Toshito

One of the famous porcelain kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln site is located in Bagua Cave, Yuzhou City, Henan Province. Jun Kiln uses different colors of iron and copper to produce various glaze colors, such as blue with red and purple spots, pure azure and pure moonlight. Based on opal cyan, it has an opaque and opaque effect. Another feature of Jun porcelain is that irregular flowing thin lines often appear on the glaze, which is called "earthworm walking mud line". Jun kiln porcelain is a rare porcelain in the history of China. It has a wide variety and unique shape, and is famous for its magnificent and peculiar Jun glaze. Its achievement is that copper metal is added to the glaze, which causes kiln change at high temperature, so that the glaze is mainly blue and blue, including rose purple and begonia red. As colorful as the morning glow, it is known as the "national treasure". In the Song Dynasty, it enjoyed the reputation of "gold is priceless" and "even if there is a wealth, it is not as good as Jun porcelain".

Ru Ci

One of the "Five Famous Kilns" in Song Dynasty is a famous porcelain kiln in China. The kiln site is located in Liang Qing Temple, Baofeng County, Henan Province. Song Dynasty belongs to Ruzhou, hence its name. Ru kiln is famous for firing green glazed porcelain. Ye Jian, a poet in the Song Dynasty, recorded in Tan Zhai: "The white porcelain enamel pottery in Dingzhou in this dynasty was useless, making Ruzhou a green kiln ware, so it was well known to Tang, Deng and Yaozhou in Hebei Province, with Ruzhou as the head." It can be seen that Ru kiln is another kiln for firing tribute porcelain for the court after Ding kiln. Its artifacts are mostly modeled after bronzes and jade articles, mainly including a halberd statue, a jade pot spring bottle, a gallbladder bottle, a bottle and a wash. The corpse is as clean as incense ashes, and it has been burned by foot-binding. There are tiny traces of Zhi Ding at the bottom of the objects. Glaze colors mainly include sky blue, sky blue, light pink, pink blue, moonlight white and so on. The glaze layer is thin and bright, and the glaze bubbles are large and sparse, which is called "as few as the morning star". There are tiny lines on the glaze, which are called "crab claw lines". It took only about 20 years for Ru kiln to fire palace porcelain, from the first year of Yuan You in northern Song Zhezong (1086) to the fifth year of Huizong Chongning (1 106), with few handed down products, which were regarded as rare treasures.

Official porcelain

Official kilns are one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, which are divided into two categories: north and south. According to documents, during the period from Huizong Zhenghe to Xuanhe at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (11-kloc-0/125), in Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan), the government set up a kiln to burn celadon, which was called the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty moved south to Hangzhou, there was a kiln under the Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, which was called Inner Silk Kiln, also known as "Inner Silk Kiln". Later, a new kiln was built in Wuguishan, the southern suburb of Hangzhou, which is the official kiln under the suburban altar. The above are collectively referred to as the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The official kiln is famous for firing green glazed porcelain. The main types of containers are bottles, statues, washings, plates and bowls, as well as pots, stoves, utensils and utensils that imitate Zhou and Han bronzes. The shape of the vessel usually has an elegant palace style. The selection of raw materials for porcelain firing and the blending of glaze color are also very particular. The porcelain clay used has a very high iron content, so the color of fetal bone is black and purple. The edge of the mouth of the vessel is purple-black under the thin glaze because of the vertical flow of glaze, commonly known as "purple mouth"; And the feet are exposed, so they are called "iron feet"

The official kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty not only pays attention to the texture, but also pursues the beauty of glaze color. Its thick glazed plain porcelain has few decorative patterns, mainly decorated with glaze colors, such as azure, pink, beige and putty. Generally, the glaze layer is thick and there are many cracks on the glaze surface. This kind of crack is very different from that of Geyao at the same time. Generally speaking, the official kiln has large ice cracks with thick glaze and small fragments with thin glaze, and Ge kiln is best at fine caviar patterns.

Fixed porcelain

Famous northern porcelain kilns in Song Dynasty. The kiln site is located in Ci Village, Quyang County, Hebei Province. It began to burn in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Northern Song Dynasty, and gradually declined in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Ding kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty are mainly white glazed porcelain, and the decoration methods are painting, carving, printing and kneading. Lotus, peony and day lily are common decorative patterns with simple and vivid pictures. Ding kiln not only burns white glaze, but also burns black glaze, blue glaze and sauce glaze. Disks and bowls are the most sculpted, followed by plum bottles, pillows and boxes. It is common to carve the words "Fenghua", "Juxiu", "Cifu" and "Guan" on the bottom of the vessel. Dishes and bowls have the characteristics of raw edges due to burning and tearing due to drooping glaze.

Goetz

One of the "Five Famous Kilns" in Song Dynasty, the Ge Kiln here refers to the Ge Kiln porcelain handed down from generation to generation. The tire color is black, dark gray, light gray and khaki, the glaze color is opaque and opaque, and the glaze color is mainly grayish blue. Common uses include stoves, bottles, bowls, dishes, washing, etc. They are all exquisite in texture and fine in workmanship, and they are all the styles of palace porcelain, which are very different from those of folk kiln porcelain.

The porcelain handed down from Geyao has not been unearthed in the tomb of Song Dynasty, and its kiln site has not been found, so researchers generally believe that the porcelain handed down from Geyao belongs to official kiln porcelain. For a long time, people have mainly studied it according to literature records and handed down objects. Ye Jian's "Tan Zhai Bi Heng" in the Southern Song Dynasty clearly pointed out that there were two official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty: one was the official kiln under the suburban altar, and its kiln site was discovered in Wuguishan, Hangzhou; The other is the official kiln of Xiunei Temple, whose kiln site has not been discovered so far. According to Cao Zhao's On Gegu published in the 20th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty, some scholars believe that the Geyao handed down from ancient times is the official kiln of Xiunei Temple in Song Dynasty.