2006- 12-6 13:54:09

Human Comedy is a brilliant creative group completed by Balzac with his own life experience, and it is a miracle of human spiritual civilization. Here, with sober realism, he "provides us with an outstanding history of French society, especially the upper class in Paris." It reproduces the broad social picture from 18 16- 1848, that is, from the "restoration of the imperial dynasty" to the July dynasty.

Human Comedy is a huge creative group including 9 1 novels, which is combined into an organic whole by combing and reappearing characters.

The so-called arrangement means that the works are divided into three categories according to their categories: custom research, philosophical research and analytical research, among which the custom research is the most important and the largest, so it is divided into six scenes: private life, life in other provinces, life in Paris, life in the army and life in the countryside.

The so-called character expression method is to let the same character appear in different works in succession. Every time it appears, it shows its personality. Finally, the plots of these works run through from beginning to end, forming the trajectory of the development of the characters' thoughts, so as to reproduce the whole of their personality from multiple angles and levels. Nie of Rasty, for example, only wrote the rudiment of an ambitious man in Gao Laotou, developed into a typical ambitious man in Newchin Bank, and became a financial oligarch like a jackal in Aunt Bei and Senator Alsi.

Human comedy shows the whole picture of French society, and its social and historical contents can be summarized as: the decline and fall of nobles, the rise and fall of bourgeoisie and the evil of money, which are called three major themes.

The first theme: the decline and fall of nobles

"Human Comedy" is about the bourgeoisie attacking the feudal class on three battlefields with money full of copper smell, which made the nobles suffer a fiasco.

The first battlefield: the older generation was knocked down by money. Representative works include: Antiquities Exhibition Room and Farmers.

The second battlefield: the new generation is corrupted by money. The representative is "Gao Laotou".

The third battlefield: women are driven away by money. It is manifested in two aspects: wives are frustrated in love and ladies are unhappy in marriage. Representative works include The Abandoned Wife and The Sioux City Ball.

Balzac's class sympathy is on the side of the aristocrats who are doomed to failure. However, his tears of sympathy can't stop his realistic eyes. He had to go against his class sympathy and political preference and describe the inevitable decline of his beloved aristocratic class without a better fate. As Engels said, "His works are endless elegies for the inevitable collapse of the upper class."

The second theme: the bourgeois has made a fortune.

In "Human Comedy", Balzac successfully created a series of bourgeois images that replaced the nobility and entered the society, which were roughly composed of three types of people:

1. The image of the old bourgeoisie in the period of primitive accumulation of capital. The representative "usurer" is in Gao Sai Bu. The development mode is single and the management means is backward; The old way of life and extreme meanness are the characteristics of early capitalist exploiters.

2. The bourgeois image with the characteristics of the transitional period, that is, the period of free competition. Old Grandet is a representative of Eugénie Grandet. Diversified exploitation methods and speculative management methods; This way of life is still characterized by the extreme miserliness of the early bourgeoisie.

3. The image of a new generation of bourgeois with the characteristics of financial oligarchy in the monopoly period. The representative novel The Bank of Neuxingen is Neuxingen. The mode of exploitation is more risky and deceptive, and the means of operation go beyond the scope of business and penetrate into the regime; Modern lifestyle, money and luxury. He showed that the monopoly capital that the people in charge of the economic lifeline and the people in charge of state power began to collude began to appear.

Through the management history of Gao Sai Booker of the older generation, Grandet of the transitional period and Qin Niu Gen of adolescence, Human Comedy reproduces the evolution history of capitalist exploitation mode, which is also the history of capitalism rising to maturity and dominating the world.

The third theme: the evil of money

1. Destroy humanity and conscience.

Money has aroused the despicable lust of all members of the whole society, and everyone pursues money without exception. It submerges everything in the ice water of egoism, leading to shrinking conscience, expanding ambition, moral degeneration and cross-flow of human desires. Representative works include Gao Laotou and Yi Bei.

