1, Renaissance: It first started in Italy around14th century;

(1) guiding ideology: humanism, the core of which is to affirm people and pay attention to human nature and human value;

(2) Nature: it is not the revival of classical culture, but the rise of bourgeois culture, which is the ideological liberation movement of the bourgeoisie;

(3) Character: Italy-The Divine Comedy by the poet Dante; Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; England-Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, etc.

(4) Impact: The Renaissance promoted the prosperity of European cultural and ideological fields and laid the ideological and cultural foundation for the emergence of European capitalism.

2. Opening of new routes:

(1) Reasons: the development of commodity trade and the budding of capitalism, the enthusiasm of Europeans for gold, and the exaggeration of Kyle's trip to Polo.

(2) objective conditions: progress in astronomy and geography, progress in shipbuilding and navigation technology, etc.

(3) Course: ① Portuguese Diaz entered the Indian Ocean in 1487 and found the Cape of Good Hope; (2) 1492 Columbus, Italy, with the support of the Spanish royal family, arrived in Cuba, Haiti and other places in America today; (3)1497-1498 Portuguese da gama bypassed the cape of good hope and arrived in India; (4)1519-1522 Portuguese Magellan completed his first round-the-world voyage under the command of the king of Spain.

(4) Impact: After the opening of the new air route, the traffic from Europe to Asia, America and Africa is close, and the world begins to become a whole; The prosperity of industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast of Europe promoted the emergence and development of capitalism.

western bourgeois revolution

1. The success of the British bourgeois revolution is a great victory of the capitalist system over the feudal system in human history.

2. Reasons for the outbreak of the revolution: ①/kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, British capitalism developed greatly, and the strength of the bourgeoisie and new noble grew day by day. They want to take power and develop capitalism, which is the root cause of the revolution. At that time, the king of England advocated "the divine right of monarchy", and the feudal autocratic rule seriously hindered the further development of British capitalism and quickly intensified various social contradictions.

3. Process: (1), fuse: Scottish people's uprising; (2) 1640, the king called a meeting of parliament, and the parliament demanded the restriction of kingship, and the revolution broke out; (3) Charles I launched a civil war; (4) 1649 executed the king and declared Britain a republic; (5) Cromwell became a "protector"; (6) 1660 feudal dynasty restoration; (7) 1688 coup, the establishment of the bourgeoisie and new noble rule.

4. Result: In order to restrict the power of the king, the British Parliament passed the Bill of Rights in 1689. Therefore, Britain established a constitutional monarchy of bourgeois dictatorship.

5. Influence: (1), overthrowing the feudal monarchy; (2) established the dominant position of the bourgeoisie and cleared the way for the development of capitalism; (3), promoted the process of world history.

American War of Independence (1775-1783)

1, time: 1775 —— 1783

2. Reasons: ① the development of British colonial economy in North America; ② British colonial oppression.

3. Leadership: bourgeoisie and planter class (represented by Washington)

4. After that:

① Outbreak: Gunfire from Lexington (1April 775);

② Army Building: Appointed Washington as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775);

3. Independence: The Declaration of Independence was issued; (1July 4, 776)

④ Turning point: Battle of Saratoga; ( 1777)

(5) Victory: British troops in Yorktown surrendered;

6. Recognition: Britain recognizes American independence; ( 1783)

⑦ Establishing a government: Formulating a constitution and establishing a federal government. Washington was elected as the first president of the United States (1787).

5. Significance: (page 76)

The French Revolution and the Establishment of Napoleon Empire

1, the reason of revolution: the contradiction between capitalist development and feudal autocracy; Social hierarchy, the opposition between the third class and the privileged class.

2. Process: (1) Trigger: the convening of the third-level meeting. (2) Symbol of the beginning:1On July 4th, 789, the people of Paris captured the Bastille. (3) Revolutionary Program: 1789 promulgated the Declaration of Human Rights, declaring that all people are born free and have equal rights, and private property is inviolable. (4) 1792, France abolished the monarchy, the first Republic of France was established, and Louis XVI was guillotined. (5) jacobins's dictatorship pushed the French Revolution to a climax; Robespierre and others were guillotined in the coup in 1794, and the climax of the French Revolution ended.

3. Historical significance: The French Revolution destroyed the feudal rule of France, spread the progressive ideas of bourgeois freedom and democracy, and had a great impact on the development of world history.

