The first world-scale war to carve up the world and compete for colonies and hegemony. The war began in eight European countries.
(Germany, Austria-Hungary and their enemies Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, Serbia and Montenegro),
Later, 654.38+0.5 billion people in 38 countries gradually got involved in the war. Battlefield covers Europe, Asia, Africa, Atlantic, Mediterranean and Taiwan Province.
Pingyang and other sea areas. The European battlefield, especially the French battlefield, is the main battlefield that determines the overall situation of the war. At sea, the North Sea is the main battlefield.
The first world war was rooted in the aggravation of the unbalanced development of capitalism during the imperialist period.
Later, imperialist countries strongly demanded to carve up the world again. 19 at the end of the 20th century, capitalism changed from free competition.
The struggle stage developed to the imperialist stage characterized by monopoly, and the governments representing their own monopoly capital groups made the greatest progress.
Monopoly interests to a large extent, actively promote the policy of foreign expansion and aggression, and fight for colonies by force in the world. old
Brand colonial empire Britain, Russia and France occupied most of the colonies in the world, with rapid economic development and rapid expansion of national strength.
Emerging imperialist countries such as Germany, Japan and the United States have relatively few colonies, and this kind of economic development and colonization
The imbalance of population and land distribution has led to sharp contradictions between imperialist countries, and emerging imperialist countries strongly hope that.
Seeking to carve up the colonies of the old imperialist countries. Second, the cyclical economic crisis and domestic order in capitalist countries.
The sharpening of class contradictions has also made imperialist countries unstable, and countries have expanded their troops to prepare for war, sought alliances and tried to pass customs.
Launch a war of aggression to ease class contradictions at home.
As early as May 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy signed an alliance treaty in Vienna, which became aggressive from then on.
Military and political groups-Allies.
From 1892 to 1907, Russia, France and Britain signed agreements one after another, and gradually formed an agreement opposite to the allies.
Country. The opposition between the two major military blocs has accelerated the pace of both sides' expansion and preparation for war and their struggle for strategic positions. Balkan Peninsula and
The Mediterranean has become the focus of contention between the two sides. From 1905- 19 13, the two military industrial groups have created a competitive strategic position.
A series of international crises even triggered local wars. With the deepening of capitalist economic crisis and political crisis, imperialism
Socialist groups are eager to find a way out from the war.
Before the war broke out, the two major military groups stepped up their armament expansion. Comparison and coordination of all economic and military forces of warring parties
About the dominant position of the state. 19 14, the total population of Britain, France and Russia (including colonies) reached 704.5 million, and the mobilization was completed.
At that time, the army's strength reached 9.777 million; The total population of Germany and Austria (including German colonies) is only 65.438+0.3 billion.
At the end of the year, the army had 6.34 million troops. In terms of air force and naval power, the Allies are also obviously stronger than the Allies. Britain has
258 aircraft, France 156, Russia 263; There are only 232 military aircraft in Germany. Before the war began, the agreement
There are 762 surface ships and 74 submarines in the establishment of China Navy. Germany and Austria-Hungary have 403 surface ships and submarines.
35 ships.
The strategic principles of the main participating countries are all formulated according to their respective aggressive purposes, and the common point is: one-sided emphasis.
Strategic attack, ignoring defense; They all tried to rely on one or two decisive battles to decide the outcome of the war; Rely on pre-war material reserves
Fighting a short-term war did not tap the economic potential to meet the needs of the war and prepare for a long-term war. Reflected in the war
In planning, all countries regard fighting a quick and short-term war as the premise of making war plans. Germany avoids the East.
The western front fought at the same time. According to the famous schriffen plan (or schriffen-little finger plan), it takes 6-8 weeks to prepare.
He conquered France first, then moved eastward, and defeated Russia a few months later, ending the war. In view of France's eagerness to recapture Afghanistan
In the Elsas-Lorraine region, the idea of Germany's war against France is to contain and attract the French army with troops deployed on the German-French border.
At the same time, the main force with a strong main attack group suddenly crossed the neutral Belgium and retreated to the hinterland of France.
After hitting the main force of the French army.
On the battlefield in eastern Europe, the Russian army was contained with a small number of troops. At sea, concentrate the main force of the navy against the British navy, and at the same time
Contain the Russian navy in the Baltic Sea with a small number of troops.
