First, conform to the world trend.
1, open your eyes and see the world:
Background-A. National conditions: ① Feudalism decays and the national situation declines; ② Intellectuals are immersed in classics and divorced from reality; (3) the rulers closed their doors and closed their eyes.
The failure of the Opium War surprised the feudal literati.
C. (Purpose) The advanced intellectuals of the landlord class began to seek ways to strengthen the country and resist aggression from the West.
Representative figure-Lin Zexu: the first person in the modern world, presided over the compilation of the annals of the Four Kingdoms and Petrochemical Yi Yan.
Character Wei Yuan: included in the Atlas of the Sea Country, he systematically expounded the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners"
Xu Jishe: Introduction to Welcome (introducing the history, geography, politics and customs of various countries). )
Yao Ying: A trip to Kang (to remind Britain of its ambition to invade Tibet)
The core of the new ideological trend during the Opium War: "Learning from foreigners to control foreigners"
Significance-First, it changed the traditional concept and marked the beginning of modernization in China's ideological field.
B, laid the ideological foundation for the future Westernization Movement.
2. Reform and change:
Background-A, ideological basis: the emergence of early reform ideas.
B, class foundation: the rise of national capitalism, the growth of the national bourgeoisie, and began to enter the political arena (logo: written on the bus).
C. Reason: After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the national crisis deepened.
Kang Youwei, the representative figure, published the Examination of Confucius' Reform, and carried out the reform theory and reform under the banner of Confucius.
Liang Qichao: Political reform is the inevitable development of history, and only political reform is the way out for China.
Tan sitong: a radical reformist, he criticized autocratic monarchy and orthodox ethics.
Yan Fu: Translating the theory of evolution, promoting the reform and reform with the evolutionary thought of "natural selection, survival of the fittest"
The core of the reform thought is to carry out reform and political reform, implement constitutional monarchy, develop capitalism and save the national crisis.
Meaning-essence: the bourgeois ideological emancipation movement in modern China.
Function: a, it is the advanced intellectuals who have explored the truth of saving the country and the people. They were patriotic and progressive at that time and played an enlightening role in society.
B, improve the enthusiasm of intellectuals to participate in politics.
C, objectively conducive to the spread of bourgeois revolutionary ideas.
3. Going to the Republic:
Background-a.19 At the end of the 20th century, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the national crisis was unprecedented.
B, China people's struggle against imperialism and feudalism is rising.
The bourgeois revolutionaries, represented by Sun Yat-sen, fought tirelessly for the democratic republic.
Process-A. Propose: The Zhong Xing Oath clearly puts forward the proposition of "expelling Tatars, restoring China and establishing a Coalition government"
B. Development: The League program formally established the goal of establishing a bourgeois democratic republic as a revolutionary.
C. communication: the debate between revolutionaries and reformists promoted the spread of democratic ideas.
D. Initial realization: 19 12 1, the Republic of China was formally established.
Significance-Let the idea of democratic republic be deeply rooted in people's hearts.
Debate between Revolutionaries and Reformers-Standpoint: Revolutionaries take People's Daily as their stand, and Reformers take Xinmin Congbao as their stand.
Content: A. Do you want to overthrow the Qing government?
B, do you want to establish a republic?
Do you want to change the feudal land system
Function: It has greatly promoted the spread of democratic ideas and prepared public opinion for the democratic revolution.
Second, the new culture movement.
Background —— A. Reason: Northern warlords ruled in darkness, trying to restore the monarchy and implementing respecting Confucius and restoring ancient ways.
B, ideological basis: The Revolution of 1911 made the concept of democratic republic deeply rooted in people's hearts.
C. Class foundation: With the development of state capitalism, the ranks of bourgeois intellectuals have expanded.
Rise-logo: 19 15. The establishment of New Youth marks the rise of the New Culture Movement.
Representative: Chen Duxiu-A, who founded New Youth and started the New Culture Movement.
B, put forward democracy and science, become the banner of the new culture movement.
C, published the theory of literary revolution, advocate new literature.
Li Dazhao-pointed out that freedom and autocracy are incompatible.
Lu Xun published Diary of a Madman (the earliest vernacular novel) which exposed feudal ethics.
Hu Shi-published "My Humble Opinion on Literary Improvement" and put forward the idea of literary improvement.
Guiding ideology: democracy and science (that is, flags and slogans)
Sports Center: Peking University.
