10-14th century is an important stage in the development of feudal society in China, and it is also an important period in the historical process of China from the division and rule of Liao, Song, Xia and Jin regimes to the reunification of the Yuan Dynasty. During this period, the historical development of Gansu was influenced by the national situation, and because it was located in the northwest corner, it showed its unique historical features and distinctive ethnic and regional characteristics. 1. Political power coexists in Hexi region. In Hexi area in the early Northern Song Dynasty, the political power of all ethnic groups separated and coexisted. 1. After the collapse of the Uighur khanate in Mobei in 840 AD, the Uighurs migrated southwest in three branches, and one moved south into the Hexi Corridor, belonging to Tubo, and scattered in Gansu, Liang, Gua and Sha, each with its own monarch and clan account. This Uighur, who moved to Hexi Corridor, later established a regime with Ganzhou as its account, which was called Ganzhou Uighur in history. Ganzhou Uighur was once active in Hexi Corridor and became an important force to compete with the Tangut. In the sixth year of Song Tiansheng, Ganzhou Uighur was destroyed by the Tangut. 2. Uighurs living in Guazhou and Shazhou, the Uighur regime in Shazhou, was enslaved by Tubo at first, and later became a vassal of Shazhou rebel regime. From the beginning of the 10 century, the Uighur forces in the sandbar gradually grew and gradually controlled the sandbar. After the defeat of Uighur in Ganzhou, its residual forces moved westward, and some of them moved to Gua and Shazhou areas, thus further strengthening the power of Uighur in Shazhou. In the year of Song San, Uighurs captured Shazhou and established the Shazhou Uighur regime. In the late 1960s, Guazhou and Shazhou were successively occupied by Xixia, and the Uighur regime in Shazhou died out. 3. In the second year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Cao Shi rose up, and Zhang Yichao revolted in Shazhou, overthrowing the rule of Tubo, and sent 1 1 Fenggua, Shazhou and other states into the Tang Dynasty to establish a rebel army in Shazhou. In the fifth year of Dazhong, the Tang Dynasty appointed Zhang Yichao as the commander-in-chief of our Guiyi Army, and Cao Xianshun led the Guiyi Army in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the past hundred years, the Guiyijun regime can be divided into three periods: Zhang Guiyi, Zhang Chengfeng, Xi Jinshan Prefecture and Cao Shi Guiyijun regime. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the watermelon fields and Huangsha areas in Hexi, Gansu Province were under the rule of Cao Qijun. Hou Liang spent four years in Jian 'an, Rizo was a pawn, and the Chinese were mainly Cao Yijin, the chief historian. In the fourth year of Jian 'an, Cao, who was in charge of Guasha regime, began the Cao Shi era of returning to the rebel army until he was destroyed by Uighur in Shazhou three years ago. 4. The Tubo regime in Xiliangfu During the Five Dynasties and the later Tang Dynasty, the Tubo regime in Xiliangfu had formed a group with Liugu Tubo as the core. Many scattered tribes gradually formed an alliance, forming the Six Valley Tubo Alliance, which reached its peak in Luozhi Pan. The death of Luozhi Pan became a turning point in the rise and fall of the Six Valley Alliance. In June of the eighth year of Song Xianggong, Li Deming, the leader of the Tangut, sent troops to capture Xiliang House again, and some Tubo departments defected to Hehuang, and the Six Valley Tubo Alliance perished. The coexistence of the four major regimes made the history of Hexi area complicated and changeable in the early Northern Song Dynasty. Second, the active areas belong to different periods. In Gansu, there are many regimes, such as Ganzhou Uighur, Shazhou Uighur, Cao Shi Guiyi Army, Liangzhou Tubo, Xixia, Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Southern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty. Their fields of activity, ruling methods and jurisdiction are different. 1. Liao, Song and Xia confrontation stage. On the fourth day of the first month of the seventh year of Xiande, Zhao Kuangyin, commander-in-chief of the imperial army of the Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in the northeast of Kaifeng, and established the Song Dynasty, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty in history. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the ethnic regimes such as Ganzhou Uighur, Shazhou Uighur, Liangzhou Tubo, and Guasha Cao Shi still took Hexi as their place of activity, life and reproduction. Ganzhou Uighur takes Ganzhou as the center, and its activity area includes the whole Hexi area.