4. 1799, Napoleon launched a coup and seized power. 1804, the Napoleonic empire was established-the first empire of France in history (1804- 18 14). During his reign, Napoleon consolidated the bourgeois rule at home and promulgated the code. Defeated the troops of the European anti-French alliance many times abroad, expanded the territory of France and controlled many parts of Europe. Napoleon's foreign war not only attacked the feudal forces in Europe, but also harmed the interests of the people of the invaded country and aroused the resistance of the local people. Therefore, Napoleon's foreign war has both positive elements of defending the achievements of the Great Revolution, cracking down on European feudal rule and spreading capitalism. There are also negative factors of aggression and hegemony.

The arrival of "age of steam"

1. The industrial revolution is a leap from the workshop handicraft stage to the big machine production stage in the capitalist period, a revolution in the production field and social relations, and an inevitable result of the capitalist political and economic development.

In the 1960s, 1, 18, the industrial revolution first occurred in Britain, and the earliest industrial sector was the cotton textile industry.

3. Major invention: (1) Hargreaves invented Jenny machine, which marked the beginning of the industrial revolution. And the production efficiency is greatly improved. The English mechanic Watt improved the steam engine. 1785, Watt's improved steam engine was first put into use in the textile sector. People use the power provided by steam engine to drive machines to produce, which greatly promotes the development of large factory production. Since then, mankind has entered the "age of steam". Sun Qijun, an English engineer, invented the locomotive by using the steam engine. Since then, the rapid development of railway traffic has brought great convenience to people's production and life.

4. Around1840, British large machine production became the main mode of industrial production, and the industrial revolution was completed. Since then, France, the United States and other countries have also completed the industrial revolution, and other countries in the world have also carried out the industrial revolution sooner or later. Impact: (1) created great productivity. (2) Society is increasingly divided into two directly opposite classes, namely, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. The bourgeoisie has become increasingly rich through various means of exploitation; The proletariat is increasingly relatively poor, and the opposition and struggle between the two classes are gradually obvious and sharp. (3) Change the face of the world: Europe and the United States have become powerful industrial countries, while Asia, Africa and Latin America have long been poor and backward.

Bloody capital accumulation

1, the evil "triangle trade": (1) Background: The Indian population in the United States has plummeted, and plantation owners are in urgent need of black labor. (2) Route: start from Europe to Africa, catch black people and transport them to America for sale, and then transport the gold, silver and industrial raw materials from America back to Europe. (3) Time: It lasted more than 300 years. (4) Impact: Africa lost nearly 1 100 million lean laborers, which brought a tragic fate to black slaves; Bloody capital accumulation promoted the development of local capitalism.

2. Portuguese was the first person who sold slaves. But the British came from behind and became the main operators of triangle trade.

3./kloc-In the second half of the 0/8th century, Britain has become the most powerful colonial country in the world, known as "the empire that never falls".

4. British colonization of India began in17th century. The British East India Company is responsible for the British colonial aggression against India and other Asian countries.

The struggle of colonial people

1, bolivar-"liberator of south America", liberated the Spanish colony in south America.

2. Queen Zhang Xi, an Indian national hero, led the rebel army to fight against the British invasion of Zhang Xi.

The International Workers' Movement and the Birth of Marxism

During the period of 1, 1836- 1848, British workers launched a large-scale and lasting movement-the British Constitution Movement. This is the first mass proletarian political revolutionary movement in the world. But it's no use.

2. Marx and Engels are the founders of scientific communism, great mentors and leaders of the international proletariat, and also Germans. Marxist theory includes Marxist philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism.

3. 1848, the publication of the * * * declaration marked the birth of Marxism.

The Paris Commune was the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish political power. After the failure of the Paris Commune, Eugè ne poitier, one of the communes, wrote The Internationale.

American civil war

1. background (reason): the contradiction between the north and the south economic system is very sharp. The contradiction between the two sides around slavery has been irreconcilable.

2. The fuse: 186 1 Lincoln who advocated the abolition of slavery became the president of the United States.

3. The civil war broke out; 186 1 year, the southern army provoked a civil war and the American civil war broke out.

4. Process: (1) At the beginning of the war, the north suffered repeated military defeats. (2) Turn the tide: 1862, Lincoln issued a decree to liberate slaves. (3) Result: 1865 North won, and national unity was maintained.

5. Significance: The abolition of slavery has cleared another major obstacle to the development of capitalism and created conditions for future economic development. This is the second bourgeois revolution in American history.

The historical turning point of Russia and Japan

1. The background of Russia's abolition of serfdom: capitalist industries developed slowly, and serfdom became a serious obstacle.