Sports orientation: new youth
Content: a, advocate democracy and science, and oppose tyranny and superstition.
B, advocate new morality and oppose old morality.
C advocate new literature and oppose old literature.
(essence: spreading bourgeois ideology and culture)
Development-After the October Revolution, we began to publicize Marxism.
After the May 4th Movement, the mainstream of the New Culture Movement was to spread Marxism.
Meaning-Nature: A, it was a great bourgeois ideological emancipation movement in modern China.
Function: b, it shakes the orthodox position of feudal thought, promotes democratic science and is conducive to the development of science and culture.
C, promoted the awakening of the people, and promoted the upsurge of the Enlightenment.
D, paved the way for the spread of Marxism in China, thus laying the foundation for the May 4th Movement.
Limitations: It is one-sided to completely deny China's traditional culture and accept western culture.
What conditions did the New Culture Movement create for the May 4th Movement?
Conditions-A. After the October Revolution, the New Culture Movement spread Marxism and laid the ideological foundation for the May 4th Movement.
B. The New Culture Movement promoted the awakening of the people, and the national consciousness and patriotic enthusiasm were unprecedentedly high, which provided the mass base for the May 30th Movement.
C many advanced intellectuals in the new culture movement, such as Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, accepted Marxist theory and played a leading role in the may 4th movement.
Third, the spread of Marxism in China.
1, the spread of Marxism:
Background-A. The New Culture Movement formed a situation in which a hundred schools of thought contend, which opened the way for the spread of Marxism in China.
The October Revolution brought Marxism to China,
The May 4th Movement made the spread of Marxism the mainstream of the New Culture Movement.
In the 4th century A.D., the ranks of the proletariat in China grew and entered the historical stage in the May 4th Movement, which laid a class foundation for the spread of Marxism.
E, China advanced intellectuals vigorously promote Marxism.
Process mode: A. Publication: New Youth published a special issue of Marxism.
B. Published articles: Li Dazhao published My View on Marxism, Rethinking Problems and Doctrine, etc.
C. Organizing societies: Li Dazhao organized the "Marxist Theory Research Society" in Beijing and Chen Duxiu organized the "Marxist Research Society" in Shanghai.
D. Classroom teaching: Li Dazhao offered socialist courses in Peking University and Beijing Women's Teachers College.
E. Debate: Marxists argue with reformists and Kilt socialists.
Influence-The spread of Marxism in China and its combination with the workers' movement laid the ideological foundation for the establishment of China.
2, the dispute between problem and doctrine:
Performance-Hu Shi published "More Research on Writing Problems, Less Writing Doctrine": He advocated that social transformation should start from scratch and oppose comprehensive solution.
And violent revolution (essentially bourgeois reformism)
Li Dazhao published "Re-discussion on Problems and Doctrine": Problems and Doctrine cannot be separated, and only the fundamental solution of problems can be realized.
There is hope to solve specific problems.
Essence-the confrontation between Marxism and bourgeois reform
Influence-First, it promoted the spread of Marxism in China.
B, indicates that the new culture movement camp began to split.
3. Debate between Marxism and Kilt socialism;
Content-A, Kilt socialists: admit that capitalism will be replaced by socialism, but advocate the development of capitalist owners.
Righteousness, develop industry, deny the existence of the proletariat in China, and oppose the establishment of proletarian political parties.
B, Marxists: China's industry is underdeveloped, so we need to choose a development mode. History has proved that it is to take the capitalist road.
It doesn't work, only take the socialist road.
Essence-another confrontation between Marxism and bourgeois reformism
Influence-The criticism of Kilt's socialism further expanded the influence of Marxism in China.
Attachment: Several new trends of thought during the May 4th Movement.
(1) Anarchism-advocates individual absolute freedom and opposes all power and government (it is popular earlier and has great influence).
(2) New Village Doctrine-Imagine a new life of common labor, mutual cooperation and common consumption (from Japan, with little influence)
(3) Work-study program mutual aid group movement-fantasy through the work of intellectuals, help workers learn, break the difference between "hard work" and "labor".
Don't, transform society (its practice ended in failure)
(4) Pragmatism-advocating social improvement, class reconciliation, and opposing class struggle and proletarian revolution (originated in the United States)
⑤ Kilt Socialism-advocates class reconciliation and labor-capital cooperation, and opposes proletarian revolution and dictatorship.