Historical quicksand thunder (1) There is a bookstore near the Third Ring Road in Beijing called "I don't know enough". Good name! It is important to buy books and read books.
Read and learn enough. What the ancients said was generally right. When not studying, Kan Kan seems to know everything about astronomy, geography and personnel. When he opened the book, he broke out in a sweat, but there were so many things he didn't know. Even what was previously thought to be known is a little knowledge or fallacy.
(2) this is cooked, don't say. From the writer's point of view, flipping through previous books will suddenly give birth to some fears.
In front of us, many people worked hard to write earth-shattering poems, but they were buried so tightly by the quicksand of history. Few people know their names now, and it is hard to find anyone who has read their works in Wan Li.
(3) Zhang Dai was a famous prose writer in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. His 220-volume Stone Chamber is a biographical history of the Ming Dynasty. After that, I finished the Stone Chamber, which recorded the history of Chongzhen Dynasty and Nanming, with a total of 63 volumes and an appendix.
Zhang Dai is confident that these books can be handed down from generation to generation, and gold is a treasure. That kind of conceit should be no less than today. (4) The dust of history, people dare not look back, how many creations and buildings are deeply buried in the yellow sand.
The prosperity of the ancient Loulan made the Tang Empire like a thorn in its back, and the frontier poem "Don't break the Loulan and don't return it" sang determination, hardship and sacrifice. But now, we can only infer the buildings at that time from the collapsed mounds under the long yellow sand and distinguish the ancients who never died.
Their creation, their singing, their poems and the dispute between chickens and dogs caused by them, the wealth they gained and the reputation they enjoyed all belong to dust. It is often said that history is ruthless, which is probably the reason why it has buried many love and hate feelings.
⑤ Scholars in the past also had affairs, sects, flattery and suppression, and even encirclement and suppression. However, once the times have changed, everything is gone and the flowers have fallen into the water.
The ruthlessness of history also lies in the hegemony of history. No matter who wins or loses, it is all under the yellow sand. 6. Literati are all crazy. Once they become famous, they will "go out with a smile" and think that "all other mountains are dwarfed under the sky." .
Every word I write is self-deprecating and I don't want to make people horny. The ancients summarized it as "scholars despise each other", which shows that this problem has a long history.
Coupled with excessive narcissism, there is a saying: "Other people's wives, their own articles." I would rather give beauty to someone else's wife than lose it to my own article.
Look at those people who want to get a chance to win some kind of award and fame, and then get a false reputation and then become arrogant, you can see their mentality. All landowners era and people, to move forward, naturally can't carry a lot of old baggage.
Those who looked glamorous before now have to be thrown aside and covered with dust. Mr. Zhang Dai mentioned earlier is a typical person who has experienced the whole process from prosperity to decline, from red to dark.
Pet-name ruby this dude, talking about his former self, is full of boasting and sighing. He said he was "a good house, a beautiful maid, good clothes and good food …". Look, all the prosperity and desires in the world are concentrated on him, which is true.
However, history makes people unable to see each other, and the previous prosperity was completely destroyed by the wind and rain. Zhang Dai suddenly became another person: "In his fifties, the country was ruined and the people living in the mountains had shelter. What survived was tattered and the piano was broken. There are only a few books left, only one side is missing. " Clothes and vegetables often go bad. "
This made him look back on the past and couldn't help but feel like a lifetime ago. Attending the quicksand of history, all his conceit, arrogance, talent, wealth, reputation and efforts have been buried.
? Of course, history is not empty. When I stand in Zigui, standing in front of the statue of Qu Yuan's arrogance and loneliness; When I stand in front of Li Bai's tomb, standing in front of the tombstone that stands tall forever, I think, in fact, many great literati and thinkers are towering peaks and deep-rooted trees, and they will not waver when the wind of history blows.
Dust will only crawl under their feet, and can't hide their figure. Their existence is rich and profound in history.
What I want to say is that poets and literati have come, like flowers in spring; Gone, like yellow leaves falling. What's left is just the fruit, that is, the work you have settled down.
Whether this fruit can germinate again after many years depends on its life content. You are busy now, in fact, can you be helpless forever.
? A few years ago, someone counted 200 cultural celebrities since Confucius. Before the founding of New China, it was 150.
Calculated, Confucius has been a celebrity for nearly 3000 years, about 15 to 20 years. There are only four or five people in a century.
But today it accounts for 50, and many brothers and sisters are also named by Confucius. I think the literary achievements of New China, though great, are somewhat optimistic compared with history.
? Winter is coming, the cold wind is coming again, and some yellow leaves are blowing outside the window. Plastic bags are flying on the branches of dead trees with the help of the wind. From a distance, they look like flowers.
