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Hu Shi (189 1- 1962)
Hu Shi's original name was Hu Hong (Ma Xin), with the word Simida and Xijiang. After he was admitted to study in the United States, he changed his name to Yi Shi, a native of Jixi, Anhui. Modern scholars, historians, writers and philosophers. 189 1 February 17 Hu Shi was born in Jixi, Anhui Province, outside the East Gate of Shanghai University. His father, Hu Chuan (Tie Hua, blunt husband), was a tribute student at the age of 18 in Qing Dynasty. He was once the chief inspector of Songhulika and the magistrate of Zhili in Taitung, and his book Two Records of Taiwan Province Province was handed down from generation to generation. Sister Feng Shundi.
1April 893 12 Hu Shi went to Taiwan Province Province with his mother and lived in Mr. Tiehua's office. On February 7th, 1895, my mother left Taiwan Province Province for Jixi. Hu Shi was enlightened at the age of five and received nine years of old-fashioned education in Jixi's hometown private school. He read "Learn to Be a Poet" by Mr. Tie Hua, and laid a certain foundation for his old studies. From 65438 to 0904, he went to Shanghai and studied at Meixi School and Chengzhong School, which are new schools. At first, he came into contact with western ideology and culture and accepted new ideas such as evolution, which was greatly influenced by Liang Qichao and Yan Fu. And began to publish vernacular articles in Ye Jing Morning Post. 1906 was admitted to Chinese college, and 19 10 was admitted to boxer indemnity. After going to the United States, he first entered Cornell University's College of Agriculture, and transferred to the College of Literature in the spring of 19 12. 1965438+obtained bachelor's degree in February 2004. 1965438+In September, 2005, he entered the Graduate School of Philosophy Department of Columbia University, and Du Wei was the head of the department. Hu Shi studied under the philosopher Dewey, accepted Dewey's pragmatic philosophy, and believed it all his life. 19 17 completed his doctoral thesis "The Evolution of Ancient Logical Methods in China".
During this period, Hu Shi actively explored the literary improvement scheme and tried to write vernacular poems. The correspondence with Chen Duxiu, editor-in-chief of New Youth, and My Humble Opinion on Literary Improvement 19 17+0 published in June triggered a massive and far-reaching literary revolution. In May 2007, Hu Shi passed the doctoral graduation examination of Columbia University. 19 17 In July, Hu Shi returned to China as Professor Peking University, joined the editorial department of New Youth, wrote articles against feudalism, publicized personal freedom, democracy and science, actively advocated "literary improvement" and vernacular literature, and became an important figure in the New Culture Movement at that time. /kloc-at the age of 0/3, Hu Shi was engaged to Jiang Dongxiu, the daughter of Jiang Shixian in Jiangcun, Jingdezhen County. Then, winter went and spring came 14 years, and they never met again. 19 17 12, Hu Shi went back to his hometown to get married, and everything should be fine.
Hu Shijia's eldest son Hu Zuwang is on the left, his second son Hu Sidu is on the right, and Mrs. Hu Jiang Dongxiu is in the middle.
19 19 may 1 day, Dewey came to China to give lectures with his wife and daughter at the invitation of domestic educational institutions, and stayed for two years and two months, accompanied by Hu Shi and served as Dewey's translator, giving more than 100 lectures, with more than 20 lectures on educational issues alone. It is rare for western scholars to give lectures in China for a long time and with a wide range of contents. His lectures spread the philosophy of pragmatism, publicized American culture, social and political views, moral views and educational views, and had a great influence on the intellectual circles in China. During this period, China scholars wrote and published many articles introducing and commenting on pragmatism. At that time, the influential New Education magazine, the third issue 19 19, also published a special issue of Dewey. Hu Shi, the representative of spreading and propagating pragmatism, not only systematically introduced pragmatic philosophy-pragmatic realism, empiricism, truth view and methodology, but also summarized Dewey's methodology as "bold hypothesis and careful verification" and applied it to the study of Pu Xue and A Dream of Red Mansions.
During the May 4th Movement, Hu Shi wrote a series of articles, such as On the Concept of Historical Literature, On the Literary Revolution under Construction, and advocated "Literature in Mandarin", and successively completed "An Introduction to Mandarin Grammar" and "History of Vernacular Literature", which played a decisive role in the replacement of classical Chinese by vernacular Chinese as an important tool of thought and communication for modern China people.
While advocating this theory, Hu Shi also made some "attempts" in literary creation. His novels and plays have never been successful. The Unique Collection of Attempts published by 1902 is the first vernacular poetry collection in the history of literature, which is quite pioneering. Hu Shi was the first to write a one-act drama "Life Events" in vernacular, which created a new form of modern drama. In the plot, the heroine left a note that "the child's lifelong events should be decided by herself" and left home with her lover. This is influenced by Ibsen's A Doll's House. His novel A Problem is the first of China's modern novels.
