books in China has a long history, and the binding forms of books are constantly evolving with the development of book production technology and materials used.

It is generally believed that the earliest books in China are tortoise shells or animal bones engraved with words in Shang Dynasty, which has been more than 3,000 years. At that time, in order to facilitate the preservation, several pieces of Oracle Bone Inscriptions related to the content were connected in series with ropes.

Come, this is the binding form of early books.

From the late Shang Dynasty, bronze inscriptions appeared, and rulers cast important documents on bronze wares. Especially in the Western Zhou Dynasty, inscriptions can accommodate more characters. Mao's inscription in the Western Zhou Dynasty has been reached.

500 words, because people regard the inscription on this ancient bronze as one of the ancient "original books", so most book historians think it is also a form of ancient book binding.

Before the invention of paper, bamboo slips were the most representative form of books. According to the length of the article, it can arbitrarily determine the number of abbreviations, one short book and one line, and finally string them together with upper and lower ropes and wrap them up for preservation.

There are also two kinds of weaving: reed weaving and silk weaving, which are sewn into bags with cloth. Bamboo slips originated in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and continued to be used in the 4th century. Bamboo slips are not only made of bamboo, but also called wooden slips by people who use wood. Yuzhu bamboo slips

There are also wooden slips in parallel, which are made into rectangular pieces of wood and used to write short articles.

Silk book is a kind of book form slightly later than bamboo slips. Written on silk fabrics, its binding form is to sew the edges and store them in rolls. Because the materials are expensive, most of them write official documents or draw pictures for rulers.

Books are rarely used for painting.

The Book of Songs is also a form of ancient books. The most representative is Xiping Shijing, which was carved in Xiping four years in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 175). Seven Confucian Classics were carved on 46 stone tablets.

The number of words exceeds 200 thousand. It stands in front of Luoyang Imperial College for people to read, copy and correct, and its function exceeds that of ordinary books. Its shape is double-sided lettering, the text is read vertically, the ranks are neat, and the tablet body is U-shaped.

Glyph arrangement. Others, such as the Buddhist scriptures of Yunju Temple in Fangshan, were carved in the Sui Dynasty, which was later than the stone carvings in Xiping, but it had great influence and high value.

After the invention of paper, a form of rubbing appeared. You can copy all kinds of stone inscriptions on paper, and it is easy to save and read after being mounted into a roll. Later, this method was used for rubbing bronze inscriptions.

And Wen Tao's rubbings. From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui Dynasty, various rubbings are an important category in court books.

Paper was invented in the second century BC; Since the second century, paper has been widely used for writing. In the 2nd century AD, the use of paper became more common, and it became the main material of book carrier. Paper is used to write a book.

There are many changes in the binding form of books. The earliest books were written in the form of simple strategies and silk books, that is, scroll binding. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, on the basis of scroll loading, another whirlwind loading appeared. In the past, because only

According to the records, there is no real thing, so there are different opinions about the shape of the cyclone suit. In the Song Dynasty, Zhang Bangji called this kind of binding "flying page by page, spreading to the end, and still merging into a volume"; Ye Dehui in Qing Dynasty called it "scale sub-phase"

Products "; Some people think that the warp folded clothes are connected end to end, which is the whirlwind clothes. Later, I found the written version of Tang Yun in the Tang Dynasty, that is, the written pages were staggered and pasted on the bottom paper of the scroll, and the pages were opened when reading.

After reading it, it is still rolled into a shaft, and its appearance is the same as that of a scroll, thus proving that the first two statements are correct.

Origami originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its shape is that the written pages are pasted together in sequence, folded one by one, and then sealed before and after.

Before the invention of printing, there were only the above forms of book binding. After the invention of printing, scroll packaging and folding packaging are still in use, but the materials used, the size of the layout and the decoration technology are still in use.

In other respects, there are still new developments. Moreover, with the development of printing technology, new book binding forms are constantly emerging, including butterfly binding, Bao Beizhuang binding, line binding and so on.

