The method of class. Classroom teaching is the main form of school teaching. Listening to lectures is the main activity of students' classroom learning, and it is also one of the important ways for students to acquire knowledge and information. Generally speaking, a history lesson involves many contents (such as historical events, historical phenomena, historical processes, etc. ) and concepts (such as time, geography, people and other historical concepts. ), and it is often a one-time occurrence (for example, the process of a historical event, the teacher can not repeat a lesson). The methods of listening to history lessons can be divided into three aspects: listening, thinking and remembering. The so-called "listening" means that you should concentrate on what the teacher says in time and accurately with a serious learning attitude, especially paying attention to the main points and grasping the key points. The so-called "thinking" means taking the initiative to think when listening to lectures. On the one hand, we should recognize the sounds and semantics we hear and respond to the information we convey in time; On the one hand, we should screen the information and absorb valuable information: the thinking of attending classes also includes self-questioning whether we understand or have doubts. The so-called "taking notes" refers to taking notes in a notebook when attending classes. Junior high school history class notes generally record the outline of the blackboard, basic concepts, important points and so on. In addition to these, high school notes can also choose to record what the teacher said, especially some supplementary content. The writing of notes should be neat and quick, which is convenient for sorting and reviewing. 2. The method of reading textbooks. Textbooks here refer to materials related to history learning, including history textbooks, historical materials and historical reading materials. Reading historical materials is one of the basic ways to learn history. Is to collect history and ask you to listen carefully in class. Generally, the lectures given by history teachers are very lively and interesting in class. This will encourage you to attend more than half of the classes they have taught. 2) Go home and review what the teacher said in one day, and recite the key knowledge repeatedly. 3) Don't neglect the recitation of relevant contents in each class. Although at first you will feel that you forget to wait for you for a few days every day. When you go back to review, you will find that what you have recited before will be completely memorized as long as you recite it again, which is not easy to forget, and it is easy to find the answer when you do the exam. In this case, it is easy to get high marks. Actually, history is not difficult, as long as you study hard. The last point is to build up confidence and believe that you will succeed. Classroom teaching is the main form of school teaching. Attending class is the main activity of students' classroom learning, and it is also one of the important ways for students to acquire knowledge and information.59006.60006066666 Generally speaking, a history lesson involves many contents (such as historical events, historical phenomena, historical processes, etc. ) and concepts (such as time, geography, people and other historical concepts. ), and it is often a one-time occurrence (for example, the process of a historical event, the teacher can not repeat a lesson). The methods of listening to history lessons can be divided into three aspects: listening, thinking and remembering. The so-called "listening" means that you should concentrate on what the teacher says in time and accurately with a serious learning attitude, especially paying attention to the main points and grasping the key points. The so-called "thinking" means taking the initiative to think when listening to lectures. On the one hand, we should recognize the sounds and semantics we hear and respond to the information we convey in time; On the one hand, we should screen the information and absorb valuable information: the thinking of attending classes also includes self-questioning whether we understand or have doubts. The so-called "taking notes" refers to taking notes in a notebook when attending classes. Junior high school history class notes generally record the outline of the blackboard, basic concepts, important points and so on. In addition to these, high school notes can also choose to record what the teacher said, especially some supplementary content. The writing of notes should be neat and quick, which is convenient for sorting and reviewing. 2. The method of reading textbooks. Textbooks here refer to materials related to history learning, including history textbooks, historical materials and historical reading materials. Reading historical materials is one of the basic ways to learn history and the main way to receive historical information. If you want to have a wealth of historical knowledge, there is no shortcut, mainly by reading. Generally speaking, reading includes identification and explanation. Reading comprehension is to understand the literal meaning of reading materials, such as understanding the form, sound and meaning of words, understanding the extension and connotation of words and phrases, identifying sentences and paragraphs and understanding their meanings. On the basis of reading, we should further understand the inner meaning of reading materials, which is interpretation. When interpreting, we should not only understand and analyze the actual meaning of words in historical materials, but also be able to distinguish and summarize the contents of reading materials in connection with specific historical facts. Interpretation in historical reading is very important. "Learn to understand the potential meaning in written materials, and then connect the potential meaning with the cognitive structure" (Note: Ausubel et al., Educational Psychology-Cognitive Viewpoint. Translated by Yu Songjun, People's Education Press, 1994) can be an effective reading. There are two reading methods: extensive reading and intensive reading, and the requirements are different. In addition, in order to improve the reading effect, you can take necessary notes when reading, or make some suggestive records on reading materials (such as textbooks), such as drawing lines, marking symbols, writing comments, etc. 3. Observation method. Although many information-bearing forms of history learning content are abstract words, many of them appear in concrete forms, such as historical maps, historical pictures, historical photos, historical objects or models, historical sites, historical buildings and so on. By observing these visual learning materials, we can get valuable historical information and feel the historical situation and atmosphere to some extent. When observing these visual materials, we should not only grasp their overall appearance and situation, but also pay attention to the relevant details, especially the subtle features. When observing, you should also think with your brain and connect with the written materials you have learned. 