(with deletion) 16. The following analysis and summary of the relevant contents of the article, two things are incorrect (4 points for both items, 2 points for only one item, and 0 point for the wrong item) (4 points) A. The article starts from the bookstore with "lack of knowledge", talking about the past and recalling the past. It not only describes the shortcomings of "I", "There are so many things I don't know", but also describes the shortcomings of the current literary world in China.
B. At the beginning of paragraph (2), "I broke out in a sweat" and "I had some fears" because "I" didn't realize that I didn't know or only had a little knowledge of many things when I turned the pages. C. Zhang Dai's conceit is not inferior to that of today. His works are rich, but the evening scene is bleak. The author believes that the ruthless quicksand of history buried his conceit, arrogance, talent, wealth and literary achievements.
D qu yuan, Li Bai and many other great writers and thinkers have left many works to settle down, which have lasting vitality, indicating that history is not empty. E. The article compares the number of cultural celebrities before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and implicitly criticizes the over-optimistic mentality and the phenomenon of pursuing fame and gain in China's literary world today.
17. Why do you say "the dust of history makes people afraid to look back"? Please briefly analyze the content of the fourth paragraph. (4 points) 18. Please briefly analyze it first? Language expression skills of paragraphs and their functions.
(4 points) 19. At the end of the article is a description of the environment, and the description of plastic bags is particularly attractive.
Is there a beggar gang in the history of China? In martial arts, the Beggars' Sect is known as the largest sect in the world, covering all dynasties. There are people who become beggars. They form gangs to fight injustice, and their behavior is between good and evil.
As for the end of the Song Dynasty, the leader of the Beggars' Sect held high the banner of anti-Jin Yi, put national justice first, started a career, and eventually became a martial arts expert. Become the first decent person in the Jianghu.
Beggars' guild leader's skill of beating dogs is passed down from one vein, and the jade bamboo stick is used as the pledge of the guild leader. The eighteen palms of the dragon are famous all over the world.
First, The Beggar's Document records that the Book of the Later Han Dynasty was a unique biography, saying, "Xu Xiang is a talkative singer in Hanoi. When I grow up, I have lost a scholar temperament, and I have to stop and stop. He is not good at languages, but he likes screaming or riding a donkey into the market. He is a beggar.
In the twenty-third year of Xi Gong in Zuo Zhuan, it was recorded that the son of Jin was begging in the wild and the savage was angry with him. "Dragon City Story" records: "One day, I met a beggar on the Iraqi water." .
There is a cloud in Ji Shen Lu: "Anlu has hair, eats poisonous snakes with wine, tastes Qilu, and then goes to Zhang Yu, where he is a snake and lives as a beggar." It shows that there is begging first, and then there is begging status; Jie Yuan in the Tang Dynasty wrote On Beggars, claiming: "You are friends with beggars in Chang 'an.
It can be seen that professional beggars who made a living by begging may first appear in the Six Dynasties. Tokyo Lu described Kaifengfu as "hundreds of families, each with its own clothes. If they dare not surpass the pedestrians in the market, they will know what color they are. As for beggars, they are also standardized and a little slack, which is unacceptable to the public. "
The so-called standard person probably refers to a person who wears standard clothes, begs in a specific area or for a specific object, is bound by a certain group, and fulfills the prescribed obligations. Boss Jin, the leader of Hangzhou Beggars' Sect, was described in the story of Song and Yuan Dynasties. The pole in his hand is the symbol of the leader, ruling the beggars in the whole city, which proves that the beggar gang has become a climate in the Song Dynasty and is a certain organized social group.
"So beggars, be careful and humble, take the head like a slave, and dare not violate it. I want to see that beggars' gangs were disciplined at that time. The poles on beggars' heads were used all the way to the Qing Dynasty, which not only symbolized power, but also implemented rules and regulations to punish beggars who violated the rules.
Second, please Confucius. It is said that when Confucius was in the state of Chen, in order not to starve to death, he stopped cooking and accepted the assistance from Fan Dan. Therefore, beggars in later generations worship Fan Dan as their ancestor. They went door to door to beg for food from merchants who posted Spring Festival couplets on their doors, in order to get back a little favor for their ancestors from Confucius' disciples and grandchildren. Fan Dan in the Eastern Han Dynasty was a famous poor Han in history, and he also had contacts with Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. Of course, this is the result of rumors.
Is there really a "beggar gang" in history? One of the studies on the origin of beggars' gangs in the history of China, The Records of Beggars' Documents in the Later Han Dynasty, said: "Xu Xiang is a talkative singer in Hanoi.
