The 365,438+0 Turks were part of a 350-member delegation from Istanbul, and the bus involved in the accident was the seventh in a convoy of eight cars.
Rome, the capital of Italy, is built on seven hills and is called the city of seven hills, so there are many roads in the city, which is prone to traffic accidents!
uprising of sicilian slaves
From the 3rd century BC to the 2nd century BC, Roman slavery developed, and the class contradiction between slaves and slave owners gradually became the main social contradiction. Slave owners brutally oppressed and exploited slaves and aroused their resistance. Slaves have been engaged in armed struggle since the 2nd century BC. In BC 198, Carthaginian slaves in some Latin cities conspired to riot, but they failed because of traitors' betrayal, and more than 500 people were killed. In BC 196, an uprising of rural slaves and peasants took place in larrea, Ida, which spread to the whole area. Rome sent legions to suppress the uprising. In BC 186, Apulian slaves in southern Italy launched an uprising, with more than 7,000 rebels, making roads and pastures in this area dangerous. These struggles indicate that a large-scale uprising storm is coming. Half a century later, uprising of sicilian slaves broke out.
Sicily is famous for its fertile soil and granaries. There, the slavery grange was formed earlier, and hundreds of slaves gathered in the grange, most of whom came from the same nation or region, which was conducive to the organization of resistance struggle. Damopoulos, the owner of Enna manor, is famous for abusing slaves. Not only did he not give slaves basic food and clothing, but he also sent slaves to rob passers-by and divide the stolen goods in half. The slaves were fed up and rose up. In the summer of 137 BC, under the leadership of Syrian slave Yunus, 400 slaves rushed into the city of Enna with hoes, sickles, axes, long poles and short sticks, which was responded by the slaves in the city and occupied the city. The uprising team grew rapidly and established a political power in Enna, which was named "New Syrian Kingdom", and Yunus was elected as the king, taking the name of "Antioch". Under the king, there is also an advisory court composed of resourceful slaves. The slave regime established in Enna City, of course, has the color of the Eastern Kingdom, but in essence, it appeared as a unique form of slave regime opposite to the Roman slave owner regime.
The slave uprising in Enna received a positive response from slaves in other parts of Sicily. In Agger Rikint, southwest of the island, Silesia slave Crayfon led an uprising team of 5,000 people and joined Yunus. Clevon respected Yunus and volunteered to be his deputy. The scope of the uprising expanded rapidly, and many cities in eastern and central Sicily, such as Messana, Tolo Mignat, Catania and Leontini, fell into the hands of the rebels. According to the records of odola, the number of rebels is increasing every day, reaching 200,000. Uprising slaves destroyed large manors everywhere and killed manor owners, but they protected small manors, especially farmers and craftsmen, thus gaining sympathy and support from local farmers and craftsmen.
The rebels defeated the Roman army many times. In BC 134 and BC 133, the Roman legions led by two Roman consuls were defeated respectively. In BC 132, Rome sent troops to suppress and captured Margantina and Tolo Mignat, the main strongholds of the rebel army, and finally besieged Enna. During the breakout, 20,000 slaves were killed, Cleon died heroically, Yunus was captured and died in prison, and the uprising was brutally suppressed.
Soon, the second slave uprising broke out in Sicily. The immediate cause of the uprising was that Governor Marcus Cocceius nerva stopped releasing slaves. At that time, Rome fought the Juguda War in North Africa, and the Germans invaded from the north, which required a lot of troops. However, freemen in many provinces and allies became slaves due to debts and could not provide soldiers. Therefore, the Senate ordered provincial governors to inspect slaves born as freemen and release them. Marcus Cocceius nerva, the governor of Sicily, released 800 slaves, and then stopped the censorship of accepting bribes from slave owners. As a result, the slaves who longed for freedom rebelled angrily. In BC 104, slaves near Herakry city in western Sicily first launched an uprising under the leadership of savia, and then set up a base in Mount Caprion, defeating the troops sent by Marcus Cocceius nerva. Soon, another uprising team led by Artino gathered near Lilibe. In order to unite and struggle, the two uprising teams joined forces in the trio Kara, and established political power in the city, pushing savia as king and taking "Trifon" and Athens Yao as military commanders. Under the Council, as a body to discuss major plans. A large number of slaves and peasants defected to the uprising, and their strength grew rapidly. Choose strong slaves to form an uprising army consisting of 20000 infantry and 2000 cavalry. In BC 103 and BC 102, the rebels defeated the Roman army led by two marshals. At this time, the flames of the uprising burned all over most parts of Sicily. Insurgents split out, destroyed big estates, attacked provincial government offices, destroyed post stations, and cut off urban and rural traffic links.
