In the Battle of Narrow Barrels at 1560, Oda Xintai was defeated by Shangluo Army in Sichuan, and Imagawa Yoshimoto was killed. From then on, Tokugawa Ieyasu got rid of today's Ishikawa and became independent. 1562 formed an alliance with nobunaga Oda and began to manage Sanjiang in an all-round way. Anxious for success, he took drastic measures, which caused uprisings all over Sanjiang at 1563. After nearly a year of attacking and brutally suppressing the uprising, he gradually consolidated his ruling foundation.
1568, Tokugawa Ieyasu's ally, Nobutaka Oda, entered Kyoto and took the first step to unify the whole country. At this time, Tokugawa Ieyasu, which has laid a solid foundation in Sanjiang, began to adopt the eastward policy. 1570, defeated Asai and asakura in Mei Chuan and moved the office to Hamamatsu. But at this time, Takeda Shingen also wants to seize the national power. In order to clear the obstacles on the March, he decided to send troops to Yuanjiang and Sanhe.
1572 10, led 45,000 people to join the Romanian army and March into Kyoto. When Tokugawa Ieyasu heard the news, he led his troops and Oda Nobunaga to reinforce more than 10,000 people to attack Sanfang. As a result, the combined forces of Tokugawa and ODA were defeated, and Tokugawa Ieyasu fled back to Hamamatsu. During the escape, he even became incontinent because of fright. Although Tokugawa Ieyasu suffered a great defeat in this campaign, Takeda Shingen still admired the courage and tenacity of the Tokugawa army. After seeing the body of the Sanhe Army, Nosuke, a fierce general in Takeda Shingen, said to Nosuke: "All the soldiers who fell face down and Hamamatsu's soldiers who fell face up show that these soldiers were killed when they rushed forward, and none of them were beheaded because they tried to escape." It is said that it was through this campaign that Tokugawa Ieyasu won the reputation of "a male in the sea".
Since then, while confronting the Takeda family, Tokugawa Ieyasu has strengthened its construction in the territory. 1575 In May, Oda clan united to defeat Takeda Shenglai in the battle of filial piety. 158 1 Takada Shencheng trapped in Yuanjiang expelled Takeda's family from Yuanjiang. The following year, Takeda's family perished with Oda clan, and Junhe was acquired.
1582, Nobunaga died in the change of Benneng Temple. Nobunaga died, and there was a fierce struggle among the famous names around who the regime fell into. During the change of Benneng Temple, Tokugawa Ieyasu was in the border town. He took a shortcut and returned to Sanhe via Yi Shi to escape.
When Tokugawa Ieyasu returned to Okazaki, he found that the real power of the central government had been taken away by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. In order to accumulate strength and prepare to compete with Toyotomi Hideyoshi in the future, he strengthened his determination to move eastward. Soon he sent troops to occupy Jia Fei and put his hand into Xinzhou. By about 1583, Tokugawa Ieyasu successively brought Yuanjiang, Hejun, Jiafei and Nanxinglong into its sphere of influence.
At that time, the separation of soldiers and farmers in Donghai Road was very slow, and there was no famous Shimonoseki town like Otani and Beidao. Governors and their fiefs are still closely linked, so to control governors, we must firmly control the land. In view of this situation, Tokugawa Ieyasu adopted the form of enfeoffment to all vassals at that time, and controlled them through land ties.
During this period, Tokugawa Ieyasu also attached great importance to the development of industry and commerce in its territory. As early as in Sanjiangyuan Prefecture, he regarded the Xiaoshan New Town in Sanjiangyuan as a "music market" and exempted from various taxes and tariffs. After moving to Hamamatsu, he reorganized various industrial and commercial organizations. After conquering Jia Fei, it unified the weights and measures of the whole Jia Fei and attracted foreign businessmen to trade in Sanhe and Yuanjiang. Through these measures, Tokugawa Ieyasu not only stabilized its control over the new territory, but also strengthened its economic strength.