4. Methods of collecting materials. History learning often uses historical materials and appropriate materials as evidence to infer history. In particular, inquiry learning involves the collection and use of materials. It should be recognized that being able to collect materials is one of the important manifestations of learning to learn. Collecting materials is the search, retrieval and selection of information, and there are three main channels: one is to use the library, that is, to master the retrieval method of book catalogue; The second is to use the search function of the network, which requires learning to search information online; Third, survey methods, through social surveys (such as questionnaires, interviews, etc. ) get the material. Collect data, and at the same time, screen, sort out and classify the data. 5. Methods of using evidence. The collected historical materials cannot be directly used as evidence, and the value of the materials needs to be analyzed and clarified, including the source, author, nature and authenticity of the materials. When using materials as evidence, first, we should pay attention to choosing typical and important materials to explain the problem; Second, it is necessary to select some relevant materials from different sources to demonstrate a certain problem, which follows the principle of "isolated evidence does not stand"; Third, fully understand and understand the meaning of the selected materials, and don't take them out of context, make subjective assumptions and interpret them at will; The fourth is to support arguments or conclusions with evidence. There are many ways to use historical evidence, including compilation, classification, exploration, summary, reporting, questioning and inference. Lomas. Reflections on the teaching of historical materials. Translated by Ye. In history teaching, 1998.2). 6. the method of exploring the problem. The significance of history learning lies in the understanding of history, that is to say, we should not only find out what history is, but also discuss why. To form a correct understanding of history, we need to explore specific historical issues. In the process of inquiry, we should pay special attention to two kinds of relations. One is causality. "If we really want to understand the changes and development of history, we must pay attention to identifying and investigating the causal relationship between events and behaviors in teaching methods" (Note: D. Thompson, Understanding the Past: Procedures and Contents, in A.K.Dickinson, P.J.Lee and P.J.Rogers, Learning History, Heineman Education Books Co., Ltd., London,/kloc-. Historical causality is concrete and complicated, including one cause and one effect, one cause and many effects, many effects and so on. Specific causes and consequences include short-term and long-term, direct and indirect, inevitable and accidental, subjective and objective, etc., which need comprehensive and concrete analysis. Second, internal relations, such as political, economic and cultural relations, vertical relations similar to the development of historical things, and links between the international situation and the domestic situation. , need specific analysis. 7. Methods of evaluating history. To learn and understand history, we should comment on specific historical things (such as historical events, historical phenomena and historical figures). The evaluation of historical issues is actually an explanation of history. To explain history comprehensively, correctly, objectively and dialectically, we must use scientific theories and methods, which requires learning the basic theories, viewpoints and methods of dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and gradually learning to use them to explain history, thus forming our own understanding of history. For example, Marxist dialectics on productive forces and relations of production, economic base and superstructure, social existence and social consciousness, class and class struggle, the role of individuals and the masses in history, and historical development are of guiding significance for us to correctly evaluate history. To evaluate history is to investigate in specific situations, make realistic analysis, combine history with theory, and discuss from history. 8. the method of memory. History itself can be said to be a kind of human memory. Learning historical knowledge is also remembering history. For students, memorizing historical knowledge is often a headache, even a troublesome thing, so it is necessary to learn and master some methods and skills of historical memory. In memory strategies, we should follow some rules of memory, such as the combination of learning and memory, timely memory, memory based on understanding, the combination of centralized memory and decentralized memory, systematic and structured memory, etc. There are many specific memory methods, such as associative memory, image memory, logical memory, comparative memory, classified memory, outline memory, chart memory, homophonic memory, melody memory, digital memory and so on. 9. Practice methods. Practice in learning is necessary for the consolidation of knowledge and the application of skills. Meaningful practice is actually a kind of continuous learning under the new situation. "Practice is closely related to the level of information processing. It can be said that the closer the connection, the greater the possibility of information migration to long-term memory. "(Note: Nakayama Shinya. Learning and teaching psychology. Education Science Press, 1986). Learning to do homework is also an aspect of learning. In the process of practice, it is important to deepen the understanding of what you have learned through practice; Second, learn to apply knowledge in practice; The third is to systematize and organize knowledge; The fourth is to find out the problems in learning in time, and check for leaks. In the method of practice, we should learn to examine the questions, especially to clarify the meaning and requirements of the questions; Familiar with the characteristics and laws of various types of questions and solve problems as required; Grasp the accuracy and completeness of the answer.