Soon, the insurgents met with unfavorable conditions. Savias died in BC 102, which made the Rebel Army lose an outstanding leader. The lack of food also made the rebels face difficulties. After defeating the Germans, Rome concentrated on suppressing the slave uprising. In BC 10 1 year, Archon Ake Virius led a large number of troops to attack the insurgents, and a fierce battle broke out near Messana. Athens Yao died heroically, and the rebels were defeated by Trio Kara. Shortly after the fall of the trio Kara, many slaves were captured and crucified, and the remaining 1000 slaves persisted in their struggle. Later, they were tricked into surrendering to Ak Virius and sold as gladiators. They found themselves cheated and stabbed each other to death.
The two slave uprisings in Sicily eventually failed because of historical conditions and the limitations of the slave class itself. But the uprising is of great historical significance. Uprising slaves once established their own political power and army, which marked the development of the Roman slave uprising to a higher level. Uprising of sicilian slaves dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Roman slave class, and opened the prelude to the large-scale social struggle in the later period of the Republic, which had a wide and far-reaching impact.
Reform in Gracchus
Uprising of sicilian slaves's first fire has not been completely extinguished. Under the leadership of Gracchus, the urban and rural civilians in Rome set off a social reform movement centered on land reform. At that time, the concentration of land in Rome and the bankruptcy of farmers had caused serious social consequences, and landless farmers urgently demanded to recover their land. In view of the fact that the bankruptcy of farmers has damaged the source of soldiers and stability, some people of insight in the nobility are also planning land reform plans to revive small farmers. Gracchus was born in a noble family and received a good education since childhood. He followed the traditional official career of Roman nobles, served as a priest and an officer successively, and enjoyed high prestige among the people. According to the development of the situation, they started from the long-term interests of slave owners and took an active part in the social reform movement with the ambition of enriching the country and strengthening the people.
In BC 133, with the support and support of Roman civilians and noble reformers, Tiberius Gracchus became a tribune and immediately put forward the land reform bill. According to the law, the public land occupied by each parent is limited to 500 yurts. If there are sons, their sons can each occupy 250 yurts, but the total land occupied by each household should not exceed 65,438+0,000 yurts. The occupied public land is used permanently, free of rent. The over-occupied part was nationalized and divided into more than 30 grams of land for landless farmers. This kind of land needs to pay a small amount of rent, which is hereditary and cannot be sold or transferred. Oena's fertile land is beyond the scope of this bill. After Tiberius put forward the land bill, it was strongly opposed by elders and nobles. They instigated Tiberius' colleague, tribune Octavie, to use the veto to block the passage of the bill. The destruction of the elders and nobles and the support of the people prompted Tiberius to take decisive measures and call a referendum. As a result, Octavie Uzi was deposed and the land bill was passed. At the same time, Tiberius himself, his father-in-law Claudius and his younger brother Gayo were elected to form a committee to deal with land recovery and distribution. However, the implementation of the bill encountered many practical difficulties and the Senate refused to provide the necessary funds. Therefore, when King Pagama bequeathed his kingdom to Rome, Tiberius proposed that the treasury of the kingdom should be used as a subsidy fund for poor farmers and the right to dispose of the kingdom should be handed over to the General Assembly. This is in serious conflict with the Senate, which has always held diplomatic and financial power. In order to implement the land law, Tiberius ran for re-election as tribune the following year. Under the pretext of being re-elected as tribune, the elders attacked Tiberius with ulterior motives and wanted to implement tyranny. During the general assembly election, farmers were too busy with the summer harvest to enter the city, and the aristocratic opposition conspired to create trouble. Nasica, the high priest, gathered a group of elders to protect the people and slaves, rushed into the meeting place, killed more than 300 Tiberius and his supporters in the melee, and threw the bodies of the victims into the Tiber River that night.