2. Destroy love and family.

Money becomes the only bond between husband and wife. Love, marriage and family are all centered on money, which directs tragedy, comedy, farce and farce. Representative works: Eugénie Grandet and Colonel Xia Bei.

3. Destroy society and destroy the country.

Money, like the pervasive yellow devil, permeates every corner of the whole society, buys the hearts of those in power and degenerates great people into "Prada-wearing demons". Money has poisoned the whole superstructure, including the sacred temple of literature and art, and it has become the lever of the country's political rights and the omnipotent real master. Representative works disillusionment and the rise and fall of social flowers.

Three. achievements of art

First, strong reality.

Balzac's "Human Comedy" has a far-sighted historical vision. From the macro perspective of studying the objective world, he understands the general trend of French political, economic, ideological, moral and historical development, reaching a depth and breadth that ordinary writers can't reach. It is embodied in:

1. Ambitious:

The purpose of "Human Comedy" is to study the whole society, be the secretary of social historian, and write French social history, so that he can stand on the height of realism and show the development of history.

2. Broad vision:

This is a comprehensive encyclopedia. It covers 18 16- 1848 the restoration of monarchy and the broad social life during the July dynasty, including the decline of various nobles, the prosperity of the bourgeoisie and money crimes.

3. Digging depth:

Balzac discussed the trend of each class from the viewpoint of class struggle, and pointed out that "how the last remnants of a model society were finally swept away under the attack of the nouveau riche" profoundly reflected the essence of the times. From the point of view that economy determines everything, it is incomparable for ordinary people and cynics to study the historical process of money conquering the whole society, expose the essence and hit the key point.

Second, it is highly typical.

Reproduce typical characters in a typical environment.

1. Environment determines personality:

Balzac believes that man is the product of society, and the environment can decide and change him. He always focuses on the role of environment in the formation of characters. At the beginning of a work, the characters and plots are often listed after a long and detailed description of the environment with typical characteristics. His environmental description includes the background of the times, social features, the relationship between people and the material conditions of daily life. Different environments become the basis for the formation and development of different characters' personalities.

2. Personality reproduction environment:

Balzac's characters are the unity of * * and personality, and the artistic representation of the essence of the times. Those characters who are full of greed, ambition, money worship and animal nature are all born from within the times and are real children. Through these typical examples, the environment that produces them, that is, the essence of society, is reproduced.

3. Amazing erotic description:

Balzac is particularly good at highlighting "this one" when highlighting the personality characteristics of characters. He made his hero be controlled by some kind of lust and even eccentricity, reaching a morbid, crazy, unstoppable and unbelievable level. They would rather burn themselves in this evil fire of lust day and night and die without regret. For example, Gao Laotou's beloved daughter, Grandet's love for money, Aunt Bei's jealousy, Bunce's antique addiction, and Yule's lewdness all left an unforgettable impression on people and produced shocking emotional strength, but they achieved more real artistic effects than real people.

Third, the details are true.

Balzac, as a master of art, in his many achievements in describing characters, it is even more valuable to highlight their personality characteristics through a series of specific and typical details. This vivid detail description also makes the characters more realistic and appealing.

For example, Grandet's sarcoma always flashes at the moment of intense psychological activity. His stuttering always occurs when he plays hard to get and throws stones at the water. This shows the cunning, treachery and sophistication of the bourgeoisie in the era of free competition.

Another example is that Rasty Nie secretly shed a few tears when he wrote to ask for the savings of his mother and sister, expressing the inner contradiction of a young man with inflated ambitions but no conscience at this moment, showing a tendency to go to the abyss.