Literary creation is not his strong suit. In the New Culture Movement, another great contribution of Hu Shi was the introduction of new ideas. His Ibsen theory and chastity are inspiring works. From the debate with Li Dazhao and others about "Problems and Doctrine", to the Collection of Human Rights, and then to the hosting of the Independent Review, Hu Shi has always adhered to the independent position and critical spirit.
1920 In March, Hu Shi (second from right) took a group photo with Cai Yuanpei (second from left), Jiang Menglin (first from left) and Li Dazhao (first from right).
Hu Shi called the New Culture Movement "China's Renaissance" and asserted that it had four purposes: to study problems; Input theory; Organize national heritage; Rebuild civilization. According to his understanding, the so-called sorting out the national heritage is to systematically study the ancient studies that have been broken for 3,000 years by scientific methods. Therefore, Hu Shi paid special attention to the method of academic research, and wrote many articles introducing the "scientific method" of Confucianism and western philosophers in Qing Dynasty, so that he repeatedly claimed that his academic research was to prove and popularize his "scientific method".
Hu Shi is a knowledgeable scholar who has made great achievements in literature, philosophy, history, textual research, education, ethics and many other fields. His research mainly includes two fields, one is the history of China's philosophy, and the other is the history of China's literature. They are all contributing to the creation of a new generation of wind. In the Outline of the History of China Philosophy published by 19 19 (Volume I), Hu Shi first used the system and method of modern western philosophy to study China's pre-Qin philosophy, put Confucius and Confucianism under certain historical conditions, and compared them with other philosophers with an "equal eye", which broke the "exclusive" status and mystery of Confucianism and had a groundbreaking influence. Although the Outline of the History of China's Philosophy only published the first volume, and the History of Vernacular Literature was not compiled in the second volume, these two books are classic works that establish norms and lay the foundation of disciplines. Later generations can appreciate and criticize it, but they can't ignore its existence. The former's head-up and historical vision, and the latter's double-line literary concept are "bold ideas" that have a far-reaching impact on academic development in this century.
1920 Hu Shi took a photo with Gao, Ma and Cai Yuanpei Ding.
From 1920 to 1933, Hu Shi mainly used the method of historical evolution to study and textual research on China's classical novels. The classical novels written by Hu Shi include A Dream of Red Mansions, Water Margin, The Journey to the West, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Three Heroes and Five Righteousnesses, Biography of Flowers on the Sea, Biography of Heroes and Children, and Record of Officialdom.
From February of 1923 to the end of 1924, there was a far-reaching "debate on science and metaphysics" in China's ideological and cultural field, also known as "debate on outlook on life". The whole debate process can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) the origin and outbreak of the debate: from February 1923 to the same year when Zhang published a long article refuting Ding Wenjiang's refutation. (2) The development and deepening of the debate: From May 65438 to May 0923, Liang Qichao wrote the scientific debate on metaphysics in Public International Law in Wartime, and in the same year, Wu Zhihui published The View of the Universe and Outlook on Life with New Beliefs. During this period, figures of science and metaphysics appeared one after another, and the debate intensified. (3) The turning point and ending of the debate: from 1923 to 1 1, Chen Duxiu prefaced the debate collection "Science and Outlook on Life", and Deng Zhongxia published "Current Thoughts in China" until the end of 1924, during which the "science-metaphysics" debate developed into Hu Shi was the background of Ding Wenjiang, a "scientific school" at that time.
Hu Shi, the founder of the New Dream of Red Mansions-Textual Research School, can be said to be the first person to put novels into the academic research track, replacing the "Suoyin School" represented by Cai Yuanpei. Hu Shi said in Textual Research on A Dream of Red Mansions: "Now I would like to advise all those who love reading A Dream of Red Mansions: To truly understand A Dream of Red Mansions, we must first break the far-fetched mystery of A Dream of Red Mansions! Hu Shi is the discoverer and owner of lonely Zhi Yanzhai's reappraisal of The Story of the Stone in A Dream of Red Mansions. Later, a series of precious versions such as Geng were discovered, which laid an important foundation for modern redology research.
In the process of writing the History of Zen in China, Hu Shi came into contact with the record of Debate between God and Northern Sect, and felt that it was difficult to write a good history of Zen without writing about God. 1926, Hu Shi found three volumes and an incomplete volume in Paris and London, with about 20,000 words of information about devout monks, namely, the quotations of devout monks and the debate on the right and wrong of Dharma Nanzong, and also found the collection of religious schools in London. He not only "wanted to rewrite the history of Zen from the beginning", but also stressed that "the great monk's respect for God is really the true ancestor of Zen. Yin Shun thinks this is his conclusion, but it is still a contribution to the study of Zen history. Hu Shi said, "For more than a thousand years, almost no one knows the position of God in the history of Zen, and there is nothing more unfair in history. ".
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