1.2070 years ago, Yu established the first dynasty in Chinese history-Xia. After his death, his son succeeded to the throne. The abdication system in the late primitive society was replaced by the hereditary system of the throne, and the throne was passed down in the form of one family and one surname.

2. After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, the succession of the throne also adopted the hereditary system, which was passed down from generation to generation, or called brothers.

3. The Xia and Shang Dynasties had a set of administrative management system from central to local. The king commands officials, big and small, to govern the country. During the Shang Dynasty, there were ministers and ministers in the central government who participated in the decision-making of Shang kings, fortune tellers, fortune tellers, historians who were responsible for sacrificing and recording dynasty events, and teachers in charge of military power. Hou Bo, a local seal. They were not only the party leaders who surrendered to the Shang Dynasty, but also senior officials of the Shang Dynasty. They regularly paid tribute to the Shang king and were ordered to conquer.

4. The political system in the early Xia and Shang Dynasties had a direct impact on the patriarchal clan system and the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Second, the enfeoffment system of the Western Zhou Dynasty

1. BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang destroyed the merchants, established the Zhou Dynasty, and implemented the enfeoffment system. The content is as follows: King Wu gave a certain amount of land and people to the royal family, heroes and the first generation of nobles, so that they could establish a vassal state and defend the royal family. The vassals who were enfeoffed must obey the orders of the Zhou emperor, and the vassals have the obligation to defend the territory of the Zhou emperor, obey the battle and pay tribute to the pilgrimage.

2. The victory of the King of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period was an open challenge to the enfeoffment system of vassal states.

Third, the patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

1. The biggest feature of the patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the eldest son inheritance system.

2. The political embodiment of the patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty was the enfeoffment system.

Fourth, summary.

1. Characteristics of China's early political system (Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties): patriarchal clan system as the core, with a strong color.

2. The enfeoffment system is actually an administrative relationship between the central government and local governments.

3. The most prominent feature of enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system is that they are related by blood.

The Beginning of "One Family in the World" and the Official System in Xia Dynasty

..... After Yu ascended the throne, the society developed further, the class has been formed, and all the political and military elements of the country have been possessed. The name of the country is Xia, and Yu was the first king. ..... His son killed Yi and got the throne. Since then, the era of "abdication" has ended, and the era of "Xia Chuanzi, home to the world" has begun.

Confucius, an ancient sage in China, described this historic change in this way: regarding the period of "Five Emperors" (clan commune), he said: "The trip to the main road is also for the public, choosing talents and abilities, and making peace with faith; An old friend is not only a relative, but also an only son. Let the old age end, be strong, be useful, be strong, and provide for the elderly, the sick and the disabled. ……"

On the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there is a saying: "Today's avenue is hidden, the world is home, each family is close, each son is his son, and the goods are his own. Adults think that the world is polite, moats and ponds are solid ... so the purpose is to make use of it, and soldiers start from it. Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu, and so on, so they just chose "which means well-off."

-"Eight Talks on Chinese and Foreign Historical Issues"

Shun Di recommended Yu to Heaven Emperor as his successor. In seventeen years, Emperor Shun collapsed. After three years of mourning, all the sons of Yu Ci Bi Shun are in Yangcheng, and all the princes in the world are going. So Yu proclaimed himself emperor, bordering the world in the south, with the name of the country and the surname of the company.

Ten years, Emperor Yudong toured the inaugural ceremony. As for the meeting, it collapsed. Benefit the world. After three years of mourning, the son of Yu enlightened and settled in Jishanyang. Yu Zi is a clever man, and the world is very interested in it. And collapse in, although the interests, shallow interests, out of touch with the world. Therefore, the governors all went to the DPRK and said, "My son Yu is also the emperor of my monarch." So Mike Sui is the location of the emperor, which is for the emperor of Xia Hou.

-"Historical Records Xia Benji"

"Five emperors rule the world, and three kings rule the world. Family heirloom, official biography sage. " Xia Houqi was a key figure in China's history to realize the profound transformation from the "Five Emperors" period to the "Three Kings" period. "The king and the emperor represent two different historical periods. The Yellow Emperor, like Emperor Yao and Emperor Shun, was actually the title of military commander in the tribal alliance period of primitive society in China. The king of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was an absolute monarch in slave society. Although the lineage of Xia Dynasty began with Yu, Yu was only the last supreme leader of clan society, which laid the foundation for the establishment of hereditary slavery Xia Dynasty.

-History of China's Political System (I) edited by Bai Gang.

The so-called "Yu princes are in the mountains, and those who hold jade and silk are all countries" is exactly the scene that later generations recalled the establishment of hegemony in the Xia Dynasty. After Yu Xia's death, his son succeeded to the throne. This way of abolishing "abdication" and inheriting the throne from generation to generation caused a fierce battle for the throne in Xia Dynasty ... After a fierce battle for the throne, Xia Qi established the hereditary system of the throne.

