1. As a qualified modern citizen, we should consciously establish legal consciousness, safeguard legal dignity, consciously exercise self-discipline according to law, and be a law-abiding person; Strengthen self-cultivation, practice morality and be a moral person. To prevent illegal crimes, we should start with small things.
2. China enacted the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency in order to protect the physical and mental health of minors, cultivate their good conduct and effectively prevent juvenile delinquency. This law has a special chapter on the prevention of juvenile bad behavior and the correction of serious bad behavior, which draws a clear line between right and wrong for us.
3. Society is complicated. People are social people and are inevitably influenced by the social environment. We must attach importance to moral cultivation, not for small evils, not for small good, consciously abide by the law, be careful to make friends, prevent slow progress, avoid catching bad habits, and nip in the bud.
Political knowledge point 2 The principle of Marxist political economy is divided into seven chapters:
The first chapter is the introduction, which is an overall introduction to the principles of Marxist political economy, mainly introducing and expounding the establishment and development, research objects and research tasks of Marxist political economy.
The second chapter is the general principle of social economic system and economic operation, mainly discussing the basic theory and general principle of Marxist political economy, which is the basic premise of studying capitalist economic relations and socialist economic relations, mainly including social economic system reform, two basic forms of social economy and the basic principle of commodity economy.
The third chapter is the essence and development stage of capitalist production relations, including the essence of capitalist production relations, the characteristics of monopoly capitalist production relations and the historical process of capitalist development.
The fourth chapter is capital operation, including the general principle of capital operation, capital operation in monopoly stage, the expansion of monopoly capitalist economy to the international scope and so on. Both of them belong to the capitalist economic system and the principle of economic operation, and are the revelation of the capitalist economic system and economic operation mode.
Chapter V The Essence of Socialist Production Relations and Economic System (including the essence of socialist production relations, the basic economic system in the primary stage of socialism, and the socialist personal income distribution system) Chapter VI The socialist market economic system and economic operation (including the socialist market economic system, its micro-foundation, its operation foundation, its regulation system and its guarantee system) all reveal and reflect the principles of the socialist economic system and economic operation.
Chapter VII, Economic Globalization and International Economic Relations, takes the tide of globalization sweeping the world as the main line, and expounds the material conditions and realistic basis of the development trend of economic globalization, the coexistence and development of two social systems under the conditions of economic globalization, and the attitude that China should adopt in the face of the trend of economic globalization.
Divided into the following knowledge points:
1. Material production is the foundation for the existence and development of human society.
The production of material data refers to the process that people combine to transform nature and create material data in a certain way. Material production is the most basic practical activity of human beings and the starting point of political economy research. Material production includes four links: production (direct production process), distribution, exchange and consumption. The overall process of material production includes the interaction between man and nature and the interaction between people, that is, productivity and production relations.
2. The research object of political economy has an advertising humorous painting, which shows several pedestrians looking at a notice posted outside a restaurant, which reads: "Come in and eat quickly, or you and I will starve to death." The moral of this advertising picture is as follows
A. producers and consumers are interdependent. B. Production and consumption have direct identity.
C. Self-interest is the starting point of all human activities D. The relationship between people is hidden behind the commodity exchange activities.
E. The production relationship is essentially the material interest relationship "ABDE" between people (20xx multiple-choice questions 17).
The basic elements of productivity are labor force, labor object and labor data. Science and technology are the primary productive forces, but the role of science and technology is realized through the intermediary of the three elements of productive forces. The sum of production relations in any society includes production relations, distribution relations, exchange relations and consumption relations in the process of direct production. The ownership of the means of production determines the nature of production relations. The sum of the relations of production in a society constitutes the economic foundation of this society.
Productivity is the material content of production, and relations of production are the social form of production. The dialectical unity of the two constitutes the social mode of production. Productivity determines the relations of production, and the development of productivity inevitably requires the adjustment and reform of relations of production. The relations of production react on the productive forces. When the relations of production are adapted to the situation of productive forces, it can promote the development of productive forces. When the relations of production do not adapt to the situation of productive forces, it will hinder the development of productive forces.
The research object of Marxist political economy is social relations of production, to be exact, the sum of relations of production. It examines social relations of production from the interaction and contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production.
The study of political economy on production relations includes the study of economic system as the essence of production relations and the study of economic system as the concrete form of production relations.
