South Sect of Confucius: A wooden statue of Confucius in Siluge, Confucius' home temple, dancing with Confucius.

The Confucius Temple in Quzhou, located in the west of Zhejiang, is one of the two major Confucian temples in China, which is juxtaposed with the Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong, and is known as the "Holy Land of Nanzong". At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Bing invaded the south, and the Confucius Group moved to Qu under the leadership of Confucius' 48th generation Sun Kongduanyou, and established a family temple here. Since then, there have been many descendants, and Quzhou has become Confucius' second hometown.

Quzhou Kongshi Family Temple

Quzhou Confucius Temple, located in Xinqiao Street, is one of the only two Confucius temples in China. Confucius Temple is the founder, thinker and educator of Confucian sacrificial schools in China. It was founded in Quzhou by Kong You, Song Gaozong and Nanpo of Zhao Gou, and the descendants of Confucius spent more than 800 years in Quzhou. Quzhou, as the second hometown of descendants of Confucius, is known as "the shade in the southeast" and "the holy land in the south".

The Confucius Temple in Quzhou was built in the third year from Song Dynasty to Baoyou, with a large scale. The "200 rooms" are far away from the Qufu Temple. Since then, it has been destroyed and built repeatedly, and the site selection has changed three times, but they are all built in imitation of the pattern of Qufu's family temples. The existing Confucius Temple, built in the 15th year of Zhengde in Ming Dynasty, covers an area of 1 1 mu. Since then, it has been repaired many times during the years of Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong and Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the temples of Japanese invaders were converted into stables, which caused serious damage to the temples. During the Cultural Revolution, many precious inscriptions and woodcarvings were destroyed, and the Confucius Temple suffered another disaster. After the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the municipal government and the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau attached great importance to the restoration of Confucius Temple. Since 1985, they have successively allocated funds for the maintenance of the remaining ancient buildings, costing a total of 520,000 yuan. At present, the central axis of the temple and the four-way pavilion have been renovated and officially opened to the public on New Year's Eve 1989 to receive audiences at home and abroad.

The gate of the Confucius Temple at No.46 Xinqiao Street in Quzhou City is a building with monosaccharide resting on the top of the mountain, which is majestic and solemn against the stone and sumeru wall. Above the temple gate hangs a forehead inscribed by Sha Menghai, a famous contemporary calligrapher. The font is vigorous and powerful. A pair of stone lions on both sides of the main entrance show the dignity of the holy land. It is understood that the temple gate was redesigned according to the map of Kongjia Temple in Quzhou in Ming Dynasty and combined with the architectural style in Qing Dynasty. A 170 square meter platform, all paved with bluestone. Next to the steps where people put the sun, this is a calendar dedicated to paying tribute to ancestors in past dynasties. Over the age of abutment, they climbed five steps, making them the tallest building in the temple. This is a building with a heavy coffin resting on the top of the mountain. The temple is magnificent and imposing. Renwu stuffing gate hangs the original amount of Dacheng Hall, and the factory coffin hangs the wish of "living with others" to write a pen for Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty. Inside the hall is the original forehead piece of "A Teacher's Watch for All Generations" written by Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty. Hanging above the hall.

The main hall is 23 meters high, 9 meters long and 9 meters wide. There is a 12 meter tank in the temple. The circumference of the longest cylinder is 1.80m, so it is difficult for the big arm to hold the whole column. The successful or unsuccessful column is the Lu Si Pavilion, which is now the Confucius Temple, displaying statues of saints and wooden statues of Confucius and his formal wife. Although the restored Confucius Temple in Quzhou is far worse than that in the prosperous period, it does not affect people's memory of Confucius, a great thinker and educator in ancient China. It is not only a meaningful cultural landscape, but also has special historical value for people to understand and study the establishment, development and changes of Nanzong Confucianism.