Book Binding in Liao and Jin Dynasties

The invention of printing marks that the publication of books has entered a new era. Due to the change of production mode, books can be produced in large quantities quickly, so that more people have the opportunity to read; Book demand

This growth has promoted the prosperity and development of the publishing and printing industry. Publishers pay more and more attention to the binding form of books, from the choice of layout, the size of the core, fonts and lines, binding form to the cover.

Materials, etc. , all reflect the complete art of ancient book binding.

Printing was invented in the late Sui and early Tang Dynasties. The earliest printed matter in existence is the Pure and Bright Dharani Sutra carved around 704 AD and the Diamond Sutra discovered in Dunhuang. Carved in 868 AD.

Years, all for scrolls. Therefore, reel binding is the most commonly used binding form in early printing. The earliest printed general book is Tang Yun, and its binding form may be whirlwind.

In the late Tang Dynasty.

From the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, printing was not popular. Only Xi 'an, Sichuan, Huainan, Bianjing and wuyue recorded printing. It was not until the Song Dynasty that the publishing and printing industry gradually became popular. Government printed books, folk printed books,

Printed books in schools and monasteries have developed, and the field of printed books is also broader. At the same time, the publishing and printing industry appeared in Beijing.

In the past, most of the books printed in Beijing in Liao Dynasty were only records, but few were handed down in kind. For example, in the fifteenth year of Liao Dynasty (AD 997), the "Longdong Hand Mirror" compiled by Yan Jing monk and Walker was the year of dry communication.

111110 printed medical books "Time Behind" and "Hundred Prescriptions", as well as a huge collection of Buddhist scriptures printed in Liao Dynasty. 1974 Four-story Buddha of wooden pagoda in Yingxian County, Shanxi Province.

On the chest of the statue, a batch of Liao Dynasty prints were found, most of which were Beijing engravings, among which the earliest engraving date was Tu Sheng Jing, which was printed in Yangshan Temple in Yanjing in the eighth year of Yangjia (AD 990).

The Book Inscription is a volume, and the latest one is the Buddhist Inscription at the Bodhisattva of Tan Jie, which was printed during the Tianqing period (AD11~121). Other books include The Khitan Collection, 47 pieces of classics carved in Liao Dynasty, and books carved in Liao Dynasty.

A total of 8 pieces, 6 pieces of colored Buddha statues. The engraving date is between 990 ~ 1 12 1. From the inscriptions of these printed materials, we also know some carving units in Liaoning (now Beijing), which

Among them are the Yang family in front of Yangshan Temple in Yanjing, the Feng family in the south cheek of Tanzhou Street Square in Yanjing, Fu Hui's marriage in Dawu Temple downstairs, the loyalty temple in Benjamin in Yanjing and the Shengshou Temple in Yanjing. From this

It can be seen that the printing industry in Beijing in Liao Dynasty was very prosperous.

The earliest prints in the Northern Song Dynasty were Shangshu and Classic Interpretation in the fifth year of Kaibao (AD 972), while Kaibao was printed from AD 97 1 to the eighth year of Taiping Xingguo (public

983). The earliest printed books in Beijing were only 18 years later than the Northern Song Dynasty, which shows that Beijing has a very long history of publishing and printing.

Judging from these Liao Dynasty printed materials in Beijing, most of them are scroll binding, butterfly binding and folding binding. Some books are also dyed to prevent insects. Among them, the most representative of the Qidan Collection is the Northern Liao Dynasty.

Beijing printed matter, paper ink, engraving and binding are all exquisite. Each volume has a map of the capital, which represents the fine tradition of attaching importance to illustrations in ancient books in China. Judging from the existing book engraving and binding level of Liao Dynasty books

You see, the history of book publishing and printing in Beijing seems to be moving forward.

In Yingxian wooden pagoda, several carved Buddha statues were also found, which were printed with line outlines by engraving method and then painted with colors by hand. This is the earliest printed painted poster found so far.