Because the residents of Liangzhou are mainly Tubo, the leaders of the Liangzhou Tubo Alliance are mostly Tubo, but in the early stage, it was the Tubo-Han Alliance, and the Han people also served as the coach and leader. The Six Valley Tubo Alliance has leaders at all levels, and the coexistence of hereditary leaders and conferring leaders is its political feature. Cao Shi Guiyijun and Uighur coexist in Guasha area of Ganzhou and Shazhou. In order to strengthen his rule, Cao Yijin abolished the title of Jinshan in the Western Han Dynasty, changed the title of Zhengshuo in the Central Plains Dynasty, restored the old name of Guiyijun, implemented the county system and township contract system in the Central Plains, restored the title of Fangxiang, and set up the same civil and military officials as the Central Plains. Cao Shishi's brothers and their successors basically followed the internal and external policies determined by Cao Yijin, saving land and environment. After the rise of the Tangut regime in Xia Dynasty, in order to find a better living environment and development space, it expanded westward, so Hexi area became an important area for the Tangut to compete with other ethnic regimes in Hexi. After a life-and-death struggle, Hexi area was finally occupied by the Tangut. In A.D. 1038, after Yuan Hao established Xixia Kingdom, Hexi region was merged into Xixia territory and became the territory of Xixia. Hexi became the right wing of Xixia, and the government and state administrative system were established. Xiliangfu is located in Liangzhou, Yizhen County is located in Ganzhou, Fanhe County is located in Suzhou, and a military supervision department is set up in Hexi area to exercise effective rule and jurisdiction. After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the eastern and southern parts of Hexi Corridor became the jurisdiction of the Northern Song Dynasty, which was along the Shaanxi border. In the fourth year of Qing Dynasty, Shaanxi was divided into Qingfeng, Jingyuan, Huanqing and Yanyan along the border. Longdong and Longnan areas, except Yanyan Road in the northwest of Shaanxi Province, have jurisdiction over Qingfeng, Jingyuan, Huanqing and Xihe Road. During the years of Feng and Shao Sheng, he expanded the frontier, governed the Xihe area and established Xihe. Fortresses all over the Qin-Long area became the barriers and attack bases in the Northern Song Dynasty in summer. In addition to the Han nationality, there are many Tangut and Tubo families, some of which were controlled by the Tubo regime in the Qing and Tang Dynasties. During the Song and Xia Wars, the organizational system evolution along the northwest border made the Shaanxi border where Gansu was located both an administrative region and a military region in summer. The local administrative system in Song Dynasty was divided into two levels: states and counties. The administrative system at the national level includes the government, states, the army and prisons, while towns are established below the county level. In the administrative setup of Gansu, there are not only government, state, army and prison, but also county and town systems. 2. Song Xia Jin confronted. In the first month of Song Zhenghe's fifth year, Akuta proclaimed himself the emperor, namely Jin Taizu, the country name Daikin, accepted the country name and made its capital Ningfu. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, Jin Tianhui died in May of the third year, Song Jingkang in April, the Jin Army captured Kaifeng and the Northern Song Dynasty perished. On May 1st, 2002, Kang Wang, commander-in-chief of Hebei Military Forces and Northern Song Dynasty, officially acceded to the throne in Yingtianfu, Nanjing, and rebuilt the Song Dynasty, which was called the Southern Song Dynasty in history and was named Yan State, and then moved to Lin 'an. After the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty and the establishment of the Southern Song Dynasty, the national situation was in the stage of confrontation between Song, Xia and Jin Dynasties, and the Hexi Corridor was still the territory of Xixia. The area east of Hexi Corridor was under the jurisdiction of Qin Long in the Northern Song Dynasty and later became the territory of the Jin Dynasty. The demarcation of the territory of the Jin Dynasty decided that Longnan was under the jurisdiction of Qingyuan and Lintao Road, except for a few areas under the jurisdiction of the Southern Song Dynasty. on this basis