After Tiberius's martyrdom, the reform movement did not stop. The Senate is afraid to repeal the land law rashly. After the reorganization, the three-member Land Commission continued its activities. According to Li Jue's records, the number of Roman citizens in BC 125 was about 395,000, which was 75,000 more than that in BC 13 1 year. It is generally believed that this is the result of land expropriation and the citizenization of landless peasants. However, land distribution is becoming more and more difficult, big landlords try their best to hide their real estate, property disputes are difficult to decide, and it also involves the border areas of Italian allies, causing dissatisfaction among allies, who also demand Roman citizenship. Therefore, the land reform movement rose in a more complicated situation.
In BC 133 and 132, Tiberius' brother Geo was re-elected as a tribune for two times with the support of Roman civilians. At the beginning of his tenure, Gail attacked the powerful people who opposed the reform, and proposed a bill prohibiting senior officials and tribunes who were dismissed by the people from returning to their posts, stipulating that citizens should not be sentenced to death without people's trial, and then turned to social and economic reform. He not only restored Tiberius' land bill, but also implemented some other important bills. Because the distribution of public land was almost exhausted, he proposed the colonial law as a supplement to the land law, established Minerva, Nape Tunia and other colonies in southern Italy, and even envisaged the establishment of overseas colonies. In order to prevent food shortage, he implemented the "Food Law". The state buys food from overseas, stores it in public granaries and sells it to citizens once a month at a price lower than the market price. Gayo also implemented the road construction law and personally planned to build some avenues to improve traffic and solve the employment problem of unemployed civilians. The military law is also implemented, prohibiting the recruitment of people under the age of 17, and providing military uniforms for citizen soldiers at the state's expense. In order to win the knight's support for the reform, Gaio implemented the tax package law of Asia, which stipulated that the province would collect tithes, customs duties and ranch taxes according to the tax package, and the inspector would auction the tax package right to the knight. At the same time, it also enacted a trial law, which broke the monopoly of elders on the court, gave knights the right to serve as members of the court, and punished corruption in judicial trials. In addition, a law has been promulgated, which requires the Senate to determine which provincial governor he will serve after leaving office before the consul election, so as to avoid giving the best governor in private.
The elders and nobles played tricks and opposed the reform. They used Gaio's colleague Su Ru Tribune to propose a bill to establish 12 Italian colonies, each with 3,000 immigrants. At that time, Italy had no place to colonize, and Drusus's colonial law was a lie, aiming at winning people's hearts and undermining reform. He also demagogues people by proposing a bill banning the flogging of Latinos. In order to deal with the conspiracy of the opposition, Gayo, with the help of his colleague Loubry Uss, proposed a new colonial law, that is, to establish a Junonia colony on the original Carthage territory and resettle 6,000 people, including some Italians. In the spring of 122 BC, Gaiyue went to North Africa to establish a colony, and the opposition took the opportunity to spread rumors to confuse people and destroy Gaiyue's colonial plan. After Gayo returned to Rome, the struggle entered a decisive stage. He took decisive measures and resolutely put forward the civil rights bill, giving Roman citizenship to Latin allies and Latin citizenship to Italian allies. However, this bill not only met with fierce opposition from elders and nobles, but also aroused strong dissatisfaction from citizens who did not want to give citizenship to Italians. And a large number of Italian allies were excluded from Rome at that time. Therefore, the bill failed to pass, and Gerry's reputation declined. In the summer of the same year, Gail failed to run for the third Tribune. After he left office, the opposition took revenge. The bill to abolish the North African colonies was submitted to the citizens' assembly, during which the two sides clashed. The Senate took the opportunity to suppress the reformists, and Gayo and his supporters occupied Afen Mountain to resist. Finally, Gayo was hunted to death, more than 3,000 supporters were killed and the bodies were thrown into the Tiber River.
Gracchus carried out reforms, trying to curb land annexation and protect the small-scale peasant economy by limiting the occupation of public land and distributing land to farmers, so as to safeguard the social foundation and military strength of the Roman country. But at that time, Rome was in the crisis of city-state, and the division and bankruptcy of small farmers had become an inevitable trend of historical development, and it was impossible to maintain small land ownership. Shortly after Gail's death, Rome passed a bill allowing the sale of land, and the Land Commission was abolished. However, Gracchus's reform is still of great significance in history. The reform has alleviated the process of land concentration to a certain extent and improved the living conditions of some civilians. In particular, under the impetus of the situation, Gaio developed from simple land reform to various social reforms, which dealt a heavy blow to the forces of the elders and nobles and improved the functions of state administration and judicial management. All these met the requirements of the social development of Rome at that time, and were affirmed and enriched in the later historical development of Rome, so it was obviously progressive.