Wall chart.

1 127 years, Jin destroyed Liao, with its capital in Yanjing (now Beijing), and became the political and cultural center of the north. In the first year of Zhenyuan (A.D. 1 153), the Jin government set up a secretary supervisor.

Imperial academy specializes in collecting, publishing and printing books. After Jin Jun occupied Bianjing, a large number of books and printing plates there were transported to Beijing, and a group of engraving, printing and binding craftsmen from Bianjing also came to the north.

Beijing has further expanded its carving power. Due to the attention of the Jin government, the types of books published in Beijing have greatly surpassed those published in Liao Dynasty. According to statistics, there is a historical subset of books printed in Beijing in the Jin Dynasty. doctor

There are more than 200 kinds of Buddhism, Taoism and Buddhism.

Book binding in Beijing in the Jin Dynasty was similar to that in the Southern Song Dynasty. Scroll binding in Beijing printed materials is rarely used. Buddhist and Taoist books are mostly folded books, and most books are butterfly dresses.

Butterfly costume is a new book binding form after the invention of printing. It is inferred that Feng Dao organized sutras and used butterfly costumes in the Five Dynasties, but it has not been handed down in kind, which is still difficult to determine. north

The classics and historical works printed in the early Song Dynasty were all in butterfly costumes, which soon became popular all over the country. From the Liao Dynasty, Beijing also began to use butterfly costumes, and the technology was roughly the same as that of the Central Plains.

The application of butterfly clothing is a major reform in book binding. It is the change of books from scrolls and warps to album pages that determines the basic binding form of books that continues to this day.

Book binding in yuan dynasty

In A.D. 1264, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu moved the capital to Yanjing and changed its name to Dadu. Since then, Beijing has become the national political and cultural center for nearly a hundred years. The Yuan Dynasty was outstanding in publishing and printing.

Achievements, such as printing more books than the previous generation; The initiative and application of wooden movable type, and the implementation and wide application of two-color overprinter and northern package of Zhu Mo books.

The Yuan government attached great importance to the collection, publication and printing of books. Editorial department, secretarial office and classic room are mainly engaged in publishing, printing and collection of books, Xingwen Department, Culture and Art Supervision Office, Guangcheng Bureau, imperial academy, etc.

Institutions, also engaged in the publication and printing of books. The government has also set up a special yearbook editing agency to publish and print three kinds of yearbooks, mini yearbooks and Hui Hui Yearbooks every year, with a print run of over 3 million copies. Thanks to the government's advocacy,

The folk printing industry in Beijing is also very prosperous. Most of the books they publish are operas, plays and poems.

The binding forms of books published in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty were mainly butterfly clothes and folding clothes, and butterfly clothes were mostly used in general books, such as official books on classics and history. Folding clothes is mostly used in Buddhist scriptures. In terms of fonts

Zhao Ti was chosen personally, and many simplified characters were used in folk scripts.

In the butterfly books of the Yuan Dynasty, there appeared a book binding form of large format and small core, which was rare in the previous generation. For example, Meng Qian Bi Tan, which was engraved during Yuan Dade's reign, is a folio.

The height is 4 16 mm and the width is 280 mm, but the core size of the whole page is only 152 mm, and there are a lot of blanks on the four sides of the page. Put a piece of white paper between two blank surfaces and stick it on two white surfaces.

Sticking together, it overcomes the defect that the general butterfly suit in the factory needs to turn over a blank page when reading. The cover is lined with fabric on hard paper. This binding method was rare in ancient times.

Since the mid-Yuan Dynasty, Bao Beizhuang has been widely used in books. The technological characteristics of color afterloading are as follows: the words sewn in this page are folded outwards, butted against the back of the page, a seam is set on the blank edge of the page, and the paper is screwed flat through the seam to make it flat.