3. The research task of Marxist political economy is to reveal economic laws.
Economic law is an inherent, essential and inevitable connection and development trend in the process of economic operation. Economic laws are objective. There are certain economic conditions for economic law to play its role. As long as the economic conditions are met, the economic laws will definitely work, which is independent of human will, which is the same as the objectivity of natural laws.
Economic laws can be divided into three categories: first, economic laws that work in all societies, such as the relationship between productivity and production relations; The second is the law of the interaction of several societies, such as the law of value; Third, the unique economic laws of a certain society, such as the law of surplus value in capitalist society.
4. The general law of social and economic system reform
The sum of the dominant relations of production constitutes the social and economic system. The foundation of the economic system is the ownership relationship. Economic system and ownership are social forms of productive forces, and productive forces are their material basis. When all the productive forces that a social and economic system can accommodate are brought into full play, it will never quit the historical stage, and as the productive forces constantly break through the restrictions of the economic system, it will cause the historical temporality of all economic systems. This is the general law of social and economic system reform. The development of human social and economic system has experienced primitive social and economic system, slavery, feudalism, capitalism and socialism. This general law of the development of human economic system does not exclude the particularity of the country.
5. Two basic forms of social economy
Natural economy is a self-sufficient economic form in which producers produce their own products to meet their own needs. Commodity economy is an economic form that meets social needs through exchange. Commodity economy is divided into two stages: simple commodity economy and developed commodity economy. Simple commodity economy is linked with individual small-scale production, and the purpose of production is to obtain the consumer goods they need and the means of production they need for reproduction through exchange. Developed commodity economy is based on the division of labor and machinery industry in developed society, and the purpose of production is to pursue value appreciation. Developed commodity economy can be divided into capitalist commodity economy and socialist commodity economy. Under the condition of developed commodity economy, not only labor products become commodities, but also labor forces become commodities. The labor force becomes a commodity, which promotes the social form that all labor products adopt commodities.
6. Two factors of commodity
Use value refers to the usefulness of an object, that is, its properties can meet people's needs. Use value constitutes the material content of social wealth and is the material undertaker of value. Value refers to the general human labor of undifferentiated people condensed in commodities. Value is a unique essential attribute of commodities and a historical category. Commodity is the unity of use value and value. Use value and value are inherent contradictions of commodities, which can only be solved through exchange.
Political knowledge point 3 (1) comparative review method;
In review, students can compare their knowledge horizontally and vertically by comparison method. For example, the comparison between constitutive enzymes and inducible enzymes, the comparison between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, and the comparison between the submicrostructure of higher plant cells and animal cells; Compared with the sources and ways of the three nutrients, all three nutrients can come from food, can be stored except protein, and can be partially transformed by other substances; Comparison of carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle and sulfur cycle, as well as their ways and forms of entering the ecosystem and returning to inorganic nature; There are also the comparison of photosynthesis and respiration, the comparison of three major genetic laws, the comparison of various breeding methods, and so on.
(2) the serial review method:
When reviewing, you can connect the knowledge scattered in each chapter in series, so that students can have a comprehensive understanding of the knowledge. For example, the knowledge about protein is mainly scattered in the first, second and fifth chapters. The first chapter introduces the constituent elements, basic units, synthesis sites, structures and functions of protein. The second chapter describes the digestion, absorption and metabolism of protein in human body. The fifth chapter discusses that the synthesis of protein is controlled by genes, including two physiological processes: transcription and translation. When reviewing, we can put these knowledge together to make the knowledge more systematic and improve students' ability to solve comprehensive problems.
(3) Joint migration method:
Such as mitochondria, can be related to respiration, energy converter, cytoplasmic inheritance, enzyme specificity, membrane structure and function, various substrates, cells with a large number of mitochondria, cell aging and so on. Another example is the review of membrane fluidity, which can be related to active transport, endocytosis, efflux, fertilization, cell fusion, division and transmitter release. Generally there are common thinking, divergent thinking and so on. As long as you do it properly, you will often get twice the result with half the effort.
Political knowledge points 4 2. 1 Honesty and trustworthiness
First, honesty is the basic principle of being a man.
1. Honesty and trustworthiness are the basic moral norms that everyone should abide by all his life, and honesty is the most important moral character in interpersonal communication; Honesty is the basic principle of being a man; Is the core of good morality; It is the basis of all kinds of good character.
2. What is honesty?
Honesty means seeking truth from facts, which looks like telling the truth and doing practical things, without hypocrisy, exaggeration, whitewashing or deceiving others.
