Under the nourishment of the appeasement policy of western countries, Hitler ate Austria and Czechoslovakia clean one by one, and his desire for aggression became hotter and hotter. Like a crazy rabies, he bared his teeth and was ready to pounce on the next target.
This is what the whole world has seen, but it is just that "disasters will fly separately", and each has its own abacus. Britain and France, with the Declaration of Britain and Germany and the Declaration of France and Germany signed by Hitler, thought they had won "glorious peace" and were bent on "bringing disaster to the East" and pointed the finger of German aggression at the Soviet Union. America is far from the other side of the ocean, so there is nothing to be afraid of. Only the Soviet Union was exposed to Hitler's gun without any cover or hindrance.
At this time, the Soviet Union had just experienced the Party-cleaning movement from 1936 to 1939, arresting more than 5 million people and shooting more than 500,000 people. Of the 29 Central Committee members and alternate members who led the October Revolution, 15 were executed, and 16 of the first Soviet Central Government were executed. Stalin's iron fist has firmly grasped the Soviet Union.
In view of the imminent threat of war, Stalin vigorously strengthened national defense construction. In the Soviet Union's third five-year plan from 1938, defense industry investment accounted for more than 1/4 of the total industrial investment, and many civilian enterprises were converted into arms factories. At the same time, call on and organize women to participate in industrial production, master men's work, and establish a labor reserve army. On the other hand, Stalin also sought to establish a collective security system internationally.
At Stalin's repeated suggestion, Britain, France and the Soviet Union held talks on mutual assistance and anti-aggression in Moscow on April 1939. During the talks, the Soviet Union proposed to Britain and France to conclude a three-country mutual assistance and anti-aggression treaty, including military assistance. These three countries have ensured the security of Central and Eastern European countries. However, Britain and France are still keen on the appeasement policy, fantasizing about "bringing disaster to the East" and being very indifferent to the Soviet proposal, which made the negotiations last for nearly four months without any results.
At the same time, Hitler was deeply worried about the negotiations between Britain, France and the Soviet Union, fearing that once the three countries formed an alliance, Germany would be caught between Scylla and Charybdis. So Hitler seized the contradiction of mutual suspicion between Britain, France and the Soviet Union and played a double trick. On the one hand, it held secret talks with Britain, and Britain agreed that Germany could move freely in Eastern Europe and Central and Southern Europe; On the other hand, it has repeatedly told the Soviet Union that Germany has no intention of invading the Soviet Union and hopes to improve relations and "stabilize and normalize" relations between the two countries.
1On August 20th, 939, impatient Hitler called Stalin directly and asked the Soviet Union to allow German Foreign Minister ribbentrop to go to the Soviet Union for talks and sign a contract.
At this time, the Soviet Union is also facing the real danger of being attacked between Scylla and Charybdis. In the Far East, Japan provoked the Nomenkan incident and launched an attack on the Soviet Union. Germany and Japan, two fascist countries, are in intensive negotiations to form a military alliance. At present, since the Soviet Union can't get the cooperation from Britain and France, it just wants to protect itself. Stalin made an important decision: he agreed to let ribbentrop come to Moscow.
On August 23rd, ribbentrop flew to Moscow with Hitler's autographed credentials. On that day, Stalin, Molotov and ribbentrop formally signed the Soviet-German non-aggression treaty after two talks. The treaty stipulates that the two sides promise not to use force, aggression or attack each other alone or jointly with other countries; If one contracting party goes to war with a third country, the other contracting party shall not give any support to the third country; The contracting parties shall not join any group of countries that directly or indirectly oppose the other contracting party.
The signing of the treaty shows that the Soviet Union will remain "neutral" in the war, which is actually a revenge for Britain and France's attempt to "bring disaster to the East". Germany, on the other hand, avoided the danger of fighting on the east-west line and could attack Poland unscrupulously.
Hitler has a profound view that Stalin's motivation comes from "Russian nationalism" rather than * * * productism. Ribbentrop also thinks Stalin is the modern Ivan the Terrible. After the signing of the Non-aggression Treaty between the Soviet Union and Germany, the Soviet Union reached the Additional Secret Protocol with Germany, which fully exposed the national egoism and chauvinism of the Soviet Union.