Balzac's funeral speech

background introduction

Balzac and Hugo are two peaks of European realistic literature and romantic literature. They lived in the same era and country, and their persistence in literature and high prestige shared by * * * made the two literary masters have close contacts and become close friends. However, there was an unhappy story when they were young. It was 1830, and Hugo's romantic masterpiece Aranyi, which attacked dictatorship, was staged in Paris. The play was welcomed by most audiences because of its profound ideological content and exquisite art, but Balzac didn't really realize its value at that time, but wrote an article to criticize it severely. What Hugo can't accept most is that Balzac thinks he lacks the talent of script creation. "In addition to the occasional opportunity, victor? Mr. Hugo's pen will never meet a natural line. " Balzac's sharp criticism naturally annoyed Hugo. But despite this, Hugo did not feel bad about it, and later got back together with Balzac. 1February, 849, Balzac's heart was enlarged. Hugo once met Balzac in the street, and Balzac told him about his illness. Hugo expressed his condolences. 1850? In June, Hugo visited Balzac's apartment; 1850 August 17 When Hugo learned that Balzac's condition had deteriorated, he came to his bedside again that night and they had a conversation. At this time, Balzac is still full of hope and thinks that he can recover. But Hugo had a bad feeling. He came home late that night and told some friends waiting at his house that Europe would lose a great talent. Sure enough, Balzac's life ended at 10: 30 that night at the age of 5 1. Balzac's death plunged France into grief. As an old friend of Balzac, Hugo naturally felt extremely sad. He is a man with rich feelings. Life and death of human beings, good and evil, beauty and ugliness in the world, truth and falsehood all left a deep impression in his heart and triggered his rich associations. He mourned Balzac's Never Resurrection and was proud of Balzac's great creation in his short life. At the same time, he also thought about the meaning of living and the honor and disgrace after death. On August 20th, the weather was gloomy and drizzling. Balzac's funeral was held in Lachez cemetery. When the sun went down, Hugo made this famous speech in front of the French public who came to attend the funeral.

The original text of Balzac's funeral poem

Author: Hugo

Gentlemen,

The man now buried in the grave mourned all over the country. For us, all fiction has disappeared. From now on, people will look to thinkers, not rulers. A thinker ceased to exist and shocked the whole country. Today, the people mourn the death of a genius, and the country mourns the death of a genius.

Gentlemen, the name Balzac will remain in our time and will be circulated in the brilliant achievements of future generations. Mr Balzac is a powerful writer after Napoleon in the19th century. Just like in the17th century, a group of outstanding writers appeared after Li Sailiu-just like in the development of civilization, a law appeared, which led to the emergence of spiritual rulers after military rulers.

Among the greatest figures, Balzac is among the best; Balzac is one of the outstanding figures. He is brilliant and perfect, but his achievements are not detailed yet. All his works only form a book, a living, bright and profound book. What we see here is the trend of our whole modern civilization, with panic and terror that we can't explain clearly and integrate with reality. A great book. His title is Comedy, but it is nothing more than History. There are all kinds of things here, beyond Tacitus, back to Su, across and straight to rabelais; A book that is both observation and imagination, there are many truths, kindness, triviality, triviality and vulgarity here. However, sometimes people can see the darkest and most tragic ideals immediately by tearing the surface suddenly and fully revealing various realities.

Willing or unwilling, agreeing or disagreeing, the author of this huge and peculiar work unconsciously joined the powerful ranks of revolutionary writers. Balzac went straight to the goal and seized the modern society for hand-to-hand combat. He grabbed some things from all directions, including virtual images, hopes, shouts and masks. He explored his heart and analyzed his passion. He explored the abyss of man, soul, heart, viscera, thoughts and everyone. Balzac, because of his free talent and strong nature, because of his wisdom and the wisdom of our time, saw what is the end of mankind and understood what is unintentional. So he smiled and was poised, and made a daunting research, but he was still comfortable. His research is not as melancholy as Moliere, nor as cynical as Rousseau.

This is his work among us. This is the work he left us, a noble and solid work, a magnificent monument piled up by diamond strata! Since then, his fame has shone at the top of his works. Great men build pedestals for themselves in order to bear the responsibility of placing statues.

His death shocked Paris. He has returned to France for several months. He felt that he was dying, and he hoped to see his motherland again, just like hugging his mother again before going out for a long trip.

His life is short, but it is also full. His works are over 100 years.