After the failure of Marius's military reform, the internal struggles in Roman society continued to develop, forming the so-called Democrats and optimates. During and after the Juguda War (BC11-105), the two sides fought fiercely. At that time, the royal family of Numidia was in conflict. After jugurtha occupied Certa, he used the anti-Roman sentiment of local residents to kill Roman and Italian businessmen and loan sharks living in the city. Rome declared war on Juguda in BC11. At the beginning of the war, the corruption of the Roman aristocratic political and military system was exposed, high officials and military commanders accepted bribes, soldiers did whatever they wanted, military discipline was lax, and morale was lax, which led to repeated wars and defeats. BC 109, the consul Metes arrived in North Africa, reorganized the army and began to turn the situation around, but failed to end the war quickly. The knights were greatly dissatisfied with the damage to their own interests, which aggravated their contradiction with the elders and nobles.
At this moment, the soldier Marius appeared. He has a close relationship with knights and has a certain prestige among civilians. With the support of the democrats, Marius was elected consul in 107 BC, gained the command of the war in Juguda, and was re-elected consul in the following years to lead the army in combat. During this period, in order to strengthen Rome's military strength and win the war, Marius carried out military reform. In the past, Rome implemented the system of civilian military service, and citizens had to have certain property qualifications to join the army. Because the war required a large number of soldiers, the property qualification was gradually reduced, and the minimum property qualification was reduced to 4000 in the Punic War. At the same time, there are volunteers in the army, but most of them are veterans who have completed their service. By the 2nd century BC, especially after the failure of the reform of the Gragu brothers, the crisis of Roman soldiers became more and more serious. In order to recruit soldiers quickly, Marius abolished the property qualification restrictions and recruited proletarians, that is, the conscription system replaced the citizen conscription system. The implementation of this system enabled him to quickly recruit about 5,000-6,000 recruits needed to supplement the North African Army Corps. But after Marius adopted the conscription system, the civil conscription system was not completely abolished. In BC 1 century, the recruitment of volunteers could not meet the needs, and citizens were often forced to join the army. After the conscription system was implemented in Marius, soldiers not only received their salaries, but also the weapons supplies provided by the state, which were no longer deducted from their salaries. The service period is also clearly defined. It is generally believed that Marius will extend the service period of soldiers to 16, and veterans who have completed their service can get a piece of land from the state as compensation. With the abolition of property qualification, Roman citizens were only used as heavy infantry in the legion, while cavalry and light infantry were recruited from allies and provinces instead.
Another important measure of Marius's military reform is to reform the legion organization. In order to strengthen the flexibility of the Legion, Marius carried out the United system in the Legion. The United wing is an organization between the legion and the company, equipped with 600 heavy infantry, and can independently perform tactical tasks and conduct military operations. Each regiment has 10 wings, and each wing governs three companies (a team of 600 people). The United's combat formation still maintains the method of three formations, with four formations in the front row and three formations in the last two columns. There are gaps between formations, and the front and rear formations are arranged in a cross pattern, which is convenient for insertion and retreat. Marius also unified the weapons and equipment of the army, equipped all heavy infantry with javelins and daggers, and improved the structure and delivery means of javelins. In addition, Marius also strictly trained the army, and introduced the training methods of Gladiator School into the army at that time to improve the tactical skills of soldiers. In training, we should pay attention to training troops to adapt to the tough operational environment and living conditions. In order to improve the mobility and independent combat ability of the troops, Marius asked the soldiers not only to carry weapons, but also to carry a marching back frame with digging tools and other equipment, so that the soldiers in Marius' army were dubbed "Marius mules" at that time.