-"Encyclopedia of China, History of China Ⅲ"

Hundreds of officials, two hundred Yin. ...

-"Book of Rites, Hall Number"

When he ruled the world, he won, Du, Ji and Zi Zhanhe successively. Find seven doctors to help him, to rule the world, to rule the world.

-"Yi Shi" quoted "Xunzi"

(attack Hu Jia first) Fight in Gan, call. The king said, "Oh! People who have six things. I swear to you. There is a Hu family who threatens the five elements and abandons the three righteousness. " God used it to destroy his life.

-"Shangshu Shi Gan"

The king's "one family in the world" system is a system in which the king regards the "world" (country) as the private property of the king's family. This system evolved from paternalism in the later period of clan commune.

-"Eight Talks on Chinese and Foreign Historical Issues"

Xia Dynasty from Kai to Jie, * * * calendar 13 generation 16 king, from the order of succession to the throne, there are some descendants, some younger brothers, basically descendants. Due to the lack of information, it is difficult to infer whether Chuanzi is the eldest son or the youngest son.

-Wei Qingyuan's History of China's Political System.

Since the Xia Dynasty, this position (king) can only be inherited within the royal family of Xia Houshi. The other branches of the Yu family enfeoffed the whole country, "taking the country as the surname" and became the Hou and Bo of the Xia Dynasty. These people with the same surname as Hou Bo became the relying force for the Xia Dynasty to control the whole country.

-History of China's Political System (I) edited by Bai Gang.

A series of political systems, such as hereditary throne and enfeoffment system in Xia Dynasty, had a far-reaching impact on China's past dynasties and even the history of world civilization.

-History of China's Political System (I) edited by Bai Gang.

"Brothers" and the Official System in Shang Dynasty

It was from the Xia Dynasty that the "throne" was regarded as the private property of the royal family. However, in Xia and Shang dynasties, the direct eldest son inheritance system was not fully implemented, but the direct eldest son inheritance system and "brotherhood" were parallel.

-"Eight Talks on Chinese and Foreign Historical Issues"

From soup to soup in Shang Dynasty, * * * lasted for seventeen generations and thirty-one kings. Tang formulated the system that the brother is the last brother and the son is passed on again, that is, the death of a brother is inherited by the younger brother until all the brothers in the same generation are dead, and then by the son of the eldest brother.

-Wei Qingyuan's History of China's Political System.

There was a huge bureaucracy in the Shang Dynasty ... In the Book of Nine Highs, it was recorded as follows: "The more you serve the outside world, Wei Bangbo, the Duke of Houdian; The more you take it orally, the more you learn ... "Here are the names of" internal use "and" external use ". ..... There were a large number of "internal officials" in the Shang Dynasty, and their duties were different ... The highest official in the Shang Dynasty was Xiang, who was always by the king's side ... The so-called "Qing history" was the "noble person" among the officials ... The Shang Dynasty was also called "three public offices" ... It was not a permanent institution ... There were historians in the Shang Dynasty ... such as Mahavamsa and maharaja. ..... Shang Dynasty was called Hou Bo. According to the theory of "internal use" and "external use", Hou Bo belongs to "external use" officials ... These Hou Bo do not belong to the bureaucracy of Shang Dynasty, but their country is a square country that coexists with Shang Dynasty ... (Some) Hou Bo is the head of this country, but they are all senior officials of Shang regime. For example, Zhao Ce, the Warring States Policy, said, "In the past, Ghost Hou and Hubei Hou. (Zhou) Wen Wang, Wednesday Gong also " ...

-Sun Miao's Historical Draft of Xia and Shang Dynasties

Inheritance system and patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

The succession system of the Zhou Dynasty was basically inherited from the late Shang Dynasty, but there was a more important development, that is, the first-class succession system was established on the basis of the scholar-king system. The so-called "scholar-son system" means that when he is in power, he is made a prince and the king Wen is not at home, acting as the national government. At that time, the system was still in its infancy. After the death of King Wu, Zhou Gongdan was regent for six years. When he ascended the throne again, the system of the eldest son inheriting and pre-conferring the prince was established. According to the eldest son inheritance system, the criteria for choosing a prince are: "the eldest son is long, not virtuous, and the son is expensive, not long." That is to say, among the sons born to empresses, it is necessary to determine the priority inheritance status of the sons born after the office, and inherit from the eldest son born after the office; If there are no children after death, among the illegitimate children born to many concubines, illegitimate children with certain social status should be chosen as heirs from their family background, rather than whether they are old or not. Once this criterion for choosing a prince appeared, it was followed as an orthodox rule for about 3000 years.