3. The importance of honesty:
Only in an honest heart can kindness, integrity, courage and humility grow.
(2) Keep promises, fulfill agreements, and gain the trust and respect of others.
Only in this way can we establish good interpersonal relationships, lay a solid career foundation and achieve solid achievements in life.
(4) Only when the social order is orderly can the progress of civilization be possible.
Second, reject lies and promise.
1, not lying is one of the basic principles of being a man.
2. The root cause of lying is benefit and face.
3. The harm of lying: Lying will pollute the personality and make the mind dark. When a lie is exposed, it will also lead to the loss of credit and the destruction of friendship, and will eventually be spurned by friends and society, and some will be punished by law.
4, learn to be honest, you must understand the importance of commitment, once you make a commitment, you must honor it. Never promise what you can't do, what you don't intend to do and what you shouldn't do.
Fulfilling a small promise is the cornerstone of your life-long credit construction. A person's credit is established by consistent honest and trustworthy behavior.
Third, honesty, privacy and "white lies".
1, people should be honest, but it doesn't mean that everything is unscrupulous and inappropriate. Honesty is refusing lies, but not excluding necessary silence. You should also know how to speak properly in front of appropriate occasions and objects.
2. "White lies", which aim at comforting, encouraging and helping others, are acts of kindness to others and cannot be compared with irresponsible, dishonest and selfish "lying".
Fourth, stick to the oasis of integrity.
1. Correctly treat dishonest behavior in social life. China society is developing continuously, and the progress of civilization is gradually realized, so we should start from ourselves and improve the society with our own moral behavior.
Honesty and trustworthiness are traditional virtues. We should learn to be an honest person, treat others sincerely and study and live honestly.
2.2 Treat people equally
First, respect equal personality.
1, there is no difference between high and low personality, they are all equal. Starting from the principle of equality of personality, we should treat people equally.
2. Equality mainly refers to equality in personality and law.
Although there are many differences between people, everyone has an equal personality. As human beings, everyone should be born with the same rights of survival, development and pursuit of happiness. This means that as human beings, everyone's personality is equal.
4. Equal personalities should be treated with the same respect. Respect others and treat others equally, which is the proper way for an upright person to treat people. Treating people equally is the basic quality of modern people.
Second, equality is the embodiment of social progress.
1. Equality is a process of gradual realization, and it is also one of the beautiful ideals pursued by human beings for a long time.
2. Inequality is the performance of backwardness and ignorance, and equality is gradually realized in social progress.
Today, equality has been recognized as a common value all over the world. China's socialist system promotes social equality in many aspects and guarantees people's equal legal status.
Third, correctly understand the differences and inequalities in reality.
1. Reasons for differences and inequalities in reality.
Political knowledge point 5 knowledge interpretation:
(1) Life is precious. People who cherish life, no matter when and where they encounter setbacks, will not easily give up hope for life.
(2) Affirm life and respect life: ① Everyone's life is valuable. To realize the meaning of life and pursue the value of life, we must be down-to-earth, start from now and start from small things. Everyone is valuable to the country, society and others. While affirming, respecting, accepting and cherishing your own life, you should also respect and treat others' lives well. There is no perfect life in the world. ④ Don't give up easily when life is threatened, and don't lose hope in life; When others are in trouble and need help, do your best to lend a helping hand.
(3) Extending the value of life: ① The meaning of life lies not in length, but in connotation. Although many people's lives are over, their contribution to society has benefited future generations and their life value has been continued. ② Cherish life, let your limited life shine, and make unremitting efforts to prolong the value of life.
1. How should we cherish our lives?
(1) Never give up hope of life; 2 affirm the value of life and respect your own life; ③ Extend the value of life and make the limited life glow.
2. How should we affirm and respect life?
(1) The world is wonderful because of life. People who cherish life, no matter when and where, no matter how many difficulties and setbacks they encounter, will not give up the hope of life easily. (2) Everyone is valuable to the country, society and others. While affirming your own value and cherishing your own life, you should also respect the lives of others.
3. How can I improve my life value (how to interpret life)?
(1) To enhance the value of life, we need to be down-to-earth, starting from now, starting from me and starting from small things. (2) We should set up lofty ideals, study hard, master skills, and repay society and benefit mankind when we grow up. Let the limited life have infinite connotation.
4. What can I do to realize my greatest life value?
(1) The value of human life lies not in the length of life, but in its connotation. (2) The greater his contribution to society, the greater his life value. (3) People should not only pursue the length of life, but also the quality of life and make due contributions to society, thus prolonging the value of life. (4) Cherish life, let the limited life glow, and make unremitting efforts to prolong the value of life.
