In the 20th year of Wanli of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1592), Japanese Toyotomi Hideyoshi brazenly invaded Korea with the remnants of the Warring States on the island. The Ming dynasty organized an expeditionary force to enter the DPRK to participate in the war, and won a total victory in a bloody battle for seven years. The Ming dynasty has lost its former glory and its strength has been declining. However, just after the Warring States period, Japan, at the peak of its combat power, was still defeated by tens of thousands of people in North Korea with the help of huge gunboats (see the book "The Dragon Slayer in Three Thousand Miles" for details). 1604, backed by 50 warships, the Ming Dynasty negotiated with Weimarang, commander of the Oriental Fleet of the Dutch colonial army, to force him to retreat. 1622, the Ming army was defeated in Quang Ninh, Yuan Chonghuan went through the customs alone, and Nurhachi soldiers arrived at Shanhaiguan. The Ming dynasty was unable to cope with the harassment of the Netherlands along the coast of Fujian, but the Dutch colonists could not get good results as long as there were garrison troops in the Ming dynasty! 1623, Nan Juyi, an official of the Ming Dynasty, fought a bloody battle with the Dutch colonists in Penghu for half a year with the most advanced firearms, forcing him to dismantle the Penghu fortress that had been under the supervision of the Ming army for two years and set sail in despair. 1633101On October 22nd, the Ming army defeated the allied forces of the Dutch and China pirates Xiang Liu in the Boluo Bay War. Since then, the Ming army pursued 56 points until the Dutch dared not harass the coast of China. 1639, the unconvinced Dutch made a comeback, harassing the coast of China with nine huge ships and defeating the small fleet of the Ming Dynasty many times. Finally, Zheng Zhilong (Zheng Chenggong's father) sent people to patrol the water with powder kegs and burned five ships in a row. The Dutch colonists finally gave up and dared not confront the Ming army at sea. Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, did not lose an inch of land to westerners.

Since the Opium War of 1840, the Qing Dynasty was defeated again and again, first by Britain and France, and then by Japan, ceding land compensation and humiliating the country. The gold and silver accumulated for thousands of years lost all their property. ...

What does it mean that "heavenly creations" once "disappeared" in the Qing Dynasty?

Text: Yu Chengyu

As we all know, the author of Heavenly Creations is a famous scientist in Song and Ming Dynasties. Song is from Fengxin County, Jiangxi Province. Born in Wanli 15 (1587). In the forty-three years of Wanli (16 15), Song and his brother Song Yingsheng both won the middle prize. In the 7th year of Chongzhen (1634), he was appointed as Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Fenyi County, Jiangxi Province (by author: Oracle Bone Inscriptions was the official post of management education). In the meantime, Song summed up and sorted out his long-term accumulated knowledge in production technology, and compiled a book "Tiangong Wu Kai", which was published in Chongzhen 10 (1637). After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, he abandoned his official position and returned to his hometown, never taking office again. He died in Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty (about 16 1).

The book Tiangong Kaiwu is divided into three volumes, which are further subdivided into 18 volumes. The content is very rich, with 123 beautiful and vivid illustrations. The first volume records the planting and processing methods of grain, beans and hemp, the spinning and dyeing techniques of silk cotton and ramie, and the production process of salt and sugar.

The contents of the book include the production of bricks and ceramics, the construction of vehicles and boats, the casting and forging of metals, the mining and firing of coal, lime, sulfur and alum, and the methods of oil extraction and paper making.

The second volume describes the mining and smelting of metal minerals, the manufacture of weapons, the production of pigments and koji, and the collection and processing of jade beads. The book describes in detail the types, producing areas, production technologies and equipment of various crops and industrial raw materials, as well as some production organization experiences and a lot of exact data, which is an important document to understand the scientific and technological achievements in ancient China.

However, in the early years of the Republic of China, someone went to Tongzhi, Yunnan, and found a book called Tiangong Wu Kai quoted in the place where copper was smelted. The man wanted to see the whole picture of the book, so he went to the major libraries in Beijing and found nothing. I asked the bibliophile again, but no one knew about this book. In this way, after nearly 300 years of Manchu rule, Tiangong Wu Kai has completely disappeared from China, and almost no one knows the name of this book.

Later, this person happened to find the Japanese version of this book at a Japanese friend's house, so he went to the Japanese library to check and found that this book has been translated in Britain, Russia, Germany, Japan, France and other countries, and there is also a full translation in France. It is said that the French emperor liked this book very much and hid it in the emperor's library. Ironically, only China doesn't have this book. Later, he found the original version of Tiangong Wu Kai in the French National Library. Then, according to this original engraving, Tiangong Wu Kai was widely published in China and was seen again. This shows how prosperous the literary inquisition was in the Qing Dynasty!

Strictly speaking, China is not a conservative country as you think. When the country was in crisis, China was determined to reform, and there were many reformers in China. Because Manchu is ruled by different nationalities, Manchu is at an absolute disadvantage in population and very conservative in politics. Manchu's political thought is "stability first". In modern times, we think China people are very conservative, because Manchu people are conservative. In fact, mainland countries are more direct than island countries because of the pressure of foreign invasion, and their national character is generally more open, and they will be more thorough when they need to change. The greatest pressure of Manchu rulers came from home. They were afraid of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight", so they naturally tended to consider problems in the face of foreign aggression. Even foreign warships come to consider domestic issues-will it affect their notification basis in China! ! If it is the ruler of the Ming Dynasty, the problems it considers will naturally be much simpler, and the pressure required for reform will be less than that of the Qing Dynasty.

Zheng Zhilong (the father of Zheng Chenggong) was a pirate group supported by the imperial court in the late Ming Dynasty. At that time, it monopolized the maritime trade in Southeast Asia. It is a super maritime power with a large number of ships and armed personnel. Only the combined forces of the Netherlands and the pirate Xiang Liu can compete with it. In all previous battles between Ming and Holland, Zheng Zhilong Group was the main force at sea. After the Ming Dynasty defeated the Dutch, it seized the sea power in East Asia from Japan to the South China Sea, and all sailing ships had to spend money to buy the flag (pass) of Zheng Zhilong in the Ming Dynasty. If the Qing Dynasty did not enter the customs, even if the Ming Dynasty was overthrown by the peasant uprising of the Han nationality and a new dynasty was established, China would not be abandoned by the world civilization. No matter how miserable it is, it will not be reduced to the point where Manchu was slaughtered in the end. At least it was a replica of Turkey at that time, and it was a second-rate power.

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Pass rate: 40% 1 1 grade 20 13.06.26.

The whole emperor of the Qing Dynasty was short-sighted and had no way to govern the country. On the one hand, the Qing dynasty is far less advanced than the previous Han, Tang, Song and Ming dynasties. People usually say that the times are advancing, but the Qing dynasty led the times forward. The Qing Dynasty set China back for at least 300 years. For example, politics, can the Qing Dynasty be compared with the Tang and Song Dynasties? Far from it. What about the army? Can you compare with Han and Tang Dynasties? Not in the same class at all. And economy, science and technology, culture, no matter which one, can be compared with the Great Song Dynasty? That's a world of difference. The Qing Dynasty lost everything accumulated by China for thousands of years, and brought China, which had been in the leading position in the world for more than two thousand years, to the abyss. Therefore, it's really China's sorrow to let the Qing Dynasty win the world!