Cut outside the mouth, brush the back of the book, stick the cover, and cut the upper and lower book mouths. Generally, books are wrapped in thick paper, while books used in court are wrapped in yellow silk. The Secretary Recorded in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty

Now, there is a watchmaker Jiao Qing 'an's recipe for making batter: yellow wax, gelatin, alum, bletilla striata, quinoa basket, Gleditsia sinensis, Maoxiang, Pogostemon, flour, firewood and charcoal. this

The formula includes three parts: adhesive, preservative and perfume. It can be seen that the materials used in book binding at that time were very scientific and could keep books for a long time.

Baobeizhuang has many advantages over butterflies. First, it is easy to read. Second, books are more durable. It is also an important stage of book binding form, which is closer to today's book binding form.

Book binding in Ming dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was the most glorious era of publishing and printing industry in ancient China. Only in the Ming Dynasty did Beijing truly become the center of publishing and printing in China.

In the Ming Dynasty, many central institutions were engaged in the publishing and printing of books, and the contents of printed books were different according to their different functions. Imperial academy mainly printed educational books (such as classics and history books), and Qin printed calendars.

Books are the mainstay, and the Ministry of Ritual is responsible for the printing of local governments. In addition, Duchayuan, Taiyuan, History Museum, Ministry of War, Ministry of Industry, Shuntianfu and other institutions have also engaged in book printing activities. Some departments also have printing houses.

Li Si Jingjing Factory, built in the Ming Dynasty, is the largest printing factory in history, with a total population of 65,438+0,200. Among them, there are more than 700 craftsmen engaged in book binding.

The folk printing industry in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty was also very prosperous, with more than a dozen printing workshops distributed in the capital.

Book binding in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty is a master of all previous dynasties. The format and proportion of books are varied, and the binding forms of books in past dynasties have been adopted, and the technology is more exquisite.

In the Ming Dynasty, the book binding form printed in Beijing was the most representative one. Its printed books on classics and history have sparse layout, regular fonts, big Darkmouth, double fishtail and small double-line annotations.

Word, use Bao Beizhuang. Bibliography is often called "the best in the world". The calendar printed by the factory has two binding forms, one is wrapped in the north, the other is folded in half and printed in ink blue.

Two kinds. There are several different grades of cover materials for various books printed by the factory, most of which are wrapped in yellow silk for the court; Those who wear plain silk are mostly used by officials; Wrap in thick paper

Those that can be used by ordinary officials or sold to the people. The Tripitaka (Northern Tibet) printed by this factory is folded, about one foot long, and the cover is covered with yellow silk and various colors of silk. Its decoration is difficult to study.

Look into it. In the Ming Dynasty, the book Yongle Dadian was written in Beijing by raising iron, with a volume of *** 1 1095. This book is one foot seven inches high and one foot wide. It is the largest book of all ages, similar to the golden ratio. This book is Bao Beizhuang, sealed.

Yellow silk leather binding is the most spectacular book binding in the past.

Thread binding is a new book binding form that rose in Ming Dynasty, and it is also the most perfect book binding form in ancient China. The processing flow of thread-bound books is: folding, matching, bumping, stapling, twisting and matching.

Cover, three-sided cutting, drilling, threading, Bao Shu angle, etc. The covers of thread-bound books in Ming dynasty were mostly paper, made of thick paper or made of several layers of paper rolls. A more exquisite book cover is rolled on thick paper.

Wrapping corners with cloth, silk, brocade, silk, etc. means sticking filaments at the cutting edges of the upper and lower corners of the book binding to make it beautiful and firm. Some books also have roots, that is, the title of the book is written near the lower incision of the opening book.

And the number of volumes, so as to be easy to find when reading. Threaded joints are used for threading. According to the size and design requirements of books, there are four eyes, six eyes and eight eyes. White silk thread is often used to thread the double thread, and the book should be pressed.

Solid, the line should be tightened. Sun Congtian in the Ming Dynasty said in the Book Collection Summary: "Books should be bound with clear water and white silk thread, and the books should be tied firmly before they are tight."