Alas! This amazing and tireless writer, philosopher, thinker, poet and genius, in the process of staying in this world with us, has experienced a life full of storms and struggles, which is the fate of all great men. Today, he is at peace. He is free from conflict and hatred. On the day he entered the grave, he also entered the hall of honor. From now on, he will shine on the clouds above us with the stars of the motherland.

Don't you envy him, gentlemen standing here?

Gentlemen, in the face of such a loss, no matter how sad we are, we must endure such a major blow. No matter how sad and severe the blow is, accept it first. In our time, the death of a great man shocked those who were full of doubts and were suspected from time to time. This may be a good thing, and this may be necessary. God knows what he is doing when he makes people face lofty mysteries and think about death; Death is great equality and great freedom.

God knows what he is doing, because this is the highest lesson. When a noble soul solemnly enters another world; When a man spreads his visible and talented wings and flies over the crowd for a long time, he suddenly spreads his other invisible wings and disappears into an unknown land. Our hearts can only be filled with seriousness and sincerity.

No, it's not an unknown place! I said it on another sad occasion, and now I will never get tired of saying it again-it is not night, but light! This is not the end, but the beginning! This is not nothingness, but eternity! Am I not telling the truth, gentlemen? Such a grave is proof of eternal life! In the face of some celebrities who died, people feel the sacred mission of this wise man more clearly. He went all over the world to suffer and purify, and everyone called him a gentleman. And I think that anyone who was a genius before his death can't become a soul after his death!

character introduction

Balzac (1799— 1850), French novelist. Boarding school since childhood. 18 14 I went to Paris with my family and studied in several private boarding schools. 1816 ~1819 studied law and worked as an intern in a law firm. Later, I decided to write and live in the attic of a slum. Tragedy Cromwell, the first work was unsuccessful, and later novels were ignored, so he became a publisher, set up a printing factory and a lettering factory, all of which ended in losses and were heavily in debt. 1828 decided to concentrate on writing. In the second year, he published novels "Juan Dang" and "Marriage Physiology", which gained some reputation. The publication of The Story of Donkey Skin (183 1) made him famous, so he decided to create a magnificent human comedy. 1848 draws up a summary of human comedies, which includes three parts: custom research, philosophical research and analytical research, in which custom research is divided into private life scenes, provincial life scenes, Paris life scenes, political life scenes, military life scenes and rural life scenes. From 1829 to 1848, he wrote diligently, worked at his desk for more than ten hours every day, and worked hard to complete this huge plan, and finally wrote 9 1 novels. Of the 32 films in Private Life Scenes Plan, 4 only drew outlines, and 28 films were completed, including Gao Laotou (1834), Gao Busek (1830), Colonel Xia Bei (1830) and Bowling Cloth Shop. There are 6 unfinished parts of 17 in the "Scenes of Life in Other Provinces" plan, and the published parts of 1 1 include "Eugénie? Grandet (1833), Valley Lily (1835), disillusionment (1837~ 1843) and so on. There are 20 "Life Scenes in Paris" projects, and 14 completed them including "Cersa? The rise and fall of Pirodeau (1837), Newchin Bank (1838), the rise and fall of prostitutes (1838), etc. Eight "political life scenes" were planned, and four "Members of Parliament in Alsi" were completed (1847). Of the 32 parts of the "Military Life Scenes" plan, only two parts, such as "Juandang", were made public. Of the five scenes of rural life, three were completed, including Farmers (1844). There are 27 programs of Philosophical Research, and 22 stories of donkey skin (183 1) have been published. There are 5 "Analysis and Research" projects, and only "Marriage Physiology" 1 has been completed. In addition, six books, such as Aunt Bei (1846) and Uncle Bunce (1847), are not listed in the general catalogue 137. Old man Gao is the most outstanding one in human comedy. Leo was born in poverty and made a fortune as a food contractor in the Great Revolution. He loved his two daughters very much. They lived a luxurious life with huge dowry. One became the Countess of Resto, and the other became the banker Madame Neuchingen. However, Lao Gaoman was driven to Fugai apartment by his daughter and lived a shabby life. The two daughters spend money like water, and they are still vying for money from their father. When Lao Gaoman died in the attic of the apartment after sucking the last drop of blood, the two daughters were proud of causing a sensation at Mrs. Busion's dance. Madame Busayon is the last daughter of Bagong royal family and the most respected lady in Paris, but she was eventually abandoned by a bourgeois upstart and had to leave Paris to retire. Balzac supports the royal family politically and belongs to the royalist party, but his works truly reflect social life, describe the doomed demise of the aristocratic class, and expose the greed and plunder of the bourgeoisie and all social relations based on money. "Human Comedy" has the reputation of "social encyclopedia". Balzac pays attention to the detailed description of the environment and details, and is good at revealing the soul of characters through their words and deeds. Human Comedy has created more than 2,400 characters, and one character often appears in many novels.