Since then, Toyotomi Hideyoshi has promoted domestic reunification step by step, and soon became the minister of Guan Bai and Zheng Tai, and really mastered the state power. Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu naturally became a relationship similar to the master-slave relationship.
When Toyotomi Hideyoshi conquered Kyushu, Tokugawa Ieyasu was not drafted into the army and got rid of huge consumption. But he took part in the battle when 1590 conquered Odahara. After the demise of the North Island, Tokugawa Ieyasu was sealed in Guanbazhou and paid 2.6 million stones a year. On August 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu left the Five Kingdoms and moved to Edo (now Tokyo). Since then, he has taken a series of measures to govern Kanto.
First, a new way is adopted to distribute the retainer. In Musashi, Sagami and other places near Edo, Tokugawa Ieyasu concentrated subordinate ministers directly under the central government and fiefs below ten thousand stones. The senior courtiers above Shiwan are arranged as far as possible, with a slightly thinner distribution density in the southwest of Kanto and a higher density in the border area bordering hostile names in the east. Obviously, this configuration is a combat system. And when he entered Kanto, he decided to convert the fief into output and send it to the retainer. These measures have played a great role in further controlling the retainer and consolidating the new territory of Kanto.
Secondly, in order to adjust the tenancy relationship in rural areas and stabilize the order in the New Territories, Tokugawa Ieyasu also carried out a large-scale land inspection. The specific method is to mark the name epaulettes on the land register at the upper right of the registered farmer's name, indicating which owner owns the land cultivated by that person. Doing so not only recognizes the land ownership of the Lord and makes him bear the responsibility of paying tribute every year, but also recognizes the unstable farming rights of the tenant farmers. This measure is a good way to manage a relatively backward area like Kanto.
Finally, Tokugawa Ieyasu also attaches great importance to the development of industry and commerce in its territory. In order to solve the problem of land transportation and attract foreign businessmen to do business in Edo, Ma Yun Service Office was set up in Daozhong by recruiting people from Edo and surrounding rural areas. In order to solve the problem of waterway traffic, organize manpower to dig ditches and let ships dock directly at the gates of Edo. And appoint someone to manage the weights and measures in the collar; Entrust local tyrants in the old territory to develop Edo urban construction and manage industry and commerce; After 1592, one or two gold coins were cast, which were called musashi station to promote currency circulation. With the gradual progress of Edo construction and the prosperity of industry and commerce, foreign businessmen came to Edo in succession. Tokugawa Ieyasu's construction of Kanto provided great economic support and solid foundation for him to seize the national political power later. By the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598, Tokugawa Ieyasu, as the leader of the Five Old Men, had unparalleled prestige and strength.
1600 September, Tokugawa Ieyasu personally led 200,000 troops to send troops to Guanyuan to seize the world, defeated Ishida Mitsunari who was loyal to Chen Feng family in Guanyuan decisive battle, and seized the national political power.
From 1560, when the Three Rivers started fighting, to 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed by the imperial court as a foreign general, right minister and Genji's elder (that is, Genji's patriarch and master). After 43 years of forbearance, compromise, struggle and struggle, finally ascended the throne of the shogunate at the age of 60. In the same year, he opened a shogunate in Edo. 1605, he gave the position of general to his son Xiuzhong and retired to Fujun City, but as Ogsho, he still held the military and political power. 1665438+The Battle of Osaka (now Osaka) in May 2005 wiped out Toyotomi Hideyori and realized the so-called "Yuan and Yanwu". In March 2006, he became the minister of Zheng Tai. On April/0/7, 2007, he died in Fu Jun at the age of 76 and was buried in Jiuneng Mountain. The following year, Zhuizheng was named Emperor Zhaodi, and was later reburied in Guang Ri.
During the Warring States Period in Japan, the struggle for political power between feudal lords and famous families was fierce, and the realization of national reunification was the inevitable trend of historical development in this period. In this situation, Tokugawa Ieyasu must recognize the overall situation of reunification and adopt flexible policies and strategies according to local conditions. At this point, it can be said that he complied with the times and took appropriate measures.