When I grow up, I have lost a scholar temperament, and I have to stop and stop. He is not good at languages, but he likes screaming or riding a donkey into the market. He is a beggar. In the twenty-third year of Xi Gong in Zuo Zhuan, it was recorded that the son of Jin was begging in the wild and the savage was angry with him.
"Dragon City Story" records: "One day, I met a beggar on the Iraqi water." . There is a cloud in Ji Shen Lu: "Anlu has hair, eats poisonous snakes with wine, tastes Qilu, and then goes to Zhang Yu, where he is a snake and lives as a beggar."
It shows that there is begging first, and then there is begging status; Jie Yuan in the Tang Dynasty wrote On Beggars, claiming: "You are friends with beggars in Chang 'an. It can be seen that professional beggars who made a living by begging may first appear in the Six Dynasties.
Tokyo Lu described Kaifengfu as "hundreds of families, each with its own clothes. If people dare not cross the road, they will know what color it is. As for beggars, they are also standardized and a little slack, which is unacceptable to the public. " The so-called standard person probably refers to a person who wears standard clothes, begs in a specific area or for a specific object, is bound by a certain group, and fulfills the prescribed obligations.
Boss Jin, the leader of Hangzhou Beggars' Sect, was described in the story of Song and Yuan Dynasties. The pole in his hand is the symbol of the leader, ruling the beggars in the whole city, which proves that the beggar gang has become a climate in the Song Dynasty and is a certain organized social group. "So beggars, be careful and humble, take the head like a slave, and dare not violate it.
I want to see that beggars' gangs were disciplined at that time. The poles on beggars' heads were used all the way to the Qing Dynasty, which not only symbolized power, but also implemented rules and regulations to punish beggars who violated the rules. Second, please Confucius. It is said that when Confucius was in the state of Chen, in order not to starve to death, he stopped cooking and accepted the assistance from Fan Dan. Therefore, beggars in later generations worship Fan Dan as their ancestor.
They went door to door to beg for food from merchants who posted Spring Festival couplets on their doors, in order to get back a little favor for their ancestors from Confucius' disciples and grandchildren. Fan Dan in the Eastern Han Dynasty was a famous poor Han in history, and he also had contacts with Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. Of course, this is the result of rumors. There are more and more beggars who worship Zhu Yuanzhang in modern times. Zhu Yuanzhang was the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Hongwu. He was lonely when he was a child and was sent to Yuanjue Temple as a monk. However, the ill-fated Zhu Yuanzhang was expelled from the temple and reduced to begging from house to house. It is said that it started when he hit a cow bone.
People in poor families call the ox bone "Taiping Drum" with thirteen small bronze bells on it. According to legend, one bronze bell can eat one province and thirteen bronze bells can eat thirteen provinces all over the country. At that time, Zhu Hongwu went north to Beijing to take the exam, but failed to become famous. On the way, he suddenly fell ill with typhoid fever. Fortunately, he was saved by a poor family.
When he became emperor, Zhu Hongwu issued a decree. Since then, beggars have used the Taiping Drum with thirteen bronze bells. On the other hand, begging with flowers and drums originated from Zhu Hongwu's attempt to restore the vitality of his hometown Fengyang, and he did not hesitate to move the Jiangnan140,000 rich households back to Fengyang, and severely punished those who returned privately.
Due to years of war and barren fields, many people in Fengyang were displaced and became beggars. Therefore, the rich people in the south of the Yangtze River who moved here will pretend to be poor people every winter and sneak back to their original places by begging. Over time, they actually became beggars.
A flower drum ballad sings well: "Fengyang used to be a good place. Since Zhu Yuanzhang was born, there have been nine famines in ten years, and I have been running around with flower drums. In times of peace when food and clothing are plentiful, it is not difficult for poor families to make a living in the kitchens of rich families, or even to pack and transport the kitchen scraps, as long as they dig out the ashes and pour water.
At wedding banquets and festivals, rap can make people laugh, please them with some auspicious jingles, and even win drinks or rewards for a long time. When a beggar has to learn from his teacher, the beggar head has unlimited authority and is responsible for the distribution of the site. If a little beggar fails to cash his head on time, he is beaten and scolded, driven out of the construction site to become a vagrant and beggar, and even lynched in a gang, it is not uncommon to lose his life. Therefore, "a stick on a high mountain will live for a while."
"Begging along the street is called Huaer Gai, regardless of men, women, children and deaf people, they are all poor people. Beggar organizations have a strict portal, branches are classified, and there are martial arts and literary lines; There are street beggars, nail-headed beggars, stigma beggars, snakehead beggars and so on. In martial arts, even they insist on evil forms; There are beggars in literary works (playing the Taiping drum, playing bamboo boards to count treasures, singing flower drums, etc.). ), beggars who play music, beggars who mourn.