The golden crown wooden statue of Confucius and his wife, which was placed in front of the main hall of Siluge in Quzhou, is the most precious ancestral treasure of Confucius, and has been regarded as a national treasure by successive dynasties. According to legend, this pair of wood carvings were carved by Sun Shengbu of Confucius, and some were carved by Duan Benbo, a disciple of Confucius. Although there are different opinions, from the perspective of carving style, there is no doubt that it is a cultural relic before the Han Dynasty. Confucius had 3000 disciples before his death. After his death, his disciples mourned for ten years. They stayed in front of Confucius' tomb for three years before reluctantly waving goodbye to the west. Only Zigong could not bear to leave. He built a hut in front of Confucius' tomb and kept it for three years. The statue of Kaimi was carved by Zigong: according to legend, in this issue, he often recalled the teacher's words and deeds before his death, cut wood from the well, forced him to copy it by hand, and finally carved it into a statue of Confucius and the wife of the golden crown. The wooden statues are less than 2 feet high. Confucius' robe was oily and he had a flute in his hand. The golden dress hangs down to the ground and has an active image.

In the second year after the death of Confucius, Lu Aigong built several earthen anterooms as temples. At the beginning, there was only "Sanyoufang". After Confucius and his wife carved wooden statues, they were enshrined here, and the conditions were very simple. According to folklore, Kong Duanyou, the Duke of Feast, took two statues of his ancestors and led his family to the south. The ship went to Zhenjiang wharf. Everyone was hungry and tired, so they went ashore and had a rest. At this time, we suddenly met the nomads from the army, and saw that the statue of Mukai would be taken hostage by the nomads from the army. Just as everyone was anxious and helpless, suddenly a gust of wind blew, and a huge wave came and overturned the boat. Seeing this, the soldiers thought that most of the ships had been swept away by the huge waves, so they returned to their horses and retreated. Just as Kong Duanyou urgently ordered his family to salvage the woodcarving statue, he saw a trinity man of God coming to the shore on the river with a woodcarving statue in his hand. Kong Duanyou and his family immediately rushed up, carefully guarding the icon ashore and praying to the gods on the shore. At this time, the four hands of "Rufu lost in thought" appeared in the curled cigarette. It turned out that the mountain god in Confucius' hometown had saved him from the catastrophe of total robbery. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong placed Kong Duanyou and his family in Quzhou. In order to thank the mountain gods in their hometown for their contribution, they established the "Keyangshou Temple" in Quzhou, that is, the "Three Temples".

In the third year of Song Lizong's treasure shortage, the court ordered the construction of Confucius Temple in Quzhou. Because it is south of the Yangtze River, it is called Nanzong (Qufu Confucius Temple is called Beizong). Since then, the wooden statue of Kai has been preserved in Nanzong Confucius Temple for 27 generations, which lasted for more than 860 years. In the Southern Dynasties, Kong Duanyou, Kong Zhen, Kong Wu, Kong, Jiu Wanchun and Kong Mo, the eldest grandsons of six generations of clansmen in the South, were successively made princes. After the unification of the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Shizu thought that the two families of Kongshi should be unified, and his descendants were descendants of Duke Kongduanyou, who lived in Quzhou in the south of the Yangtze River, so he wanted to seal the Quzhou branch of Kongshi Nanzi as a large number. Zhao Nanzong's sixth grandson and Duke's feast Jiumo (the fifty-third grandson of Enlu Confucius) entered the palace and moved back to Qufu from Quzhou to settle down. After Jiumo went to Beijing by imperial edict, he saw and complained that his six generations of ancestors had set up tombs in Qu, and Quzhou also had a family temple and an old mother, and he was reluctant to leave the ancestral temple base and go north. At the same time, he expressed his willingness to give the title of Duke of Feast to Kong Zhi, the younger brother of Beizong, and requested permission to return to Quzhou in the south on the grounds that his mother was in Quzhou.

In this regard, Yuan Shizu greatly appreciated it, saying that Confucius "would rather violate honor than relatives, which is really sacred and great." From then on, Nanzong no longer inherited the title of Duke of Feast. In the eighth year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty, the magistrate of Quzhou wrote a letter to Wuzong, and was named Kongnan Sect, and was awarded the Five Classics Scholar of the Imperial Academy by the 59th Sun Jiuyan of Confucius, whose descendants were hereditary. It was not until J935 that the national government abolished the title system and changed it to an official position. However, the wooden statues of Confucius and his wife Jin Guan have been treasured in the Confucius Temple in Quzhou, and they are still experiencing disasters again and again. As far as the Confucius Temple is concerned, due to the change of dynasties or wars and disasters in history, it has been moved three times, and every time it is moved, it is in danger of being robbed or destroyed; But in the end it was completely protected. Therefore, in the eyes of the descendants of the Confucius family, the wooden statue of Confucius is like the sage of Confucius, the embodiment of the supreme god, with great strength and divine power.