After the reform and reorganization of the army, the combat effectiveness of the Roman army was greatly improved. Marius successfully ended the Juguda War in BC 105 by relying on the reorganized army. At this time, the Germanic tribes who originally lived in the Baltic Sea migrated to the southwest in order to find a new place to live, invaded Nar Pangal and threatened Italy. Rome sent troops to fight and suffered heavy losses. In BC 102, Marius became consul for the fourth time, and led the army to fight the Teutonic people in Akwessex, and the Teutonic people were almost wiped out. The next year, he defeated the Sambri people near Vilkki. The Germanic invasion was finally shattered, eliminating the threat from the north. In BC 10 1 year, Marius Aquirius led the army to suppress the second uprising of slaves in Sicily.
Marius's military reform is of great historical significance. This reform broke the tradition of the dilapidated city-state system and changed the Roman military system based on citizen soldiers. The conscription system replaced the civilian conscription system, which enabled a large number of unemployed people to join the army, partially solved the social problems brought about by the bankruptcy of small farmers, and was conducive to national stability to a certain extent. At the same time, by expanding the source of soldiers and improving the combat effectiveness of the army, the problems of the Roman army at that time were solved, which met the needs of slave owners to strengthen their rule and carry out foreign wars and further promoted the development of the Roman slave country. On the other hand, this reform had a far-reaching impact on the social and historical development of Rome. The reform led to the changes in the social composition of the Roman army, which changed the Roman army from a civilian soldier with farmers as the backbone to a professional army with proletarians as the main source. The land distribution system for veterans gradually established after the reform also changed the nature of the land problem in Rome, that is, the land restoration struggle of bankrupt farmers became the land struggle of veterans, which added new factors to the social struggle in Rome in the later period of the Republic. The professional army followed and obeyed its commander-in-chief for a long time, and the commander-in-chief bribed the army as a tool to fight for power, profit and even seize power, thus providing conditions for Roman slave owners and dignitaries to establish military dictatorship later.
After Rome conquered Italy in the Allied War, after a long period of political rule and economic and cultural exchanges, Italy gradually became Romanized. Some communes with partial Roman citizenship rose in status and obtained full Roman citizenship. In newly-built Latin colonies, there are more and more Roman immigrants, and both old and new Latin colonies enjoy Latin citizenship. However, the status of many Italian allies has not improved, but has deteriorated. They are nominally allies of Rome, but in fact they are subjects under Roman rule. Allies have no Roman citizenship, can't participate in Roman political activities and hold official positions, can't share public land and trophies, but they have to provide auxiliary troops for Rome, and this "blood tax" is increasing with the frequency and expansion of the war. The Roman Senate strengthened its control and often intervened in the internal affairs of the Allies, which were also discriminated and abused by the Romans. Therefore, the Allies were deeply dissatisfied with the rule and oppression of Rome, and they strongly demanded to obtain Roman citizenship and other rights, or to leave Rome completely and strive for independent status. Therefore, the struggle of Italian allies for democratic rights was integrated with the social reform movement in Rome.
In the Roman ruling class, many people of insight advocated giving Italian allies Roman citizenship. In 125 BC, consul Flaccus first proposed to grant allies citizenship. However, due to the obstruction of the Senate, Flex was sent to Gaul as governor and was forced to give up his proposal. This incident triggered an uprising of Fregler residents, which was later suppressed by Rome. In BC 122, Gayo Gragu proposed the Bill of Rights again. A large number of allies flocked to Rome to express their support, but they were driven out of the city by the consul, and the bill failed. Sadourny Yunus was elected tribune twice in BC 103 and BC 100. Relying on the support of civilians and knights, he promulgated the food law and other bills, and formed an alliance with Mario to forcibly pass the land bill, distributing the public land in Africa and Nabang Gaul provinces to Mario veterans, each of whom was 100 Yugu, including Italian allies who had completed their service. However, Saarni's Nuss Movement ended in failure, which made the illusion of the Allies become a bubble again. In 9 1 BC, Su Ru, a civil servant, tried to reconcile contradictions, implemented food law and colonial law, sold food to poor citizens at low prices, and distributed the remaining public land in Campenia and Sicily. He also proposed that court members should be composed of elders and knights, and granted Italian allies Roman citizenship. But this compromise was generally opposed, and Drusus was quickly assassinated. The Italian allies' hope of obtaining Roman citizenship through peaceful and legal means was completely shattered, so they took up arms angrily and launched the allied war.