Political Knowledge Point 6 Our Constitution stipulates that all power in People's Republic of China (PRC) belongs to the people.
1. How do people exercise their power? Deputies elected by the people-(forming) people's congresses-(producing) other state organs (administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs)-manage the country and maintain social order (from left to right)
2. People's congresses at all levels are the organs where people exercise the power to be masters of their own affairs.
3. The people's congress system is the fundamental political system of our country.
4, the relationship between the NPC and other state organs
The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power, with the highest status and the greatest power.
(2) Other central state organs are created by it, responsible for it and subject to its supervision.
(3) the State Council, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate report to them.
(4) The National People's Congress may put questions to the State Council and its departments.
4. The National People's Congress has the highest status and the greatest power.
5, the main functions and powers of the National People's Congress
Amend the constitution; Supervise the implementation of the Constitution; Legislative power; The power of appointment and removal, election or appointment of the Prime Ministers of president, chairman of the Central Military Commission and the State Council; Decision-making power and supervision power on major issues.
Political knowledge points 7 abstract college entrance examination: 20xx college entrance examination political knowledge points: innovative consciousness and social progress
Innovation consciousness and social progress
1, the principle of dialectical negation and its methodological significance
Dialectical negation is the negation of things themselves, that is, denying themselves and developing themselves. Dialectical negation is the link of development and the fundamental way to realize the emergence of new things and promote the extinction of old things; Dialectical negation is the bond of connection. New things come from old things, and they always absorb, retain and transform the positive factors in old things as the basis of their existence and development. The essence of dialectical negation is "sublation".
The dialectical view of negation requires us to establish a sense of innovation, so as to be not only superior, not only bookish, but also not realistic. We can neither affirm everything nor deny everything.
2. The revolutionary critical spirit and innovative consciousness of dialectics.
Dialectics is critical, revolutionary and innovative. It requires us to pay attention to development, change and innovation.
3. Why is innovation the soul of national progress?
(1) Innovation promotes the development of social productive forces. (2) Innovation promotes the change of production relations and social system. (3) Innovation promotes the development of human thinking and culture.
Political knowledge points 8 1, what is the Chinese national spirit?
With patriotism as the core, the great national spirit of unity, peace-loving, hard-working, brave and self-improvement.
2, the basic connotation of the Chinese national spirit:
(1). Unity and unity
The spirit of unity and unity of the Chinese nation has developed into a powerful force in every historical period of the development of the motherland. Any attempt to conquer and split the Chinese nation will not succeed.
(2) Love peace
It has made important contributions to safeguarding world peace and promoting common development.
(3) Diligence and courage
Diligence and courage are the fine character of the Chinese nation, and it is this spirit of diligence and courage that has laid an indestructible foundation for the Chinese nation. The people of China carry forward the spirit of hard struggle and courage in their long-term struggle, making hard struggle a fine tradition and style of work in China.
(4) Self-improvement
The spirit of self-improvement has gradually accumulated into the internal temperament of the Chinese nation and become an eternal spiritual force to spur Chinese children to keep forging ahead.
3. Patriotism
(1) Status: Patriotism is the core of Chinese national spirit.
Function: Patriotism is the banner to mobilize and inspire the people of China to unite and struggle, and it is the spiritual pillar for the people of all ethnic groups to struggle through thick and thin.
(2) Patriotism is concrete.
In different historical periods, patriotism has common requirements and different specific connotations.
In contemporary China, building socialism with national characteristics and supporting the reunification of the motherland are the themes of patriotism in the new period.
4, the importance of the Chinese national spirit:
The spirit of the Chinese nation has always been the spiritual bond to maintain the common life of the people of all ethnic groups in China, the spiritual pillar to support the survival and development of the Chinese nation, and the spiritual driving force to promote the prosperity and strength of the Chinese nation. It is the soul of the Chinese nation.
5, the necessity of carrying forward the spirit of the Chinese nation:
(1), carrying forward and cultivating the spirit of the Chinese nation is an inevitable requirement to improve the overall quality of the whole nation.
Carrying forward the people's spirit can provide spiritual motivation and intellectual support for economic construction and ensure the socialist direction of economic construction.
(2) Carrying forward and cultivating the spirit of the Chinese nation is the requirement of continuously enhancing China's international competitiveness.