After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese invaders captured Quzhou for the second time, and the leader of the Japanese invaders was Hengzhou. It is said that there are wood carvings of Confucius and his wife Jin Guan in the Confucius Temple in Quzhou in an attempt to rob this rare treasure. At that time, the national government sent a telegram to the Zhejiang provincial government. Now, Nanzong sealed Gongxing Guandong Cave and moved the icon to Longquan. Later, in order to prevent the icon from falling into the enemy, it was moved to a more remote Qingyuan mountain area. Kong Changsheng tried to hide his eyes and ears to make sure that nothing had happened to the icon. He made an unannounced visit and copied a fake by a skillful craftsman, took it to Longquan and Qingyuan, and hid the real image in the deep mountains of Quzhou. Angry that the Japanese invaders failed to plunder the wooden statue of Confucius, they set fire to the library of the Confucius Temple. Renchengdian here became a Japanese barracks, and the four-way pavilion became a local horse pen, and the red paint pillars were bitten by horses. More than 400 precious utensils in the temple were missing, and they were taken away by the Japanese invaders together with the bells of Quzhou Bell Tower. The Confucius Temple in Quzhou once again suffered a man-made disaster. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Mu Kai's original was treasured again in Sikuquanshu, and the fake was burned, so as not to be difficult to distinguish between true and false in the future. During the period of 1946, the national government built the remaining buildings, held a memorial ceremony for Confucius, and appointed the 75th generation Sun Kong, who was only 8 years old, as "the official of Nanzong, the sage of human beings". After liberation, Kong served as mine manager and senior engineer in Jinshiyu Mine of Hebei Province, Ministry of Metallurgy. At present, the last generation of Confucius is the hereditary eldest grandson, and Kong Xiangkai is the only one in China.

After spending more than 860 years in Nanzong Family Temple, the wooden statues of Confucius and his wife Jin Guan were lent to Kongshi Family Temple in Beizong Qufu on 1960 for National Day. Now the statues of Confucius and his wife Jin Guan in the Confucius Temple in Hengzhou are replicas given by northern sects.

Siruge

On the west side of the Confucius Temple in Quzhou, there is a building that Qufu Confucius Temple does not have, called "Enlu Pavilion". It is also unique in China to build a temple in Confucius Temple. "Lu Si" means that the descendants of Nanzong Confucius will never forget their past. The "Lusiting" was carefully designed and built by the descendants of Nanzong Confucius to express their thoughts about Qufu and his family.

"Siluge" is an antique two-story building, which is now turned into a Confucius Temple showroom. In addition to the rare wooden statues of Confucius and Qiao Guan's wife, you also have the most valuable "treasure of the town temple" in Nankong-the statue of a saint. This monument is a survivor of the unrest. The original tablet is engraved with the portrait of a saint, which is the masterpiece of Wu Daozi, a famous painter in Tang Dynasty. The original work was brought from Qufu by Confucius' forty-eighth generation Sun Kongduanyou during his southern expedition, and it was carved into a monument for Kong Duanyou. On the back of the monument is a schematic diagram of Zhao Jianqu's Kong Zhou Family Temple. The monument to the statue of the sage is 2.07 meters high and 0.85 1 meter wide. There are 16 characters on the inscription: "Depei Heaven and Earth, Taoist temple in ancient and modern times, delete six classics, and immortalize". Confucius realized that he was as tall as a real person. "He wears a sword, gentle and stern, intimidating but not timid, respectful and safe." In order to help people understand Confucius more intuitively, a new statue of Confucius was built in Siruge for people to see.

Qiao dance

In the long feudal society of China, Confucianism, represented by Confucius, has always occupied a dominant position. Therefore, Confucius has been regarded as the National Day in all previous dynasties. Because Nanzong Confucius Temple experienced years of wars in Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there has been no large-scale hole-making activities. It was not until Yongzheng's respect for Confucius disappeared in the Qing Dynasty that the activities of offering sacrifices to Confucius flourished. In the eighth year of Qianlong, Nanzong Confucius Temple officially held a touching activity of offering sacrifices to Confucius.