Italian allies secretly formed an anti-Roman alliance with Malsy as the core. They exchanged hostages and discussed the joint uprising. In 9 1 BC, the city of Oscar Lun in Pikenu first revolted, and the cities and communes participating in the anti-Roman alliance responded one after another. With the exception of Idaho and umbria, almost all Italian allies took part in the uprising. The allied countries of the uprising established the Federal Republic, with the capital in Coffenim, Pirani, renamed Italy, and set up the citizens' assembly, Senate and consul according to the Roman national model. Coins are also issued, engraved with the pattern that the bull overturns the female wolf, symbolizing Italy's victory over Rome. The army of the Rebel Army is 654.38 million+people. Siro of Malsy and Mutirus of Samoa are Italian consuls and commanders of the Rebel Army. Rome recruited 18 legions and sent consuls to lead the expedition. Some famous generals such as Marius and Sura served as lieutenants. The war is mainly divided into two battlefields: the north and the south. At the beginning of the war, the insurgents occupied obvious advantages in both the north and the south battlefields. Due to the seriousness of the situation, the Roman Senate adopted a concession policy to divide and disintegrate the Allies. At the end of 90 BC, Rome passed the Law of julius, granting Roman citizenship to all Italian allies, Latin colonies and allies still loyal to Rome who served in the Roman army, and probably also to allies who laid down their arms. The promulgation of this bill effectively stopped the expansion of the uprising and consolidated the ruling foundation of Rome. Idaho and umbria took the lead in obtaining citizenship. At the beginning of 89 BC, Rome promulgated the Ploutius-Papiri Law, which further supplemented the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the julius Law. So the war situation changed, and Rome gradually took the initiative and launched an attack on both battlefields. In the northern battlefield, the Roman army defeated the northern rebels and occupied Oskulun. Soon, Ciro led the troops to withdraw south, and the allied capital fell. On the southern battlefield, Sura defeated the main force of Samoans and captured its capital, Noumé a Povia. However, Ciro retreated to Samnyon to meet Mutirus, centered on Ernie, persisted in fighting against the enemy, and even once recovered Povia Num. Later, due to the disparity in strength, it was suppressed in 88 BC. At the same time, the rebels in Apulia also failed, and the Allied War ended.
The war between the Allies took place because the Italian Allies demanded Roman citizenship, that is, they fought for equal rights with the Romans politically and socially, so it was a democratic movement. Although the allies were defeated by the Romans on the battlefield, they finally achieved their goal after the war. Rome had to grant citizenship to all its Italian allies south of the Po River. However, Rome restricted these new citizens and organized them into eight tribes (or 10), which made them at a disadvantage compared with the old citizens with 35 tribes in voting. However, since then, the upper class of the Allies has been among the Roman dignitaries, and the middle and lower class residents have also enjoyed the property rights, marriage rights, tax exemption rights and personal protection rights brought by Roman citizenship, thus expanding the social foundation of the Roman country. At the same time, the war broke through the old city-state system framework, changed the social and political structure of Italy, and turned the Italian city and tribal alliance under the control of Rome into a revived country with Rome as the core, thus accelerating the integration process between Italy and Rome. In a word, the Allied War is of great historical significance to the social and historical development of Rome.
The Sura dictatorship was in the fierce battle between Rome and its allies, and the Mitridati War took place in Asia Minor. King Mitridati VI of Bendu took advantage of Rome's lack of time to look eastward and marched into Asia in 89 BC. The local residents were oppressed by Rome and regarded him as a liberator. After the occupation of Asia Minor, Mitridati sent troops from Thrace into Macedonia, while the capital fleet controlled the Aegean Sea. At this time, there was also an anti-Roman uprising in Athens, and the Greek States fell to Mitridati's side. Therefore, Rome's hegemonic position in the East was seriously threatened.
After the Allied War, Rome pulled out its strength to deal with the East, but optimates and Democrats had a dispute on the issue of war commander. In 88 BC, under the auspices of the Senate, Sura, the consul of that year, won the command by drawing lots. However, before Sura's army left Italy, Marius formed an alliance with Rufus, the tribune, and passed a proposal to remove Sura's command and replace it with Marius at the civic meeting. Sura immediately marched into Rome, setting a precedent for the Romans to attack their motherland. After Sura captured Rome, he killed Rufus and a large number of Democrats, and declared Marius and others "public enemies". It also abolished democratic laws, stipulating that no bill can be submitted to the citizens' assembly for voting without the approval of the Senate, and all bills will be submitted to the Parliament of Dulia. Restored the rule of elders and nobles, Sura led the army to the East in 87 BC. He besieged Athens, Greece, and destroyed this ancient civilized city. Then he defeated Bentu and the Greek Coalition forces and defeated Mitridati's plan to March into Europe.