The war plan of Austria-Hungary was controlled by Germany, and it was prepared to fight Russia with the main force, but at the same time it was aimed at the Balkans.
Serbia and Montenegro fought. France's battle plan is focused on the northeast of France, depending on the development of the war situation.
Attack alsace-lorraine and counter the German invasion. The main task of the French navy is to protect the Mediterranean.
Traffic, and blocked the austro-hungarian imperial navy on the Adriatic sea. Russia's war plan is full of strong offensive colors and ready to go.
At the same time, it launched an offensive against East Prussia in Germany and Galicia in Austria-Hungary. In this war, Britain plans to fight on land.
The burden was placed on France and Russia, and only a few expeditionary forces were sent to cooperate with the French army. The navy is used to protect Britain and
The security of the allied countries' traffic lines destroyed the German maritime traffic lines, blocked the German navy, and waited for an opportunity to compete with the enemy fleet.
A decisive battle for sea control.
Throughout the war plans of various countries, all countries exaggerate the role of purely military factors and are limited to competing for their own countries.
Interests, each playing its own, each service is also fighting alone. Therefore, countries do not coordinate the actions of the army and navy well.
There is no general joint operation plan between the allies.
1965438+On June 28th, 2004, Flantz Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, went to Bosni to show off his force against Serbia.
Asian censorship forces were assassinated in Sarajevo.
This incident became the fuse of the First World War. On July 28th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. soon
According to relevant treaties, China announced the national general mobilization on July 30th to support Serbia. 1 in August, Germany announced to Russia
Fight. On August 3rd, Germany declared war on France. On August 4th, Britain declared war on Germany. The war began in full swing.
The war that first started on the European continent quickly spread to the Middle East, the Far East and parts of Africa. Including Europe.
The battlefield is the main battlefield, which consists of the western front battlefield, the eastern front battlefield, the Balkan battlefield and the Italian battlefield. Participating countries also
He fought many naval battles and put the Air Force into actual combat for the first time. The First World War can be divided into the following categories according to the course of the war.
Stage:
19 14, the quick decision plan of both sides went bankrupt, and the western front changed from mobile warfare to positional warfare. After the war broke out, the Germans took the lead.
The attacking troops and the troops with containment tasks acted as planned. On August 2 1-25, the Germans joined forces with the British and French expeditionary forces.
There have been many battles in the northeast border of France, namely "19 14 border war". The Germans broke through the French defense line and headed for the heart of France.
Regional parade. In September, the French army organized the "Battle of the Marne River" against the Germans, forcing the Germans in Nanchong to retreat.
The quick-decision strategy of disintegrating the Germans. At this point, military operations in most parts of the western front began to form positional warfare.
However, from September to June in 65438+ 10, in northern France, the German army and the British and French allied forces bypassed each other's flank and implemented continuous maneuvers.
Fight. On the eastern front, the Germans in East Prussia defeated the attack of Russian superior forces, forcing Russian troops to retreat to Niemann River and Bob.
River area. But the Russian army defeated the troops of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Galicia. In order to help Austria-Hungary, Germany launched a great campaign against Russian troops.
A large-scale attack, the Germans lost. The expansion of the Eastern Front War in Germany put it in a disadvantageous position to fight on two fronts at the same time.
Japan robbed in the Far East, and declared war on Germany in August 19 14, seizing the opportunity to seize Germany's interests in China.
Far east battlefield. Turkey announced its joining the Allied Forces in June191411,which opened up a new battlefield in the Near East. War change
Become more complicated. In addition, the competition between Britain, France and Germany in North Africa is also very fierce. At this stage, the maritime military operations of the British and German navies
1 1 In August and June, two naval battles took place in Helgolan in the North Sea and Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. 1 February.
Around the blockade and anti-blockade, the two sides carried out a series of maritime battles of different scales.
19 15, the focus of the war shifted to the eastern front, and the eastern front battlefield entered a state of confrontation. The war cost both sides a great deal of manpower and material resources.
There are serious difficulties in the supply of reserve soldiers and logistics for large forces, forcing countries to step up the general mobilization of national economy. Britain and France
On the western front, we basically turned to strategic defense in order to recharge our batteries and recover our strength. In order to relieve the pressure of the Germans on the western front,
They asked Russia to strengthen its attack on the eastern front. Germany changed its strategic policy and concentrated on stabilizing the war situation on the western front.