Third, beggars' gangs open docks. Beggars' bad habits were occasionally seen in past dynasties. Every year in February and August of the lunar calendar, or during the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Lunar New Year, beggar leaders openly lead groups of beggars into the city and demand fees from merchants in the market. In every shop that accepts donations, beggars will "give the shop a piece of gourd-shaped paper and stick it on the door, saying' Cover the door'. "
Where is the gate, beggars can't get in. Its words include: "Brothers are not allowed to disturb", or there are no words, only symbols.
When the shop saw the paper, the beggar looked away. Sticking a beggar's note in red paper and black on the gate ensures that no beggar dares to come to the door to extort money again on weekdays, just as effective as sticking a door to exorcise ghosts.
If you meet a family that refuses to pay the beggar's donation, the beggar's head will order a group of beggars to come to the door all day and insist on it, which will make the family restless and the dog restless. You must compromise. In order to prevent them from making trouble, the government usually turns a blind eye to them, because they are not only large in number, but also not afraid of being caught for public meals.
Therefore, beggars take their disciples door to door to collect donations from beggars every season. Usually, when there are weddings, funerals and happy events, you reach out and ask for pleasing money. With the gang becoming more and more organized, the big beggar head suddenly became the leader, drawing boundaries and dividing the territory to prevent the hungry and the poor from coming to occupy the dock. In order to do a good job in public relations with local governments, according to the usual practice, beggars' donations are divided into five parts: one for beggars' heads, three for beggars' groups, and the rest are of course used to honor local officials.
Fourthly, the beggar gang in the novel is one of the most common gang organizations, which is characterized by a large number of people, extremely wide distribution and huge influence, so it is called the largest gang in the world. All beggars belong to the Beggars' Sect, which is a well-known organization in the Jianghu, except the strong and the weak.
Because the gang is widely distributed, has many eyes and ears and is well informed, it is quite good at collecting enemy information and passing on news. Usually, the leaders of beggars' gangs have superb martial arts passed down from generation to generation, among which the most famous are "dog stick" and "Beating dragons with eighteen palms"; Other beggars' sect figures, martial arts and knowledge are all mixed up. People who play with snakes are good at poisoning, and people who drink may be able to exert their "drinking power."
How terrible are the four cold waves in the history of China? There have been four cold periods in the history of our country, during which countless people froze to death.
The first cold period was from 1000 BC to 850 BC, that is, the first cold period in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, and there were few relevant historical materials.
Only in the chronicles recorded in bamboo books can there be records of Zhou Changjiang and Hanshui freezing. There is no direct reference to snow, but "rain and hail". "In winter, heavy rain and hail killed cattle and horses, and rivers and rivers froze." As can be seen from the records, it was extremely cold at that time. By the second cold period, there were more records of heavy snow.
The second cold period lasted from the first century to 600 AD, that is, the cold period of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and reached its peak in the first half of the 4th century AD. According to Zi Tong Zhi Jian, in the early years of Jincheng, Bohai Bay was completely frozen from Changli to Yingkou for three consecutive years. There were thousands of horses and chariots on the ice, and the annual average temperature was 2-4℃ lower than now.
It was a famine year, and with such a bad snowy day, even the food in the palace was cut off. Ye Li had to order the imperial secretary to build a small mill in the palace to grind beans and wheat to satisfy his hunger. "Since the harem and the Sixteenth Palace of Kings were frozen, they died on March 4th," and opened the imperial palace. Three or four people freeze to death every day, and the depth of civil disasters can be imagined.
The third cold period is from 1000 to 1200, which is the Song Dynasty. During this period, Taihu Lake was completely frozen at11and opened to traffic by ice, 1 10. A week after the collapse of the palace frame, on the third day of February, there was another "heavy rain and snow", which led to "the dirt road was full of ice, the people were hungry and cold, and many people died."
The fourth cold period is 1300 ~ 1900, which is a severe cold period in Ming and Qing dynasties. During this period, Taihu Lake was frozen several feet thick at 1329, and oranges froze to death. During the period of 1493, heavy snow fell in the Huaihe River basin, which stopped in September of that year and ended in February of the following year. Dongting Lake has become a "frozen land", with cars and horses coming and going.