-Wei Qingyuan's History of China's Political System.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the patriarchal clan system was further improved, more closely integrated with politics, and the eldest son inheritance system was stricter. "Poetry, Elegance and King of Literature" says: "The grandson of King of Literature is immortal". Note: "Ben, this Sect is also. Branch, Zhi Zi also ". Jian Zheng said, "King Wen" was ordered by the Zhou Dynasty, so it is the king of the world. Their descendants are suitable to be emperors, princes and immortals. "If there is a lack of official position, its supplementary system is" if you are uncomfortable (official position), you will choose a long position, you will be virtuous when you are young, and you will be virtuous when you are virtuous. "The king does not love, or selfless." Generally speaking, the above-mentioned establishment system and its supplementary system are relatively complete, which has played a certain role in smoothly implementing the hereditary throne, stabilizing the political situation and mobilizing the ruling class to comprehensively strengthen its rule over the whole country.

-"Eight Talks on Chinese and Foreign Historical Issues"

Patriarchal clan system is a system to maintain aristocratic rule in ancient China, which was formed by the deterioration and expansion of the original patriarchal clan system. ..... According to the patriarchal clan system, the king of Zhou claimed to be the son of heaven, and the throne was inherited by the eldest son, which was called the greatest clan in the world. He is the highest patriarch of the nobility with the same surname, the political Lord of the world and has the power to rule the world. The sons of the emperor were either enfeoffed as princes, and the throne was also inherited by the eldest son. They are a small family to the son of heaven and a big family to their own country. They are the heads of China's consanguineous aristocrats, political lords of their own country and have the power to rule their own country. The sons of the princes were either enfeoffed as QingDafu or inherited by the eldest son. They are the small clans of princes, the big clans of their own families, hereditary official positions, and hold the power to rule and fief cities. Green doctors are also divided into "side rooms" or "two factions". In aristocratic organizations at all levels, these hereditary eldest sons are called "sons" or "heads of families", representing their own families and holding power as the heads of political power at all levels.

-Yang Kuan's History of the Western Zhou Dynasty

The patriarchal clan system evolved directly from the patriarchal clan system. Its main function is to establish and consolidate the position of paternal parents in the clan by stipulating the clan system. The biggest feature of this system is that the direct lineage of the first ancestor is passed down from generation to generation, and the illegitimate children of other generations are small clans. The illegitimate children are all big in this branch, and the sons and illegitimate children are big and small in this branch respectively. In this way, branches are always big, and ordinary branches are always small, forming a huge branch network, which looks like the relationship between branches of a tree. Zhou Wang is the main member of the Jishi family, which is the so-called "Emperor Zong" (Shi Ya Gong Liu). Headed by, according to the patriarchal system of enfeoffment, the vested interests were distributed to various Ji families according to their grades.

-"Eight Talks on Chinese and Foreign Historical Issues"

The core of patriarchal clan system is to maintain the unshakable position of eldest brother, slave owner and noble son. "Don't be an ancestor, don't be a patriarch, you are a small patriarch. There is a sect that moved after the Five Dynasties, and its successor is also Gaozu. Because the ancestors moved up, the ancestors were easy to get down "("Book of Rites "). The eldest son is the "eldest son", passed down from generation to generation. The rest of the illegitimate children (that is, brothers) are other sons, and for the eldest son, it is a small Sect. If you want to establish a new Sect from another son, he is the ancestor of this Sect, that is, "the other son is the ancestor." The eldest son of another son has also been passed down from generation to generation, and "following others as the Sect" has also become the Sect of "immobile". And his brothers (illegitimate children) can't inherit from each other, nor can the sons of illegitimate children inherit from each other. They can only inherit their own father (illegitimate child), that is, "all who inherit you are small." ……

-History of China's Political System (I) edited by Bai Gang.

According to documents, the names of "Zongzi" and "Dazong" appeared in China at the latest in the early Zhou Dynasty. In The Book of Songs, there are "Da Han, ... Zong Cheng". "Da Zong" and "Zong Zi" mentioned here refer to the people who had the right to govern and dispose of their own people according to their blood relationship in the Zhou Dynasty. This shows that the patriarchal clan system had appeared at that time. Some scholars believe that similar records can be found in the literature about the history of Shang Dynasty. For example, the "clan" and "clan division" of the adherents of the Shang Dynasty and the early Zhou Dynasty recorded in Zuo Zhuan may refer to the blood group under the clan system. But so far, the understanding of China's early patriarchal clan system is mainly about the Zhou Dynasty.