The cover text of a thread-bound book is called a book note, which only prints or writes the title and volume number on a piece of paper and sticks it on the upper left corner of the cover. The title page contains detailed contents, including the title of the book, the name of the publishing house, and the year of publication.

A more detailed publication is to be published and printed at the back of the book. Some books published by the government also have seals on the first page or cover. The most representative is the "Calendar" printed by the factory, which not only covers

With the official seal of the government and the government statement, the statement shall not be reproduced without permission.

The book binding in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty also included the cover of the letter, so as to package all the volumes of a book into a whole. According to the size and thickness of the book, the cover of the letter is usually covered with blue cloth (or brocade) on the outside of thick cardboard.

System. There are two forms of function sets. One is wrapped all around, exposing the upper and lower mouths of the book, which is called semi-wrapped; The other is to wrap all six sides of the book, which is called full package. In addition to the thick paper cover, there are plywood.

And a wooden box. Plywood is to sandwich two boards the same size as the book on the top and bottom, and then tie them tightly with a cloth belt. A transaction box is made according to the size of a book, and the book is put in it.

In the Beijing edition of the Ming Dynasty, there was also the binding form of page lining paper, which was mostly used for thinner paper. There is a kind of ribbed paper, which is as thin as cicada's wings and has serious through printing. After lining the paper, it not only overcomes the through printing.

Like it, it also increases the strength of the page.

Due to the development of block printing technology, it provides good conditions for book binding art, including layout art, font art, illustration art and multi-color printing of words.

Before the Ming Dynasty, the calligraphy styles of famous artists such as Yan, Ou and Zhao were mostly selected. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the traditional way of writing books was changed to artisan style, horizontal and vertical. This is the book now.

Commonly used Song typefaces. Songti sprouted in the Song Dynasty, but it has not matured to the extent of popularization. During the Chenghua period, imperial academy and Beijing merchants began to use Songti characters in their editions, which quickly spread throughout the country, and font styles became popular.

There are also cases of coarse, medium coarse and fine. The wide application of this special printing font marks the new development of ancient book binding art. The illustration art of ancient books in China has good communication.

System. There were frontispiece paintings in the printing of Buddhist scriptures in Tang Dynasty, and more books with illustrations in Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the art of book illustration reached a high level, which enabled people to carve operas and scripts.

Use more beautifully carved illustrations; Official science and technology books, medical books and local chronicles also use illustrations, especially the enlightenment books used by the court, all of which are printed in simple colors.

Illustration.

Due to the great increase in the output of books, the middle and lower classes of society also have the opportunity to study. Judging from the binding form of books, they are also divided into different grades. Even the factory books are divided into different binding documents.

Second, there are both luxury books for the upper class and ordinary books for the middle and lower classes. The print of folk workshops is mainly for the needs of the general public, and it is very simple and practical from engraving to binding.

Low cost. In terms of format, there are both large format and small format. Sun Congtian in the Ming Dynasty said in the Book Collection Summary: "The binding and binding of books lies not in gorgeous decoration, but in proper protection and quaint style.

Appropriate thickness, pay attention to correctness, is the first. This represents the general requirements of the Ming dynasty for book binding.

Book binding in Qing dynasty

1644, the Qing government established Beijing, and it is still the political and cultural center of the whole country. The Qing government attached great importance to the publication and printing of books, and set up a special book publishing and printing machine.

Structure-Wuying Hall.

During the reign of Kangxi, a group of intellectuals gathered to compile The Collection of Ancient and Modern Books, produced 250,000 kinds of movable type and printed this voluminous series. During the Qianlong period, the Wuying Hall was presided over by Jin Jian.

Next, a pair of movable type-sized jujube trees were carved, totaling 253,500 pieces. Emperor Qianlong personally named the movable type edition "Juzhen Edition". In addition to printing the Juying Edition series of Wuyingdian with this set of wooden movable type,

I also printed some other books. The Qing government not only printed books in Huo Yu edition, but also printed many books in block printing, among which Plough Weaving Map and Southern Tour Map were of the highest quality.