In the local chronicles of many provinces and cities in China, there are records of freezing to death: in Daye and other places in Hubei, "there are many people who starve to death"; Kaifeng, Henan, "the well freezes and the road freezes to death"; In Nanchang, Jiangxi and other places, "pedestrians freeze to death"; In Huaining and other places in Anhui, "there are many dead people in the frozen area"; Jiangsu Xuyi and other places, "people freeze to death, birds and animals enter the house to eat"; In Linyi, Shandong and other places, "many people freeze to death", in Weihai, "there are no pedestrians who freeze to death, but some who freeze to death in the house".
How did the ancients survive these cold periods?
The poor go out and wear short brown kitchen ashes to keep warm at home.
Fireplace, also called Kang, is the oldest heating method in China. Generally, residential buildings in the north are equipped with kang, which has tunnels. The heat generated by burning in winter enters the channel in the kang for heating, and is equipped with heating facilities such as brazier. This heating method has been used in the northern rural areas until now. The poor can only use kitchen waste ash to keep warm at home, and those with better conditions use clay pots to hold "kitchen waste ash" for cooking.
Most poor people wear "brown" clothes to keep out the cold in winter. Brown is a kind of cloth, belonging to hemp products. Due to the technological level at that time, clothes made of brown could neither keep warm nor look good. Tao Yuanming said in the Biography of Mr. May 6th that "short brown knots are empty", and "short brown" is a short coat made of coarse linen, even though such clothes still have holes and patches.
Dignitaries love to wear fox fur and mink in winter.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, some officials or wealthy families had used copper hand stoves or foot stoves. The hand stove is oval, with charcoal or waste heat in it. There is a cover on the stove, which can be put in the sleeve to warm your hands. The foot stove is bigger than the hand stove, so you can put it under your feet to warm your feet. There is also a foot warmer, which is filled with hot water and put under the bed at night. In the Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian wrote a poem: "A thousand dollars to buy a woman with feet and sleep till dawn every night." It refers to this warm vessel.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, most people burned firewood and charcoal to keep warm in winter, and most people had charcoal pots. The washbasin is made of copper or iron, and a box-shaped breathable cover is added outside to prevent it from catching fire or falling into other things.
Autumn is the winter clothes of the rich. Autumn is a fur coat with fur facing outwards. There are many furs for making fur, such as fox, dog, sheep, deer, mink and rabbit. Among them, fox skin and mink skin are the most precious, which belong to luxury goods and are worn by dignitaries. Although the quality of deerskin and sheepskin is slightly inferior, ordinary people can't afford them, but at least the middle class at that time can afford them. The ancients thought that the fur under the fox's armpit was the lightest and warmest, and the white fur made of it was very precious.
The fire escape built in the palace wall is comparable to central air conditioning.
Ancient court architects used more scientific methods to heat the palace. The specific method is to build the palace wall into a hollow "sandwich wall", commonly known as "fire wall". There is a fire path under the wall, and the charcoal mouth for adding fire is located under the porch outside the temple. Burning charcoal fire at the charcoal mouth can warm the whole hall along the wall.
In order to make the thermal cycle smooth, there are air holes at the end of the fire channel, and the flue gas is discharged from the air outlet under the platform. Moreover, this fire path also runs directly under the imperial bed of the emperor and the kang bed where other people in the palace sleep, forming a "warm kang" and a "warm pavilion", which makes the whole palace feel warm as spring.
The historical story of cutting robe and breaking righteousness The prototype of cutting robe and breaking righteousness is a story in Liu Yiqing's New Theory of Shide in the Southern Dynasties: Ning Guan, a scholar of Wei State, and his good friends Hua Xin and Hua Xin Ning Guan were hoeing vegetables in the garden, but there was a piece of gold buried by predecessors in the vegetable field, and the gold was stirred up by Ning Guan's hoe.
Hua Xin and Guan Ning, who usually study to cultivate their morality, want to get rid of greed in human nature. So when Guan Ning saw gold at this time, he took it as a brick clod and threw it aside with a hoe. Hua Xin put the hoe behind him and saw it after a while. He knew that he shouldn't take it, but he decided to pick it up and look at it before throwing it away.
This incident shows that Hua Xin's cultivation lags far behind Guan Ning's. A few days later, they were reading in the house, and there were dignitaries passing by in the street outside, riding gorgeous chariots and horses, beating gongs and drums, which was very lively.
Ning Guan continued to read his book carefully as if he hadn't heard it. Hua Xin, however, could not sit still and ran to the door to watch, admiring the majesty of the powerful.
After the horses and chariots passed by, Hua Xin returned home, but Ning Guan cut the mat where they were sitting together with a knife and said, "You don't deserve to be my friend anymore!" This story is also the prototype of later generations. It means that two close friends or brothers draw a line and stop seeing each other.