At the beginning of Southern Song Dynasty, Shaanxi border area became one of the key attack points of Jin Dynasty. Wu Jie, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Song Qingfeng, and Wu Lin, his younger brother, led the army and the people to wage a fierce battle with the 8 Jin Army, and successively fought battles in Longzhou, such as Shangyuan, Raofengguan, Xianrenguan, Fufeng, Fengxiang, Baitongfang, Shanwan and Lajiacheng, making Longnan an important position against the gold. At this time, Gansu was divided into three parts, belonging to Xixia, Jin and Southern Song Dynasty. 3. The unification stage of the Yuan Dynasty. In the second year of Southern Song Dynasty, Temujin established Great Mongolia. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), while carrying out the Western Expedition, it launched a war to unify the whole country. In the third year of Song Dynasty, Xixia was destroyed; In the first year of Song Duanping, the gold was destroyed; On February 6th, the second year of Song Xiangxing, Song Jun and Yuan Army fought fiercely in Gushan, Song Jun was defeated and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. With the rise of the Mongolian nation and the unification of the whole country, the coexistence of various political forces in Gansu came to an end, and Gansu was under the unified jurisdiction of the central government of the Yuan Dynasty. Due to the evolution of administrative divisions in history, Hexi area, which was originally the territory of Xixia, was under the jurisdiction of Gansu Province, the area east of Hexi area, which was originally under the jurisdiction of Jin Dynasty, was under the jurisdiction of Shaanxi Province, and Longnan minority areas were under the jurisdiction of Marshal Xuanwei's American office in Tubo and other places, and were under the jurisdiction of Zheng Xuan Academy. The administrative institutions set up in Gansu in Yuan Dynasty were consistent with the whole country, and highlighted the regional and ethnic characteristics of Gansu. In Yuan Dynasty, there were 14 local administrative organizations in Gansu, such as Lu, Zhili and Juzhou. It belongs to Gansu province. There are four roads in Gansu today: Ganzhou, Suzhou, Shazhou and Yongchangfu, Shandan-Zhili, Xiliangzhou and Guazhou. In Yuan Dynasty, in addition to the administrative system of Lu Zhi and Shu, Gansu also set up six Tuohe Sunma Post Stations in Hexi area under its jurisdiction, which fully proved the importance of Gansu's geographical location. Shaanxi Province starts from the Yellow River in the east, reaches Lanzhou in the west, reaches Hangjinqi in Inner Mongolia in the north, and depends on Daba Mountain in the south. Its jurisdiction includes present Shaanxi and parts of Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. According to Geography of Yuan Dynasty III, it is divided into 4 roads, 5 states, 27 counties/88 counties in Kloc-0/2 states. Today, the eastern, central and southwestern regions of Gansu were under the jurisdiction of Hezhou Road, Tuscany Road and Xuanzheng Academy in Shaanxi in the Yuan Dynasty. It has jurisdiction over Zhili Jingzhou, Kaichengfu, Zhuanglangfu, Changgong Headquarters and Tubo Xuanwei Department. Third, the multi-ethnic gathering place Gansu is a multi-ethnic gathering place in history, where many ethnic groups live together. During this period, there were many ethnic tribes such as Uighur, Tangut, Tubo and Han in Hexi Corridor. Ganzhou Uighur is centered on Ganzhou, and Uighur tribes are scattered in Suzhou, Liangzhou, Luochuan and even Qin Zhou. Shazhou is the main activity base of Uighur. Cao Shi Guiyijun regime was established by the Han nationality and was active in separatist regions. They are closely related to the Uighurs in Ganzhou and Shazhou. Liangzhou is the six active valleys of Tubo. There are Zheer, Tubo, Liugu, Dangzun, Yanzang, Pantuo,,, Beining, La, Majia and Zhou. In the east and south of Gansu, there are many Tibetan tribes such as Qin, Wei, Jing, Yuan, He, Lan, Hui, Gong, Tao, Min, Diebu and Jiezhou. After the migration of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the distribution pattern of Xixia was basically formed in Liao and Song Dynasties. Refers to Jinling, Xia, Sui, Lin, Fu, Huan, Qing, Fengzhou, Tiande, Zhenwujun and their family accounts. Xixia is located in Liangzhou, Gyeongju, Zhou Huan.