Hugo (1802— 1885) is a French writer. I loved literature since I was a child and worshipped the romantic writer chateaubriand. 18 19 Co-organized Conservative Literature and Art Biweekly with Big Brother. /kloc-published the book of songs in 0/822, and was awarded an annuity by Louis Stanislas Xavier. After that, he published poetry anthology Xin Yong (1824) and Poem Ode to Long song (1826). 1823 published the first novel "The Devil in Iceland", and later published the novel "Bug? Jarga (1826). 1827 lashed out at classicism in the Preface of Cromwell, which was regarded as the declaration of the Romantic Movement. Aranyi, staged on 1830, is called an epoch-making work, which breaks the boundaries of tragicomedy and adopts a lot of exotic dramatic techniques. 183 1 year, he published the novel Notre Dame de Paris, with the background of15th century Paris. Full of humanitarian spirit, the romantic story of Claude, the vice bishop of Notre Dame de Paris, who tried to take possession of the gypsy girl Esmeralda and hurt her, was pushed downstairs and killed by the bell ringer quasimodo, and finally the ugly quasimodo and the beautiful Esmeralda Lardat died together. The novel Les Miserables (1862) is about poor workers. Hua erqiang was jailed on 19 for stealing a piece of bread. After he was released from prison, he changed his name to Ran. Jean, under the guidance of the priest, abandons evil and does good. It reflects the injustice of society and the misery of the poor, and advocates overcoming evil with kindness, thus transforming society. The novel Marine Laborer (1866) tells the story of fisherman Guiard who drowned himself after discovering that his fiancee fell in love with a young priest. "93" (1874) tells the story of China army commander Guo rescuing the rebel leader Marquis Rondanaka. He rescued three children from the fire. The theme of the novel is "On the absolutely correct revolution, there is absolutely correct humanism". Other important works include the poem Ode to the East, Autumn Leaves, Song of Evening, Quiet Collection, Legends of Past Dynasties and so on. There are also scripts "Freedom King" and "Mary Rong? Delomai, Lucretius? Poggi, Mary? Tudor dynasty, Angelo, garrison officer, Lu Yi? Brass and so on. , novels "The End of Death Row", "Smiling Man" and so on. In addition, he also wrote papers on literature and philosophy, Shakespeare, actions and speeches, and stories.

theme

This is a very literary prose speech, but also a beautiful lyric prose. In the face of Balzac's death, the speaker did not tell the life and death of the deceased with a low tone or sad words, but commented on Balzac's great contribution with a high tone and poetic and philosophical language, expressing endless grief for the deceased, incisive and touching. This speech is different from ordinary funeral words. It not only comments on the dead, but also expounds its own views. While commenting on Balzac, I also bring my own ideas, that is, the author's view of life and death. Hugo believes that people will always remember Balzac as a "spiritual ruler"; His death is "not night, but light", "not end, but beginning" and "not nothingness, but eternity". What the speech gives the reader is not depression, tears or sadness, but a tragic and painful power.

To sum up the full text, the theme of this essay can be expressed as: deeply mourning Balzac's death, speaking highly of Balzac's great contribution, predicting the great significance and far-reaching influence of Balzac's death, and expressing the author's positive view of life and death.