According to the secret agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany, while Germany attacked Poland, on September 1939, the Soviet Union also attacked Poland from the eastern front, sending 600,000 Red Army troops to occupy about 200,000 square kilometers of territory in Poland. In June165438+1October of the same year, the Soviet Union sent troops to Finland and seized more than 40,000 square kilometers of Finnish territory. Subsequently, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia were forced to "apply to join" the Soviet Union, and more than 6,543.8+0.7 million square kilometers of territory were annexed. In addition, the Soviet Union sent troops to capture a part of Romania. Through this series of military actions, the Soviet Union seized more than 400,000 square kilometers of land and plundered 24 million people, and established the "East Line" from the Gulf of Finland to the Black Sea coast.
The Soviet Union understood that the non-aggression between the Soviet Union and Germany was only a delaying tactic, and Adolf Hitler, who was firmly opposed to socialism, would tear up the peace treaty sooner or later. Therefore, the Soviet Union began to transport a large amount of materials and equipment from Europe to the rear area, which created favorable conditions for the subsequent Soviet-German war. However, Stalin still miscalculated one thing. He always thought that Germany would not attack the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union captured Britain.
1941On June 22nd, Adolf Hitler tore up the agreement, launched the Barbarossa Plan and launched a fierce attack on the Soviet Union, which was completely annihilated. This is also an important reason why the Soviet Union became the country with the largest number of casualties in World War II.
[Edit] property
Some people think this is a compromise. In order to resist the appeasement policy of Britain and France, the Soviet Union used the contradictions between countries to maximize its own interests and prevent the unilateral anti-fascist war. At the same time, the Soviet Union can also actively prepare for war.
Some people think that it is also an appeasement policy in essence. The only difference between the Munich Agreement and "bringing disaster to the West" is that Britain and France sacrificed the interests of the Czech Republic, while the Soviet Union sacrificed the interests of Eastern European countries. It is a typical expression of appeasement policy on the eve of the European War.
Some people think that this can be said to be an agreement between the Soviet Union and Germany on sharing stolen goods. The Soviet Union used the appeasement policy of Britain and France to carve up Eastern Europe again, regardless of the interests of small countries, which was extremely harmful to world peace.
Some people think that this is a temporary alliance. Its existence enabled Germany to boldly open up the western front, while the Soviet Union could continue its internal construction with peace of mind and transport strategic materials to the west.
[editor] influence
Its influence is controversial in academic circles.
"favorable" theory. The Soviet-German Treaty won a more favorable international environment for the Soviet Union, won a precious 22 months for the Soviet Union, and further isolated Japan internationally. It is more conducive to the Soviet people and the world's anti-fascist countries and people. It not only broke the attempt of Britain and France to collude against the existence of the Soviet Union, but also broke the attack of the German-Japanese fascist anti-Soviet alliance, so that the Soviet Union avoided fighting on two fronts militarily.
"Advantages outweigh disadvantages" theory. Although the treaty temporarily brought some negative consequences to the people of the world and the Soviet Union's own anti-fascist struggle, its positive role was fundamental and dominant. "
"The disadvantages outweigh the advantages" theory. Although it won more than a year's preparation time for the Soviet Union, it laid a certain foundation for the victory of the later war. But objectively, it encouraged Hitler's aggressive ambition, greatly damaged the prestige of socialist countries, split the international producer movement, damaged the prestige of producer parties in various countries, destroyed the emerging anti-fascist United front, and made the Soviet Union lose its vigilance and suffered extremely serious losses in the early days of the Great Patriotic War.
"unfavorable" theory. To some extent, it has bound the hands and feet of the Soviet Union, which is not conducive to making full use of contradictions between countries and uniting all forces that can be United to delay the outbreak of World War II. It blurs the interest relationship between the Soviet Union and the people of the world, which is not conducive to promoting the anti-fascist struggle of the people of the world.