At this time, the situation in Rome reversed, Marius returned to Italy from North Africa, assembled troops in Idalarea, and the joint consul Qinna occupied Rome. They took bloody revenge, killed Sula's supporters and abolished Sula's laws. In 86 BC, Marius and Qin Na were elected consuls, but Marius died shortly after becoming the seventh consul, and the power fell to Qin Na. Chenna adopted a series of measures in favor of knights and civilians, such as canceling some debts, implementing currency reform, and distributing new Italian citizens to 35 tribes. Soon, Qin Na died in the mutiny, but the political situation in Rome was still in the hands of the Democrats.
At the same time, Asia Minor is also on the rise. The local residents couldn't stand the tyranny of Mitridati and the burden of war, and they launched uprisings one after another. When Qinna was in power, he sent Flachs to lead the army instead of Sura, but was killed because of infighting. His successor Fembria moved to Xiaoya and occupied Pagama. The Sura Fleet under the command of Captain Rukurus also recaptured the Aegean Islands. In this way, the Greek cities in Asia Minor returned to Rome. Military defeat forced Mitridati to make peace, and Sura was eager to end the war and return to Rome to seize power. Thus, the two sides concluded a peace treaty in 85 BC. Mitridati gave up the territory occupied since the war, handed over the fleet and paid 2000 talents. Sura admitted that he was the king of the capital and an ally of Rome. After the first Mitridati War, Sura rebelled against the army led by Fembria, severely punished the cities near Tridat in Xiaoya, apportioned huge military expenses and taxes in various provinces, and plundered and searched the residents of various provinces.
In 83 BC, Sura led 40,000 troops to land in Xuum in southern Italy. Crassus, Pompeii and other young nobles immediately went to Sura after hearing the news. Democrats organized resistance under the leadership of Mario Jr. and others. Finally, Sura defeated the joint forces of Democrats and Samoans outside the gate of Corina and entered Rome as a conqueror. He published a list of "public enemies", massacred Democrats and innocent civilians, robbed their property and land, and at least 40 elders and 1600 knights were killed. At the same time, 10000 slaves belonging to their political opponents were released to form a guard, and the surname was given as "Korneli Wu Si" (Sura's surname). Sura also took cruel revenge on the betrayed Italian cities. He established 10 military colony on the confiscated land and placed120,000 veterans, who became an important pillar of Sura's military dictatorship.
After stabilizing the situation, Sura began to implement the so-called constitutional reform. He instructed Regent Flaccus to restore the position of dictator, and submitted the bill to the General Assembly for approval, approving Sura to serve as dictator indefinitely. The position of indefinite dictator made Sura a a veritable dictator, integrating state power. This actually destroyed the basic principles of the Republic, but he maintained the institutions and official positions of the Republic and implemented a series of measures under the Republic. He selected 300 loyal knights and nobles from Italian autonomous cities to supplement the Senate, increasing the number of elders to 600. The Senate has restored its old powers and privileges, and any bill in legislation cannot be submitted to the citizens' assembly unless it is considered by the Senate; Judicially, the permanent criminal court originally controlled by knights was handed over to the Senate. The tribune's power was exhausted, his legislative creation power was restrained by the Senate, his judicial accusation power was abolished, his veto power was restricted, and he was forbidden to succeed other senior officials. In order to adapt to the development of the situation, Sura increased the number of law enforcement personnel from 6 to 8, and the number of financial personnel from 12 to 20. Two consuls and eight marshals became governors of 10 provinces after their terms of office expired, and the Senate decided which province to serve in. It also stipulates that the governor of a province has no right to wage war and prohibits the governor from leading troops out of the province or transferring troops out of the province. Sura also reiterated and stipulated the age qualification of senior officials, the interval of service, and the system for senior officials above the financial officer to enter the Senate after leaving office. In order to strengthen and consolidate the rule, Sura promulgated a series of decrees, established seven permanent criminal courts and formulated trial procedures. A judge of the court