A major feature of Beijing printing in Qing Dynasty was the prosperity of folk printing workshops. According to statistics, there are more than 120 people at most, concentrated in Longfu Temple and Liulichang. In these workshops, there are also people who specialize in making books.

Binding and calligraphy and painting mounting.

The most common book binding forms in Qing Dynasty were wired binding, scroll binding, warp folding, butterfly binding, Bao Beizhuang and so on. Scroll mounting was mostly used to mount calligraphy and painting in Qing dynasty, and the mounting technology was very exquisite.

The exquisite bottom surface is mostly high-grade rice paper, the painting core is inlaid with plain silk on all sides, and the outer side of the shaft is inlaid with brocade. The materials used for the shaft head are graded. Folding is not only used in Buddhist scriptures and copybooks, but also in general books.

The imperial court printed a map of farming and weaving and a map of southern tour. , are well carved, their binding is folded in half, the difference is that the format is about one foot square, and the cover is mounted with thick cardboard and yellow silk. Kang Yong years.

Long Yin occasionally prints 720 copies, all of which are folded, and the book cover is wrapped in yellow silk, 10 copies, which is huge. Butterfly costumes are also used in books printed by the court. I once read a book in the Qing Dynasty.

The mid-term butterfly book is printed on high-grade rice paper, leaving a big gap. The cover is mounted on cardboard with yellow silk, and the front and back are lined with pages. One side is installed on the inside of the cover, and the binding is flat and the cutting is aligned.

Higher than the binding of court books. In the Qing Dynasty, northern clothing was also widely used. A set of ***363 15 volumes "Sikuquanshu" compiled during the Qianlong period is a famous manuscript, and * * * copied seven volumes.

254,205 volumes, all of which are Bao Beizhuang. The cover of the book is thick paper with four different colors. The warp bank uses green twill, the historical bank uses HongLing, the branch bank uses blue twill and the collection bank uses gray twill. Finally, use it alone.

Books are wrapped in wooden letters. Thread binding is the main form of book binding in Qing Dynasty. General thread-bound books not only have special requirements for the binding materials of imperial books, but also strive to be "well-protected, simple in style, appropriate in thickness and exquisite"

Correct the "four elements". There are two kinds of covers: paper cover and market cover. There is a bookmark on the cover, and the book is very thin. A book is put in the letter case. There are one or two pages of white paper in front of the thread-bound book in Qing dynasty, and then the title.

Page, including book title, engraver's name, year and place, etc. The function sets are mostly semi-packaged, with the root of the book at the bottom, the title, volume number and so on.

Judging from the size of the format, the Qing Dynasty is diverse. The layout of government publications is large, and most of the non-governmental publications are small and medium-sized. One of them is called entrainment format, which is the smallest format in the past.

When 128 was opened today, the characters were small, but the printing and binding were exquisite.

A series of publications appeared in the Qing Dynasty, one was Jin, and the other was Jin, a quarterly magazine with a list of central and local officials and red paper as the cover.

It's called the red book. Beijing Daily is equivalent to today's newspaper, but it is also bound in volumes, with two or three pages or six or seven pages in each issue. The cover has white paper and yellow paper, and the cover is stamped with the words "Beijing Edition" in red.

Because of time constraints, printing and installation are very rough. But as a serial publication, it also occupies an important position in the history of publishing.

From the beginning of18th century, western printing technology was gradually introduced into China, and modern publishing and printing industry began to rise. With the application of new printing technology, the binding form of books has also changed greatly.

Change. However, the basic forms used today, such as album binding and rectangular folio, originated in the Song Dynasty in China and gradually spread to the west in the14th century. Although there are steps in materials, process methods, etc.

Improved, but its basic form, or the first in ancient China.