After the change of Benneng Temple, Toyotomi Hideyoshi took control of the situation first, which made Tokugawa Ieyasu lose a chance to seize the national political power. At that time, although the overall situation was unfavorable to him, the relationship and strength between him and Toyotomi Hideyoshi were not comparable to those of Oda Noshin. In order to improve his situation, he took limited actions. 1584, at the request of Nobuo Oda, Tokugawa Ieyasu waged a long war with Toyotomi Hideyoshi, which was a limited act for limited purposes. Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated a team in Toyotomi Hideyoshi in a long-term hand-to-hand combat, killed Toyotomi Hideyoshi's brave general Nosuke Ikeda, and forced Toyotomi Hideyoshi to make peace on favorable terms, which had a great influence on the whole country. Toyotomi Hideyoshi had to treat Tokugawa Ieyasu differently. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to North Korea, he did not include Tokugawa Ieyasu's troops in the naval battle. On the surface, it seems to be Tokugawa Ieyasu's luck. In fact, this is Tokugawa Ieyasu's use of his own strength and clever strategy. Toyotomi Hideyoshi's invasion of Korea caused heavy losses to the Toyotomi regime and the famous soldiers in the southwest, while Tokugawa Ieyasu accumulated financial resources and strengthened its strength in the peace construction. These changes were one of the important reasons for the collapse of the Fengchen regime, and also an important turning point for Tokugawa Ieyasu to seize state power later.
Paying attention to internal governance is another important factor for Tokugawa Ieyasu's success. Tokugawa Ieyasu's internal governance is combined with reorganization and strengthening the feudal order. Before gaining national political power, every time a place is occupied, it is always necessary to rectify the rule of the new territory, rather than blindly pursuing the expansion of the territory by force. After seizing the national political power, in order to consolidate the political power, in addition to maintaining Toyotomi Hideyoshi's political achievements, a series of measures were taken to rectify and strengthen the feudal order.
One is to confiscate and reduce the territory of hostile officials, so as to enrich the economic foundation of the shogunate: Tokugawa Ieyasu confiscated 87 hostile officials, with a total income of 410.4 million stone (90 officials were confiscated), with a reduction of 3 officials and a total income of 2.07 million stone (4 officials were reduced). Three-quarters of them were transferred to their own heroes and cronies, and the remaining 1/4 was designated as the direct jurisdiction of Tokugawa. Together with the direct jurisdiction of Garfield, Xinnong, MINO, Kinho, Qian Yue, Zuodu and southern Lu Ao, the total income reached more than 60,000 stones. In addition, Tokugawa Ieyasu also includes important mines in Sato, Ishinomaki and Izu, as well as Kyoto and Izu. In this way, the shogunate almost controlled most of the country's important financial resources.
