(1) official system reform: cutting the old government, adding the new government, and rectifying the official management.
These reform measures are only a preliminary reform of the old official system. Although they did not fundamentally eliminate all kinds of drawbacks of government corruption and incompetence, after these reforms, the traditional six-part system inherited from the Sui and Tang Dynasties basically collapsed, thus taking the first step in the modernization of the national organizational system.
(2) Military reform: training new troops and starting policing.
The new army is established: army (chairman), town (control), association (coordination), standard (standardization), battalion (pipeline), team (team officer), platoon leader (platoon leader) and shed (primary and secondary items).
The establishment of the new army is mainly to follow the example of Germany and Japan, from army, town to shed, equivalent to army, division, brigade, regiment, battalion, company, platoon and class. There is also a mixed unit, which is a mixed unit of multiple arms. It does not belong to a town, but is equivalent to an independent division or an independent brigade. Judging from the establishment, the new army is close to modernization, and the establishment and training of the new army is an important stage of China's army modernization.
There are two noteworthy by-products of the Qing government's activities of compiling and training the new army:
The first is the rise of Yuan Shikai Beiyang Group. Among the new army finally cultivated, the Beiyang New Army presided over by Yuan Shikai has six towns, thus forming a huge Beiyang Group. The second is to prepare for the final collapse of the Qing government. Most officers of the "new army" choose graduates from military academies at home and abroad, and they also require soldiers to have certain cultural knowledge, so the quality of officers and men of the new army is higher than that of the old army. At the same time, it also provided valuable conditions for the activities of the revolutionaries, and the "new army" eventually became a basic force of the anti-Qing revolution, which was unexpected by the Qing rulers. This situation can probably be called "as you sow, so you reap".
The establishment of police and patrol forces to maintain law and order began with Yuan Shikai, then governor of Zhili. 1902, Yuan Shikai presided over and trained a patrol unit of 3,000 people in Baoding. After the great powers withdrew from Tianjin, it was stipulated that China should not station troops within 20 miles of Tianjin. Therefore, when the Zhili Governor's Office moved back to Tianjin from Baoding, Yuan Shikai brought this unit into Tianjin in the name of patrol. This is the beginning of China's police system, and since then, police administration has been carried out everywhere. By 1905, the Qing government decided to set up the Governor's Department, with Xu Shichang as the minister and Zhao Bingjun as the assistant minister.
(3) Reform education: stop the imperial examination, set up schools, reward study tours and set up academic system.
In 1905/9, the Qing court ordered all imperial examinations to be stopped from 1906, and the imperial examination system that lasted for more than 1300 years was finally abolished. Gilbert rozman, an American scholar, commented in the book Modernization of China: "The reform of the imperial examination system represents a complete break between China and the past, which is roughly equivalent to the abolition of slavery in Russia in 186 1 year and the abolition of vassals after the Meiji Restoration in 1868."
The establishment of new schools and the implementation of incentive policies for studying abroad.
The educational reform of the New Deal also produced the earliest academic system in China, namely, the constitution of imperial academy (Renyin academic system, 1902) and the constitution of Quding School (Guimao academic system, 1904). The former was not implemented because it was incomplete. The Constitution of Quding School formulated by Zhang Zhidong and Cecilia Cheung became the first academic system in China:
General education: foster families, primary schools and higher primary schools; Middle school; Sub-university, Confucian school.
Normal education: primary normal schools; Ji You Normal School
Vocational education: agricultural, industrial and commercial primary schools; Secondary agricultural, industrial and commercial schools; Higher agricultural, industrial and commercial schools
This is a three-level and seven-stage education system. Its implementation established the first school education system with relatively complete type and system in the history of China, thus laying the first cornerstone for the modernization of education.
Education reform is the most thorough and influential reform in the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, which not only promoted the development of modern education, but even surpassed education itself. Among them, the most noteworthy is the disintegration of old intellectuals and the emergence of new intellectuals. After accepting the knowledge of western learning, a considerable number of new intellectuals born in new schools and study abroad movements went to the opposite side of the Qing court and became another basic force of the anti-Qing revolution.
(4) Economic reform: setting up the Ministry of Commerce, persuading the Chamber of Commerce, promulgating the Commercial Law and rewarding industry and commerce.
1. Establish industrial and commercial administrations at all levels, and set up the Ministry of Commerce in the central government (1903), with the royal family as history. At the same time, set up a local business bureau; The second is to persuade the provincial chambers of commerce to break the traditional restrictions on industry and commerce by guilds, offices and guilds. By 19 1 1, relevant chambers of commerce have basically been established all over the country; The third is to formulate commercial law. During the New Deal, the Ministry of Commerce formulated and promulgated a series of commercial laws, such as Company Law, Bankruptcy Law, Articles of Association for Rewarding Companies, Articles of Association for Trial Registration of Companies, Articles of Association for Trial Registration of Trademarks, General Rules for Merchants and Articles of Association for Concise Chambers of Commerce. This is the beginning of China's modern economic legislation, which has an important turning point.
In addition, in terms of social customs, some reforms have also been carried out, such as allowing marriage between Manchu and Han, prohibiting opium, and prohibiting women from binding their feet.