The skillful dance of offering sacrifices to Confucius is an important dance in this grand ceremony. As we all know, with the continuous improvement of Confucius' status, prison rituals are becoming more and more grand and complicated. When Emperor Han and Yuan paid homage to Confucius in the second year, he even made it "the joy of VI", which stipulated the movement when he paid homage to Confucius. In the first year of Daoqi Tianbao, when Wen Xuandi's legacy sent him to prison, he now decided to offer "three sacrifices" to Confucius. In the twentieth year of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, it was stipulated that music for Confucius was hung in the palace, and the dance was performed by six beautiful women. Emperor Xiaozong of Ming Dynasty Hongzhi Jiuhua, and changed from six Shu to eight Shu. Shu is the ranks of ancient music and dance, and Shu Dance Bureau is one of the classical music and dance.

Shu dance is a lively humanoid dance, with nearly 100 actors performing on the mountain. Among its 699 people, there are 36 musicians and dancers, 8 singers and nearly 50 bands, and they are equipped with various musical instruments such as piano, strategy, pouring, flute, harp, dam, bell, drum and sapphire. In addition, Tong Zansheng, Si Jiesheng, Si Daosheng, Si Daosheng, Jia De and other personnel assisted in the performance. When offering sacrifices to Confucius, musicians enter the altar from the right door (side door) (also known as the stage, in front of which a scholar enters the temple). Each dancer holds Zhai in her left hand and Zhai in her right hand. The band played bells, drums and Shi Bi, and played various musical instruments. The vice singer sang, "People lived in the hands of Confucius, and the golden sound was in the past, and the ancestors made a difference. "Musicians and dancers sing and dance word for word.

The dance of offering sacrifices to Confucius can be divided into: difficult sacrifice, sub-sacrifice and final sacrifice, and the actors sing along with the dance. According to the technical regulations, Shu dance must start with "Dong Zhang" and end with "withdrawal of music". The whole Shili dance was performed on the terrace in front of Dacheng Hall, and instrumental musicians played in the two corridors of Confucius Temple. After the finale, musicians, dancers, singers, bands and other personnel marched away and the dance ended. As the heritage of temple art, Shu dance is of great value to future generations to understand ancient culture and art. According to historical records, at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan), the capital of the Song Dynasty, fell into the hands of nomadic people. Song Gaozong Zhao Gou heard the news and went south. Confucius and Sun Kongduanyou, the 48th generation of the Duke of Feast, left Qufu, Shandong Province, and settled in Quzhou, with a pair of wood carvings of Confucius and Lady Guan Qi (Mrs. Confucius) (reportedly carved by Confucius student Zi Gong).

In the third year of Song Gaozong Baoyu (A.D. 1255), Confucius Temple was built as Nanzong. The Confucius Temple in Quzhou was relocated and built three times, and it was repaired more than ten times. The present Confucius Temple was built in the 15th year of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1520). Located in the east corner of Quzhou City, it covers an area of about 20 mu. It is basically built according to the scale of Qufu, Shandong Province, and is divided into two parts: Confucius Temple and Confucius House. The whole building faces south, and there are four doors in front of the hall: Jinyin, Yuzhen, Ling Xing and Dacheng. In addition to Jinsheng and Yuzhen, there are two archways, Detian and Daoguan Ancient and Modern. Entering Inner Mongolia is a place of singing and dancing when offering sacrifices to Confucius-Wutai. Next to the pagoda is Dacheng Hall, the main hall of Confucius Temple. Its architecture is magnificent, and it has a double-eaves and mountain-resting structure. There is a vertical plaque with the word "Dacheng Hall" written on it, imitating the imperial book of Yong Zhengdi in Qing Dynasty. In the center of the hall is the statue of Confucius, and on both sides are the statues of his son and grandson. There are more than ten imperial books of emperors in past dynasties hanging on the beams. There are nine houses on the east and west sides of the aisle in front of the temple, which are called "two temples" and hang places dedicated to sages. There is a statue of Zhongxing Zuyu in the east and Kong Duanyou in the west.