As the essence of Chinese culture, national spirit has the important functions of rallying and mobilizing national strength and displaying national image, and has become one of the most important factors to show the strength of comprehensive national strength.
(3) Carrying forward and cultivating the spirit of the Chinese nation is the need to adhere to the socialist road.
Western hostile forces do not want to see the development of socialist China, and step up the political strategy of westernization and differentiation by various means and ways. Facing this challenge, it is more important and urgent to resist the pressure of hegemonism, resist the influence of foreign decadent ideology and culture, and carry forward and cultivate the national spirit.
(4) Enlightenment and requirements: We should fully understand the significance of carrying forward and cultivating the national spirit. Everyone should be the disseminator, disseminator and builder of the national spirit and write a new chapter of the national spirit together.
Political knowledge points 9 The principle of material unity in the world
Principle content: Dialectical materialism holds that the existence and development of nature is objective, the existence and development of human society is objective, and human consciousness is the product of society. The essence of the world is matter, and there is matter in the world before consciousness. The real unity of the world lies in its materiality.
Methodology: ① Admitting the objectivity of nature is the basic premise for human beings to consciously handle the relationship between man and nature. When we use and transform nature, we must respect, conform to and protect nature, and learn to live in harmony with nature.
2. The principle of dialectical relationship between matter and consciousness.
Principle content: (1) Matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of objective things in the human brain.
(2) Consciousness has a dynamic effect on matter: ① Consciousness can correctly reflect objective things. People's consciousness can not only reflect the external phenomena of things, but also grasp the essence and laws of things. There are only things that are not recognized, and there is nothing that is not recognized. ② Consciousness can respond to objective things: a. Correct consciousness promotes the development of objective things; Distorted consciousness reflecting objective things and their development laws will lead people's activities astray and hinder the development of objective things. B. Consciousness can regulate people's physiological activities. High spirits can inspire people to forge ahead; A listless spirit will make people pessimistic, depressed and lose morale.
Methodology: (1) Proceed from reality and seek truth from facts; (2) Pay attention to the role of consciousness, the power of spirit, establish a correct consciousness and overcome wrong understanding.
Political knowledge points 10 focus on the main knowledge and highlight the foundation.
The first round of review should consolidate the basic knowledge according to the procedures of explaining the main points of knowledge, important and difficult points, examples, exercise consolidation, unit test and evaluation according to chapters or units. Focus on the test sites of the college entrance examination, and focus on grasping the most important concepts and basic principles, as well as their interrelations and differences. In review, we should learn to grasp the "point, line and surface", construct the examinee's own knowledge system, and make the learning knowledge systematic, clear and accurate. Candidates are required to thoroughly understand the concepts and principles, and have a "knowledge structure map" and a "knowledge tree" in their minds to achieve a combination of "points, lines and surfaces".
Pay attention to social hotspots and reflect the theme of the times.
In the face of practical problems, it is not only the requirement of college entrance examination, but also the important goal of new curriculum reform to make correct value judgments and value choices by using Marxist positions, viewpoints and methods.
In a round of review, candidates should broaden their political horizons and pay attention to "hot issues". Hot issues are the important content of integrating theory with practice, and are the raw materials for setting new exam scenarios. In the review class, we link the theoretical knowledge in the textbook with the hot spots and focal issues that reflect the development of the situation at home and abroad, design questions and guide candidates to think. Guide candidates out of the classroom, pay attention to the country, society and the world, stimulate their interest and enthusiasm in learning knowledge and exploring problems, and enhance their sense of social responsibility, which also reflects the requirements of quality education.
Pay attention to ability training and highlight the requirements of quality education.
Ability training is the starting point and destination of quality education, and the new curriculum requires that candidates' comprehensive ability be cultivated in an appropriate way to help them identify with the correct value standards and grasp the correct political direction. The examination questions of 20xx ideological and political college entrance examination adhere to the concept of ability, and on the basis of examining the candidates' mastery of basic knowledge and skills, they focus on examining the candidates' ability to analyze and solve problems by using subject knowledge and methods.
Therefore, it is necessary to train candidates' scientific problem-solving thinking and cultivate their basic problem-solving ability. The cultivation of good thinking habits is mainly to guide candidates to follow the following ideas when solving problems: reading topics; Analyze the meaning of the question and determine the direction and scope of the answer; According to the existing knowledge, judge whether the problem material scene conforms to the knowledge principle; According to the information given in the topic, determine what kind of language and basic knowledge principles should be used to express it.