2. 186 1 year, Tsar Alexander II signed a decree to abolish serfdom. The law stipulates that serfs are "free men" in law; Landlords are no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives; After the serfs are "liberated", they can get a piece of land, but they must pay the price for it.

3. 186 1 Reform is a top-down bourgeois reform of the tsar, which is conducive to the development of capitalism. Although this reform left a lot of feudal remnants, it accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and was a major turning point in modern Russian history.

4. The background of Meiji Restoration in Japan: closed doors and backward feudalism: the emperor's power stood aside and the shogunate held real power; Foreign forces invaded. 1868, the middle and lower samurai overthrew the Tokugawa era by force, followed by bourgeois reform. The contents of the reform: politics: "abolishing vassals and establishing counties" and strengthening centralization; Economy: allowing land sales and encouraging the development of modern industry; Social life: advocate "civilization", encourage learning from Europe and America, and strive to develop education. Significance: Meiji Restoration made Japan embark on the road of capitalist development and get rid of the fate of becoming a semi-colonial country, which was a major turning point in Japanese history. However, after Japan became strong, it soon embarked on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion.

Lesson 20: Mankind Stepped into the "Electrical Age"

1,19 In the 1970s, the invention and use of generators and motors, as well as the application of electricity became more and more extensive. Electricity has gradually replaced steam as the main power of factory machines, and human history has entered the "electrical age".

American Edison invented the durable carbon filament light bulb, which brought light to the world. He has officially registered 1300 kinds of inventions and is known as the "king of inventions".

3, 65438+ In the 1980s, German Karl Benz and others designed the internal combustion engine. With the internal combustion engine as the power, Ben Ci successfully trial-produced the automobile in 1885, and has been continuously improved since then, becoming a popular tool. The extensive use of automobiles has enhanced production capacity, changed people's lifestyles, expanded people's activities and strengthened interpersonal communication.

1903 April, 65438+February, the Wright brothers in the United States built an airplane. Later, the plane became a convenient and quick air transportation tool for people.

World War I

1. background: the second industrial revolution promoted the rapid development of productive forces in capitalist countries; Major capitalist countries have successively entered the stage of imperialism; In order to compete for world hegemony, the two major military groups launched a crazy expansion and preparation activities.

2. Due to the struggle for power and hegemony, two opposing imperialist aggression groups-Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed triple alliance. Britain, France and Russia form a tripartite agreement.

3. The Balkans is called the "powder keg" of Europe. After the Sarajevo incident, Germany, Austria and Hungary decided to use this as an excuse to wage war. 1965438+In July 2004, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and World War I broke out.

World War I was the first war with unprecedented scale in human history, and the battlefield was mainly concentrated in Europe. 19 16 Battle of Verdun, with more than 700,000 casualties on both sides, was called "Verdun Meat Grinder".

5. The scale of World War I was unprecedented. The battlefield expanded from Europe to Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and more than 30 countries were involved in the war. 19 17, the United States declared war on Germany, joined the Allies, and China also joined the war. 1918165438+In October, Germany surrendered and the war lasted for more than four years. Impact: It has brought profound disasters to people all over the world. More than 30 million people were killed or injured in the participating countries, and100000 people died of war, disease and hunger.

Lesson 22: The Power of Science and Thought

1 and1in the 8th century, a group of enlightenment thinkers appeared in France, among which Voltaire was a famous one. Advocacy: for feudal autocracy, emphasize the freedom and equality of the bourgeoisie; Criticize the darkness and decay of the Catholic Church. Influence: it has greatly liberated people's minds and promoted the progress of European society; It provides a powerful theoretical weapon for the emerging bourgeoisie to replace the feudal aristocracy politically; The Enlightenment promoted the ideological emancipation of China, Japanese and other Asian countries.

Newton, a British scientist, is one of the founders of modern natural science. His main contribution to astronomy is the discovery of gravity; The contribution to mathematics is the establishment of calculus; Mechanics has established a complete theoretical system of mechanics. Among them, the three laws of mechanics, also known as Newton's three laws, have the greatest influence on the development of modern natural science.

From 65438 to 0859, the British scientist Darwin published The Origin of Species. Put forward the viewpoint of "evolution". Impact: overthrow creationism and species invariance; It caused a sensation in Europe and even the whole world, shaking the foundation of theological rule.

4. "If I see farther than others, it is because I stand on the shoulders of giants." Newton.

Einstein was one of the great scientists in the 20th century. Born in Germany. The most important contribution in his life was the theory of relativity put forward at the beginning of the 20th century. The establishment of the theory of relativity promoted the revolution of the whole physics theory and provided a theoretical basis for the invention of the atomic bomb and the application of atomic energy.