Four. Distinctive regional economic characteristics During this period, the political pattern of coexistence of various political forces in Gansu made Gansu's economic development relatively independent, showing the characteristics of regional economic development. Ganzhou Uighur and Liangzhou Tubo make full use of the favorable natural conditions of agriculture and animal husbandry in Hexi Corridor, take animal husbandry economy as the main economic pillar, and adopt advanced production tools to make agricultural economy develop to a certain extent. After Xixia occupied Hexi area, the rulers of past dynasties took Hexi area as their base and took a series of measures to develop and manage it, and made certain progress in animal husbandry, agriculture, metallurgical casting, salt industry, construction, wool spinning and cotton textile, commerce and trade, transportation and so on. However, due to the influence of natural factors, the economic development in Hexi area is restricted, which is far behind the Central Plains. The economy of Longdong, Longxi and Longnan under the jurisdiction of the Northern Song Dynasty is only a part of the economic development of the Northern Song Dynasty. From the early Song Dynasty to the late Song Dynasty, it was one of the important areas in the Northern Song Dynasty. Agriculture, animal husbandry, commerce, handicrafts, etc. Some progress has been made. Rich water conservancy, forest and mineral resources have been developed and utilized. After the Jin Dynasty occupied Longdong and Longxi areas, it took various measures to strengthen the management of Gansu, such as reducing taxes, recruiting soldiers to flee, building water conservancy projects, setting up markets, and reclaiming farmland. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the corner of Longnan, the thoroughfare of Shu, was controlled by Wu Jun and his brother Wu Lin. Many measures have been taken to save redundant expenses, take care of the victims, build water conservancy projects, open up fields and exchange horses and chariots. Resume and develop production and strengthen combat readiness. During the reign of the Yuan Dynasty, the policy of attaching importance to agriculture was implemented, and measures such as migrating population, rewarding reclamation, building water conservancy projects and reclaiming farmland were implemented in Gansu. When disasters occurred frequently, the Yuan government tried its best to provide disaster relief, pension and treatment. Agriculture, animal husbandry, commerce, handicrafts, etc. In different jurisdictions belonging to Gansu and Shaanxi provinces, Yuan has been restored and developed. The economy of Tubo area in Gansu Province has made progress. In the regional economic development of China, Gansu Province has obvious regional characteristics. Due to the coexistence of multiple regimes, a developed transportation network has been formed within the jurisdiction of each regime. A transportation network starting from Ganzhou and Liangzhou has been formed in the territory of Ganzhou Uighur, including Ganzhou to Tiande County, Qinghai Road, Liangzhou to Lingzhou and Danzhou Road. During the Xixia period, Hexi Corridor was still an important passage of the traditional Silk Road. The transportation network centered on Liangzhou and Ganzhou integrates Xixia with the Central Plains and the Western Regions. Qinghai Road, which flourished in the 4th and 5th centuries, also rose again at this time. In the northwest border of Song Dynasty, there were two north-south connections between Yan Yan, Huan Qing, jing yuan, Qin Feng and Hexi, all of which could lead to Bingling Temple and Qingtang. In Yuan Dynasty, the system of Hexi Corridor Post Station was complete, and Changxing Post Station Road, Liu Na Road and Wuliang Road coexisted. Hexi Corridor has become an important throat channel connecting China and foreign countries. V. Diversity of National CultureDuring the Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Gansu became an important area for social and historical development and frequent exchanges and integration of human culture because of its unique geographical location and the coexistence of various regimes. The ethnic and religious beliefs in Gansu have their own characteristics. Xiang, Tubo, Uighur, Jurchen, Mongolia, Han and other ethnic groups are dominated by Buddhism, while Islam, Christianity, Taoism, Nestorianism and Shamanism also have different degrees of faith. In particular, the frequent contact between Saban, Basiba and other eminent monks and Gao De religion in Gansu has made Tibetan Buddhism widely spread in Gansu. Gansu has developed school education with traditional Confucianism as its content. Xixia set up state and county schools in Hexi area, implemented temple system and popularized it.

There are many nationalities living in this area, and different national cultures blend with each other, which makes Gansu culture profound, colorful and diverse, with distinctive national and regional characteristics. In Gansu during the Song, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, due to the particularity of the political structure in which various political forces separated and coexisted, accurately reflecting the role and influence of various political forces in the national situation became an important idea in writing this book. In order to objectively, truly, accurately and scientifically reflect the historical development characteristics and national cultural features of Gansu in this period, and clarify the historical development context, this volume scientifically and reasonably arranges the style and structure of the book according to the particularity of historical development in this local area of Gansu, focusing on ethnic and regional characteristics. When discussing the history of Gansu where multi-ethnic regimes coexist, the order from west to east is adopted, which highlights the characteristics of separation and coexistence of ethnic regimes in Gansu. The book is divided into seven chapters: the state power of Hexi region in the Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia's rule and management of Hexi region, the rule and management of Qinlong region in the Northern Song Dynasty, the economy of Qinlong region in the Northern Song Dynasty, Qinlong region in Gansu Province in the Jin and Southern Song Dynasties, Gansu culture in the Yuan Dynasty and the Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Firstly, it discusses the state power in Hexi region, then discusses the historical development process of Gansu in Xixia, Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Southern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty, and finally comprehensively discusses the colorful Gansu culture. In a word, the compilation of this volume strives to make the style and structure of the book reflect the organic unity of the whole and the part, and reflect the style and characteristics of Gansu history in this period.