Lesson 65438. The earliest known human in China is Yuanmou Man (who lived about 1.7 million years ago and was found in Yuanmou County, Yunan Province). 2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals lies in whether they can make tools. 3. Beijingers: It was found in Longgu Mountain, Zhoukoudian, Beijing, about 700,000 years ago. Beijingers still retain some characteristics of apes; Use rough stone tools, use natural fire and live in groups. 4. Neanderthal: It was discovered in Gulong, Zhoukoudian, Beijing about 18000 years ago. The appearance of cavemen is basically the same as that of modern people; Use hammer to hit stone tools, but master polishing and drilling techniques; Use artificial fire; Sewing clothes with bone needles; The collective in which they live is a clan united by blood relationship. Lesson 2: 1. Mudu aborigines: Primitive residential sites located in the Yangtze River valley about 7,000 years ago, reflecting the primitive farming landscape in the Yangtze River valley. China is the first country in the world to grow rice through cultivated land. Live in a barn, dig wells, raise livestock, hunt and fish; Can make pottery and simple jade, primitive musical instruments. 2. The original inhabitants of Banpo: the site of the original inhabitants located in the Yellow River basin about five or six thousand years ago, which reflects the original farming landscape of the Yellow River basin. The millstone tool has been used to grow millet, and China is the first country to grow millet in the world. Living in a house in a semi-basement; Making painted pottery; Raising animals, using bows and arrows, hunting and fishing; I already know how to spin, weave and make clothes. Huangdi and Yan Di are two famous tribal leaders who lived in the Yellow River valley about four or five thousand years ago. Later, the Yellow Emperor formed an alliance with Yan Di and defeated Chiyou. From then on, the two tribes formed an alliance, and after long-term development, they formed the future Chinese nation. 2. The Yellow Emperor has made great contributions to Chinese civilization and even the world civilization, so the Yellow Emperor is also called "the ancestor of mankind". 3. Yao Shun and Yu's abdication. This democratic method of selecting tribal alliance leaders is called "abdication" in history. Lesson 4: 1. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in the history of China. China began to enter the period of slave society. After Yu's death, his son Qi succeeded to the throne and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty. Hereditary system replaced abdication system. 3. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of China's early state. The state institutions in Xia Dynasty were tools for slave owners to oppress slaves and civilians. 4. Due to the tyranny of Jie, the last king of Xia Dynasty, Shang Tang destroyed Xia Dynasty, Xia Dynasty perished and Shang Dynasty was established. 5. Shang Dynasty is also called Yin Dynasty. Because Pan Geng, King of Shang Dynasty, moved to Yin, the ruling area of Shang Dynasty expanded continuously and became a big country in the world at that time. 6. Due to the tyranny of Shang Zhou, the last king of Shang Dynasty, King Wu was cut and Shang Dynasty perished. Later, Zhou Wuwang established the Western Zhou Dynasty with pickaxe as its capital. 7. In order to consolidate the rule, the Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, which was the main reason why the Western Zhou Dynasty became a powerful country. The hierarchy of the Western Zhou Dynasty: (emperor → vassal → Qing Dafu → scholar) → (civilian → slave) (ruling class) (ruled class) Lesson 5: 1. At the end of primitive society, bronzes appeared in China. Shang Dynasty was the glorious period of bronze culture in China. Among them, the famous bronzes are Simu Wuding (the largest bronze unearthed in the world so far) and Siyang Fangzun. 2. There is a unique bronze culture in Chengdu Plain, which is called Sanxingdui Culture. China is the first country to invent porcelain in the world. 4. Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties are a society dominated by agriculture. Slaves are the main labor force and lead a miserable life. Lesson 6: 1. In 770 BC, it moved eastward to Romania, which was called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. 2. The main overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period were Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang. Qi Huangong was the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Ren Guanzhong is the prime minister, reforming internal affairs, developing production and reforming the military system. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the hegemony between Chu and Jin was the fiercest. Among them is the battle of Chengpu. 5. Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han (three ethnic groups are divided into Jin: Zhao, Wei and Han) 6. Famous battles in the Warring States Period: Guiling Battle, Maling Battle and Changping Battle. In 260 BC, the battle of Changping took place between Qin and Zhao, and Zhao was defeated. From then on, the six eastern countries could no longer resist Qin Jun's attack. Lesson 7: 1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools began to appear in China. By the Warring States period, the use of iron farm tools had expanded. 2. Niu Geng appeared in China at the latest in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and was further popularized in Niu Geng during the Warring States Period. Niu Geng is a revolution in the history of agricultural development in China. 3. Dujiangyan: Built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County in the Warring States Period in the middle reaches of Minjiang River, it is a world-famous flood control and irrigation project, which has benefited mankind for more than 2,000 years, so Chengdu Plain has the reputation of "Land of Abundance". 4. Shang Yang's political reform: In 356 BC, Shang Yang began to reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong. ★ Reform contents: ① The state recognizes private ownership of land and allows free trading; (2) Reward farming; ③ Establish a county system. ★ Significance of the political reform: Through the political reform, Qin's economy developed, and the combat effectiveness of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period. 