6. "Don't try to be a successful person, try to be a valuable person." -Einstein

Lesson 23: Masterpieces of World Culture

Lev tolstoy is one of the greatest Russian writers. His representative works include War and Peace, Anna karenin and Resurrection. These works depict the life scenes of all walks of life in Russian society and profoundly expose the basic contradictions of Russian society from the end of/kloc-0 to the beginning of the 20th century. Lenin called Tolstoy "the mirror of Russian revolution".

2. Famous artist: Van Gogh, a Dutchman, whose masterpiece Sunflower expresses the author's incomparable love for life.

3. Musician: Beethoven, German. The third symphony, Hero Symphony, is one of Beethoven's representative works, which was completed in 1804-marking the maturity of Beethoven's thought and art.

4. "I will hold my destiny by the throat, and it will never make me completely yield." -Beethoven

Character evaluation:

Washington 1:

(1) is a famous bourgeois revolutionary, politician and the father of the United States. (2) During the North American War of Independence, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, leading the North American people through a series of battles such as Saratoga and Yorktown, defeating the British, winning the War of Independence, ending British colonial rule, realizing national independence, and benefiting the development of American capitalism. (3) He was also a pioneer of American democracy. After the War of Independence, he voluntarily surrendered his military power. 1787, under his auspices, the United States formulated the 1787 Constitution and established a relatively democratic bourgeois political system. After being re-elected as the first and second president, he voluntarily gave up the opportunity to serve as the third president. (4) Because of Washington's outstanding feats and democratic politics in the War of Independence, he won the love of the American people and became one of the famous presidents in American history, and was honored as the father of the United States.

2. Lincoln:

(1) is a famous president, outstanding bourgeois revolutionary and politician in American history. (2)186/kloc-0 took office in March, and led the American government to deal with the civil war provoked by the southern army. During the war, the Homestead Law and the Emancipation Proclamation were promulgated one after another, which met the people's demand for land, mobilized the revolutionary enthusiasm of slaves, and actively joined the army, making the war situation favorable to the north. 1865, the war ended in victory in the north. This war cleared another obstacle for the development of capitalism in the United States and created conditions for the rapid economic development in the future. (3) Shortly after the war, Lincoln was assassinated. Lincoln made great contributions to safeguarding national unity and liberating slaves. 100 has been deeply loved and missed by the American people for more than a year. (4) Limitations: Lincoln's attitude towards slavery is not to abolish it immediately, but to gradually restrict development until it is eliminated. His hesitant attitude was one of the reasons for the defeat of the North in the early stage of the war, which reflected his weakness as a bourgeois politician.

3. Napoleon:

(1) In the turbulent years after the French Revolution, Napoleon stepped onto the stage of French history with his extraordinary military talents and became a famous bourgeois strategist, revolutionary and politician. (2) 1799, staged a coup in the foggy month and seized power. 1804, the first empire of France was established. During his reign, he consolidated the rule of the bourgeoisie internally and promulgated a series of laws, such as codes, which became the legislative norms of capitalist society in the future. Defeated the forces of the European anti-French alliance many times and defended the achievements of the French bourgeois revolution. (3) His foreign wars expanded the territory of France and controlled many parts of Europe; It not only attacked the feudal forces in Europe; It also harmed the interests of the people of the invaded country, aroused the resistance of the local people, and eventually led to the collapse of the empire. (4) In short, Napoleon's historical achievements are great, and his shortcomings are not small, and his achievements outweigh his shortcomings.

Compare the two bourgeois revolutions in American history. ※

Similarities: ① All obstacles to the development of capitalism were removed by means of war.

In the revolution, the bourgeoisie played a leading role and the people played a driving role.

(3) documents have been issued to stimulate the enthusiasm of the revolution. The first promulgation was the Declaration of Independence.

Words "; The homestead act and the emancipation proclamation were promulgated for the second time.

(4) It has accelerated the development of American capitalism.

Difference:

The first national liberation war was to get rid of British colonial rule and strive for national independence.

Lee, it was in the case that Britain suppressed the economic development of North America and the racial contradictions intensified.

Start; The second time was the Civil War to abolish black slavery, especially in the north.

The contradiction between capitalist economy and slave economy in southern plantations has intensified.

Yes

(2) the first victory opened the way for the development of American capitalism, for later Europe and

The revolution in Latin America also played a role in promoting; The second victory swept away capitalism.

Another obstacle to development has created conditions for the rapid economic development in the future.