-"Encyclopedia of China, History of China Ⅲ"

Under the control of patriarchal clan system, clan has the responsibility to protect and help clan members, and clan members have the obligation to support and obey the masses. Only in this way, Zongzi and Zongzi played a pillar role in the clan organization, so "The Book of Songs, Daya Deng" said, "The big country is Wei Bing, the bulk is Han Wei, Huaide Weining, and Zongzi Weicheng". The small clan played an auxiliary role in the bulk, so "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Fourteen Years" said: "Therefore, the emperor has a husband, the vassal has a minister, the minister has a side room, the doctor has two cases, and the scholar has friends ... to help each other."

-Yang Kuan's History of the Western Zhou Dynasty

The patriarchal clan system is based on the slave family, and Zhou Wang and nobles at all levels are the heads of the slave family. Every slave family has the same surname, the same direct ancestor, the same ancestral hall and the same cemetery, and has the obligation to protect each other. ...

-Chen Maotong's History of the Evolution of Officials in Past Dynasties

The enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

The enfeoffment system was originally called "feudalism" in ancient China. But this "feudalism" is not what we call "feudalism" in the history of social development, but the abbreviation of "Feng Wang Jian's vassal". In order to distinguish between the two feudal systems, historians today often refer to the system of sealing princes and building princes and defending them as the system of dividing the land into princes or the system of enfeoffment.

There are three main types of governors in the Western Zhou Dynasty: one is relatives with the same surname of the royal family, such as ... Bo Qin was sealed in Lu and Kang Shu was sealed in Wei. Another kind of hero, such as (Lv Shang), was sealed in Qi. The other is the powerful clan or tribal leaders with different surnames in remote areas, who implement the policy of imprisonment. ..... Because of the combination of enfeoffment system and patriarchal enfeoffment system, all the people who were sealed were patriarchal aristocrats, so we call this system "patriarchal aristocratic enfeoffment system". This system is the main local administrative system and the main national system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.

-"Eight Talks on Chinese and Foreign Historical Issues"

After the victory of the Duke of Zhou's eastward expedition, the large-scale enfeoffment system was not only a means to consolidate and expand the rule of the Zhou Dynasty, but also a way to redistribute property and power among nobles. "Twenty-eight years of Zuo Gong" records: "Wu Wang succeeded in business, with five brothers and forty people surnamed Ji." "Xunzi Confucianism" also said: Duke Zhou "ruled the world at the same time, establishing the country 7 1 country, and Ji lived alone with 53 people." Although Duke Zhou's enfeoffment system was dominated by nobles with Ji surname, in order to stabilize the overall situation, he had to take care of nobles with different surnames and enfeoffment some opposite-sex princes.

-Yang Kuan's History of the Western Zhou Dynasty

At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the vassal enfeoffment began in the reign of the king, but the large-scale enfeoffment was in the reign of the king and his son Kang Wang ... After Kang Wang, the territory of the Zhou Dynasty was generally fixed, and the chances of enfeoffment decreased ... but the enfeoffment system did not disappear. Until the 22nd year (806 BC), King Xuan also enfeoffed his brother and friend Yu Zheng (now east of hua county, Shaanxi).

-"Encyclopedia of China, History of China Ⅲ"

The Western Zhou Dynasty destroyed the merchants and promoted "feudalism". The so-called feudalism is to establish the country by sealing the marquis, and to crack the soil and make a knighthood. The enfeoffed vassal enjoys hereditary privileges in the enfeoffment country, and has the obligation to pay tribute to the emperor, provide military tribute and serve voluntarily, and is responsible for defending the royal family.

-Wei Qingyuan's History of China's Political System.

Patriarchal system and enfeoffment system are equivalent. After the destruction of Yin in Zhou Dynasty, they acquired vast land and a large number of slaves. In order to strengthen the control of the conquered areas, the Western Zhou Dynasty enfeoffed children, surnames and relatives to various strategic locations throughout the country. ..... After the Duke of Zhou's eastward expedition, "feudal relatives supported Zhou", and the children of the Zhou royal family, such as "Zhao of Wen", "Mu of Wu" and "Duke of Zhou Yin", were enfeoffed all over the country.

-History of China's Political System (I) edited by Bai Gang.

In the heyday of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the king of Zhou had great power over the princes. The governors of feudal countries should regularly appear before the king of Zhou, report the domestic situation, and obey the instructions of the king of Zhou and his assistants; If a major accident occurs temporarily, it should be reported to Zhou Wang in time. They must also contribute the products of the feudal state and what he needs to King Zhou. They also have the obligation to defend the royal family, including providing combat troops for the king of Zhou. If they don't fulfill their obligations or exceed the privileges granted to them by the king of Zhou, the king of Zhou can withdraw or reduce their titles, change their fiefs, abolish and set up another monarch, or even destroy them.

-Chen Maotong's History of the Evolution of Officials in Past Dynasties