The second is to establish the feudal rule system of the Mufan system. Tokugawa Ieyasu divided the names of the whole country into three categories according to the background of the shogunate. The first category is his son and Tokugawa family, known as "pro-princes"; The second category is heroes who are loyal to themselves and their ancestors, called "Daiming", and "pro-vassal" and "Daiying" are the pillars of the shogunate regime; The third category is those who were as famous as Tokugawa Ieyasu before the official garden war, or those who were loyal to Toyotomi Hideyoshi's surrender after the war. Those who fall into this category are called "foreign names". Tokugawa Ieyasu has mixed three types of names, so as to monitor foreign names by genealogical and ancestral names. Secondly, in order to strengthen the samurai's rule and establish the authority of the shogunate, the martial law was promulgated in 16 15. Its essence is to reward civil and military officials, to be extravagant and frugal, to be strict with grades (that is, the level of clothing and riding skills), not to store ronin, not to build a city without authorization, not to marry privately, and not to form a party, but the most important thing is to stipulate the system of "participating in the DPRK" for Daming. According to the regulations, foreign names in China are divided into two parts: east and west, half living in Edo and half living in territory; April each year is the replacement period of two famous books in the east and west (unless otherwise stipulated by the famous books in the spectrum generation). A famous wife must always live in Edo. In fact, as a hostage, Mingsu led his attendants according to his position, forming a "vassal level" and attending the Edo pilgrimage on schedule. Due to the large number of "princes", the cost of going back and forth between Edo and China is very huge. Therefore, this system can not only make the shogunate actually take the name given by Edo as hostage, but also consume a lot of financial resources of the name, making it unable to resist. At the same time, Tokugawa Ieyasu further implemented Toyotomi Hideyoshi's policy of separating soldiers from farmers, improved the identity system, and divided the whole Japanese society into four levels: taxi, agriculture, and industry and commerce, with the vertical master-slave relationship running through all levels. Finally, in 16 15, the imperial court and the temple fair promulgated the Law on Banning Chinese Public Office and the Law on Five Mountains and Ten Temples. In this way, a complete curtain-vassal system was formed, with the system of avatar as the core and the shogunate as the political center, from emperors and ministers to princes, generals and warriors, monks, farmers, craftsmen and businessmen. Tokugawa era countries in Tokugawa mainly rely on this system.
Thirdly, in foreign affairs, Tokugawa Ieyasu is not a completely closed country. Immediately after the establishment of the shogunate, he sent envoys to North Korea and resumed diplomatic relations with North Korea on 1608. At the same time, actively seek indirect trade with the Ming Dynasty. In order to meet the needs of military supplies and raw silk trade, he also actively developed trade with western European countries in the early days after the establishment of the shogunate in 1608. He hired an Englishman, An Shi of Mihura, as a diplomatic consultant and trade official, and learned world knowledge, astronomy and mathematics from him. He even acquiesced in the spread of Christianity, and later banned it because he felt it endangered Japan's traditional feudal rule. 16 12, the shogunate first issued a religious ban in the directly administered region, which was extended to the whole country the following year. Since 16 15, Athena Chu's shipping trade has been strictly restricted.
Fourth, Tokugawa Ieyasu strongly advocates cultural rule. He is very studious and likes reading classics about governing the country and leveling the world. In view of the fact that Buddhism has been closely combined with manor system since the word Kamakura shogunate, he has been restraining Buddhism and promoting Confucianism before he founded the shogunate. After the establishment of the shogunate, he believed that the manor system had been completely destroyed, and Buddhism declined because of the loss of the old economic base and the heavy political blow. Restoring the prestige of Buddhism at this time is not only harmless but also beneficial to consolidating the new regime. Therefore, in his later years, he gradually fostered Buddhism and discussed Buddhism with famous monks, which increasingly tended to the ideological rule of combining Confucianism and Buddhism.
Tokugawa Ieyasu's greatest achievement in his life was to rectify and consolidate Japan's feudal order after Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and push Japan's feudal society to a new stage. The Tokugawa shogunate he founded has maintained peaceful reunification in Japanese history for more than 260 years, providing a slightly better social environment for the development of Japanese feudal economy than in the era of manor system. However, the Japanese feudal system reorganized and strengthened by Tokugawa Ieyasu is still based on the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy. Strict identity system imprisons everyone in a narrow framework, which seriously hinders social progress. He did not promote the free development of folk trade and embarked on the road of mercantilism in modern times, but maintained feudal political rule for the political and economic needs of the shogunate, and its scope was limited to the official trade controlled by a few curtain officials, famous businessmen and privileged businessmen. Once it exceeded the political needs of the shogunate, it was immediately banned or restricted. In fact, the ban on religion issued in 16 12 was the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate's political blockade of the country. The restrictions on the trade of Zhuyin ships from 16 15 were a partial economic blockade, which was the forerunner of the Tokugawa shogunate's later nationwide blockade. In addition, Tokugawa Ieyasu's ideological rule of integrating Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in his later years played a very bad role in binding the Japanese people's thoughts. This influence continued even after the Meiji Restoration.