Cheng advocates exploring external things, while Wang Yangming emphasizes introspection. (3 points)
(7 points) (2) Only list the views of Huang Zongxi and Gu (for example, Huang Zongxi's "The Master of the World" attacked the autocratic monarchy and advocated business as the foundation; Gu's Exposing Imperialism, Practical World, etc.) (4 points)
Features: On the one hand, Confucianism gradually goes to extremes, on the other hand, anti-Confucian tradition appears, forming new ideas with the characteristics of the times. (3 points)
(7 points) (3) Oppose the deification of Confucius; (2 points) Oppose taking the right and wrong of Confucius as the standard and advocate the change of right and wrong. (2 points)
Significance: It impacts orthodoxy and reflects the requirements of the embryonic period of capitalism to some extent. (3 points)
Test analysis: (1) According to the topic "Zhu Cheng thinks it is necessary to study the internal causes of things. It is said that it is inevitable to take things as the outside and analyze them with psychology as the second. " Yang Ming believes that the result is that the heart will lose direction and motivation. "Combining what they have learned, we can see that the former belongs to Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism and the latter belongs to Lu Wang's Neo-Confucianism. Cheng Cheng believes that reason is the source of all things, and Wang Yangming believes that heart is the source of all things. Cheng advocates exploring external things, while Wang Yangming emphasizes introspection.
(2) According to what I have learned, I only list the views of Huang Zongxi and Gu, contemporary thinkers of Wang Fu; Judging from the materials, the first material reflects the development of Neo-Confucianism, and the second material reflects the inheritance of Confucianism criticized by Wang Fuzhi and others during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
(3) According to the topic, "The sage takes the right and wrong of Confucius as right and wrong, so there is no right and wrong ear." "Why do you need to study Confucius specially, and then the pulse?" It shows that Li Zhi challenged the authority of Confucius and advocated that the standard of right and wrong changed with the times. Combined with the background of the times, the analysis of its significance lies in the impact on orthodox ideas, which reflects the requirements of the embryonic period of capitalism to some extent.
Comments: The development and evolution of Confucianism in ancient times. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were a period of great social changes in China. During this period, a hundred schools of thought contended in the ideological and cultural fields, resulting in Confucianism represented by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi, Taoism represented by Laozi and Zhuangzi, Legalists represented by Li Kui, Shang Yang and Han Fei, and Mohism represented by Mozi. The Qin and Han Dynasties were the period when the unified feudal society of China was established and consolidated. Confucianism experienced the process from "burning books to burying Confucianism" in the Qin Dynasty to the establishment of Confucianism as a national orthodox thought by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination system with Confucian classics as the examination content completely affected the social, political and cultural life. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, Confucianism almost lost its practical function of regulating society and supporting people's hearts and got into trouble. Neo-Confucianism, founded in the Northern Song Dynasty, is regarded as the revival of Confucianism. Zhu, a thinker and master of Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty. In addition, another school of neo-Confucianism, Wang Lu Xue Xin, appeared. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of commodity economy, China's ideological circle became active again after experiencing a hundred schools of thought contending in the Spring and Autumn Period, and thinkers such as Li Zhi, Huang Zongxi, Gu, Wang Fuzhi and Tang Zhen appeared, who criticized and revised the Confucian tradition in many ways.