4. During the Warring States Period, China entered the feudal society. The contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class has become the main contradiction in society. During the Warring States period, literati dipped their brushes in ink and wrote them on bamboo slips and silks, and the font was mainly Da Zhuan. Lesson 8: 1. Evolution of Characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Shang Dynasty) → Jinwen (Shang and Zhou Dynasties) → Dazhuan (Late Western Zhou Dynasty) → Silk Script (Warring States Period) → Xiaozhuan, Lishu (Qin Dynasty) There is a textual research on the history of China, which began in Shang Dynasty. Today's lunar calendar is also called "summer calendar". The calendar year of Shang Dynasty is divided into 12 months, 30 days for big month, 29 days for small month and leap year 1 month. During the Warring States period, people measured 24 solar terms a year. Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The "four diagnoses" he summarized have always been used by Chinese medicine. 4. Qu Yuan: A native of Chu at the end of the Warring States Period. His masterpiece is Li Sao. 5. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Bell and Drum Music" prevailed. Lesson 9: 1, the founder of Confucianism-Confucius. The main ideas of Confucius are: putting forward the theory of "benevolence" and advocating "rule by virtue"; Teach students in accordance with their aptitude, be modest and eager to learn, and "review the old and learn the new". His remarks were compiled into The Analects by his disciples. 2. Laozi, the founder of Taoist school. Its main idea is that everything has opposites, and the two sides of opposites can be transformed into each other. His theory is recorded in Tao Te Ching. 3. Mencius-Confucianism. Main ideas: ① Oppose all wars; (2) require the rulers to govern the country with "benevolent government"; (3) Propose rational utilization of natural resources. 4. Han Feizi-Legalist. Advocate reform, advocate the rule of law, and propose the establishment of a feudal country with absolute monarchy and centralization. 5. Sun Wu-a strategist. Sun Tzu's Art of War. Lesson 65438. After the Battle of Changping, the six eastern countries were unable to resist Qin Jun's attack, and it was an irresistible fact that Qin unified the six countries. 2. The first unified centralized feudal country in the history of China was the Qin Dynasty. (22 1 years ago -207 years ago, the capital was in Xianyang) 3. Measures taken by Qin Shihuang to consolidate reunification: ① A set of centralized feudal autocracy was established. The supreme ruler is called the emperor; Set up the Prime Minister Qiu, and set up the post of an ancient scholar in the central government; The county system is implemented at the local level. (2), unified characters (seal script, official script), currency (unified use of round square hole money), weights and measures. (3) In order to strengthen ideological control, "burning books to bury Confucianism" is practiced. ④ Building the Great Wall in the north and Lingqu in the south. (Qin Shihuang ordered general Meng Tian to fight back against the Huns, seize the Hetao area and build the Great Wall from Lintao in the west to Liaodong in the east) Lesson 65438+01kloc-0/The root cause of the peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty-the tyranny of Qin Dynasty. Including: ① corvee and heavy military service; (2) heavy taxes; ③ Criminal law is cruel; (4) the tyranny of Qin Ershi. 2. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu launched an uprising in osawa Township. But it failed. Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising was the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. Their revolutionary initiative inspired millions of working people to rise up against cruel rule. 3. In 207 BC, in the Battle of Julu, Xiang Yu defeated Qin Jun's main force with fewer victories. At the same time, Liu Bang advanced on Xianyang, and the Qin Dynasty perished. 4. After the demise of Qin Dynasty, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang fought for the throne for four years, which was called "Chu-Han dispute" in history. 5. In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu. Lesson 12 1 Emperor Gaozu and his successors, Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, learned the lessons from the death of Qin, reduced the burden of corvee and military service on farmers, and attached importance to the development of agricultural production. 2. Emperor Wen of Han and Emperor Jing of Han attached importance to agricultural production, and the society was relatively stable and the people were rich. Historically, the rule of this period was called "the rule of culture and scenery". 3. The most powerful period of the Western Han Dynasty was the period of Emperor Wu. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty realized the great unity of politics, economy, military affairs and ideology. Reasons: the economic prosperity of Emperor Han Jingdi in his later period; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was brilliant and good at employing people. Measures: ① politics: attach importance to talents; Issue protection orders to weaken the power of vassal States. ② Thought: Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Set up imperial academy in Chang 'an and vigorously promote Confucian education. (3) unify the official camp of casting money, salt and iron. Lesson 65438. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once had people govern the Yellow River. Emperor Hanming of the East ordered Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert, to preside over the river repair. 2. It was Du Fu of the Eastern Han Dynasty who invented the water raft, which is a tool of hydraulic blast ironmaking. This technology is earlier than Europe 1000 years. Lesson 65438. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the Xiongnu unified the leader of Mongolian grassland for the first time-modu chanyu. Since then, the power of Xiongnu has been growing and entered its heyday. 2. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the national strength was strong, and a powerful cavalry unit was organized to launch a large-scale counterattack against the Xiongnu and seize the Hetao and Hexi Corridor. 3. In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to fight the Huns, and since then the Huns have been unable to fight against the Western Han Dynasty. 4. During the Western Han Dynasty, Zhaojun left the fortress and married Uhaanyehe. They have made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary. Lesson 15 1, Western Regions-refers to the west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu today, that is, Xinjiang today and beyond. 2. In BC 138, Zhang Qian made his first mission to the Western Regions. The purpose is to unite the big moon family and fight back against the Huns. In 1 19 BC, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the western regions. 3. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the Western Regions Duhu, which was in charge of the affairs of the Western Regions. 4. The route of the Silk Road: from Chang 'an to Hexi Corridor, now in Xinjiang, transported to West Asia and then to Europe. 5. In 73 AD, the Eastern Han government sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions. /kloc-in 0/66, Daqin sent envoys to visit the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China. The earliest paper known in the world appeared in the early Western Han Dynasty in China. Before the invention of paper, China usually used bamboo slips and silks as writing materials. 3. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking, and later generations called this kind of paper "Cai Hou Paper". The invention of papermaking is a great contribution of our people to world culture. 4. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, a mathematical masterpiece written in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty made an instrument that can determine the direction of earthquake, which is called seismograph. This is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world. 6. Han Dynasty famous doctors Hua Tuo and Zhang Zhongjing. Hua Tuo is good at surgery, made a whole body anesthetic "Ma Fei San", and also compiled a set of gymnastics called "Wuqinxi". Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases. Later generations revered him as a "medical sage". Lesson 65438. Three major religions in the world: Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. 2. The indigenous religion is Taoism. Rise in the Eastern Han Dynasty. One of the founders was Zhang Ling. I was addressed as "the old gentleman on the throne". Sima Qian, a great historian of the Western Han Dynasty, wrote Historical Records. Historical Records is the first biographical general history of China, which records the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty. 4. The outstanding representative of Qin and Han art is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which sensationalized the world. Lesson 65438. The battle that laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north was the battle of Guandu (in 200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao with fewer victories). 2. The battle that laid the foundation for the formation of the Three Kingdoms was Battle of Red Cliffs (in 208, Sun Quan and Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao with fewer victories). 3. The symbol of the formal formation of the Three Kingdoms is the establishment of the State of Wu. The founders, the capital city perished in Wei 220, Cao Pi Luoyang was founded in 266, the Western Jin Dynasty was established in 22 1 year, Liu Bei Chengdu in 263, Wu Quan Jianye in 222, Wu Quan Jianye in 280 and the Western Jin Dynasty in 19. In 266, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty and made Luoyang its capital in 280. 3 16 Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by Xiongnu. In 2.3 17, Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiankang. In the late 4th century, Fu Jian, the former ruler of Northern Qin Dynasty, unified the Yellow River basin. In 3.383, the most famous battle in the history of China was the Battle of Surabaya. Lesson 20 (Pre-Qin-Eastern Jin Dynasty) 1. It was Xianbei people who established the Northern Wei regime. 2. The Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Basin in 439. Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moved the capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang. 4. Emperor Xiaowen is an outstanding minority political reformer in China. He followed the historical trend of national integration and carried out reforms. The contents of the reform include: ① learning Chinese; 2 change to Hanfu; (3) Change the surname of Han (the royal family changed its surname from Tuoba to Yuan); ④ Intermarriage with Han nationality; (5) adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality; ⑥ Learn Han etiquette. New Concept English Book One. Zu Chongzhi in the Southern Dynasties was a famous mathematician and astronomer in ancient China. He was the first person in the world to make Pi accurate to the seventh place after the decimal point, more than 1000 years earlier than Europe. 2. Jia Sixie in the Northern Dynasties was a famous agronomist in the history of China. He wrote The Book of Qi Yaomin, which is the first complete agricultural science work in China. 3. Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. The Water Mirror Notes written by him is a comprehensive geography monograph. Lesson 22 1, Evolution of China Characters: Oracle Bone Inscriptions-bronze inscription-Dazhuan-Xiaozhuan, Lishu-regular script, running script, cursive script 2, Wang Xizhi was a famous great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The masterpiece is Preface to the Lanting Pavilion, which is called "Book Sage" by later generations. 3. Gu Kaizhi was a famous great painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Representative works include The True Story of the Woman and The Goddess of Luo. Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province are two famous grottoes in the Northern Dynasties.