Send troops to attack Russia in an attempt to defeat Russia in one fell swoop and then defeat Britain and France. 19151-In March, Russian troops sent troops to Germany and Austria.
Two large-scale winter offensives were launched and both failed. Germany seized fighter planes and concentrated its superior forces against Russia in early May.
The famous battle of Gorcha was launched in the middle of the front line, forcing the Russian army to retreat across the board and suffered heavy losses. The Germans pursued the victory and went deep into Russia.
Trying to force Russia out of the war. In May of the same year, Italy, a former member of the Allies, turned to declare war on Austria-Hungary.
A new war zone has emerged in the southeast. 10 from September to June, the entire eastern front also changed from mobile warfare to positional warfare. In the same year, 10 month, Bogali.
Asia participated in the Allied War, and the German-Austrian Coalition forces occupied Serbia with superior forces.
This year, the war on the western front was relatively calm. The British and French allied forces took advantage of the eastward movement of the Germans to launch several large-scale battles.
This large-scale offensive campaign is to contain the Germans and relieve the pressure on the Russian front. The Germans also launched several partial counterattacks. that
In April-May, during the Battle of Irper, the Germans used poison gas for the first time.
19 16, the focus of the war shifted to the western front again, and the allies gradually gained the strategic initiative.
19 16, Germany once again turned its attack focus to the western front, striving to defeat France.
From February1year, Germany and France launched the Battle of Verdun, which lasted for 10 months. Due to the shortage of troops, the Germans launched a storm.
G, heavy casualties, and gradually towards the final failure. At the same time, the British and French allied forces tried to relieve the pressure on Verdun.
Force, launched a fierce attack on the solid German defense line on the Somme River, known as the "Battle of Somme" in history.
In this campaign, the British army used tanks for the first time.
According to the strategic policy of coordinated attack by the allied forces, the Russian troops on the eastern front cooperated with the British and French allied forces on the western front to fight against the Germans.
Launched a large-scale attack and broke through the defense lines of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During this period, the Italian army also carried out several scales for the Austro-Hungarian army.
An unequal offensive campaign. In August of the same year, Romania fought in the Allies. 19 16 Maritime Battlefield, May 3 1-
1 In June, the main force of the British and German navies conducted the biggest naval battle in the west of jutland during the whole World War II.
19 17, Germany turned to full defense, Russia broke out in revolution, and the United States entered the war.
After two and a half years of war, Germany consumed huge manpower and material resources, but the allies strengthened their strength. The more complicated the battlefield situation becomes,
The situation in Germany is getting worse. The Germans were forced to turn to the east-west line defense, and hoped to carry out "unrestricted submarines" at sea.
War ",in an attempt to cut off the British and French maritime traffic lines. The United States, which has always remained neutral in the war and used it to make a fortune, borrowed
Germany announced the resumption of "unrestricted submarine warfare" and Germany's secret telegram Mexico attempted to form a German-Mexican anti-American alliance, in 19 17.
In April, he declared war on Germany and became the pillar and direct participant of the financial and military supplies of the Allies. At the same time, let beautiful women participate.
And redistributing the world.
19 17, the main battle of the western front was the "Neville offensive" launched by the French army against the Germans from April to May. Due to virtue
The army came prepared, and the French attack was fiasco, which led to large-scale riots in the French army. In order to cooperate with the French army, the British also
Several limited attacks were launched separately, and no significant progress was made. On the eastern front, in September of that year, the Germans launched the Riga War.
Service, this is the last large-scale military operation on the Eastern Front. 165438+ (Russian calendar 65438+1October 25th)1October 7th, Russia broke out.
The October socialist revolution opened a new era in human history. The Soviet government headed by Lenin announced its withdrawal from the empire.
Just war.
19 18, the allied forces launched a general attack and the allied forces collapsed.
After Russia withdrew from the war, Germany got a breathing space. Germany concentrated its forces on the western front in an attempt to
Forcing Britain and France to yield before the main American troops arrived in France. The British army decided to hold its ground on the western front until the main force of the American army arrived.
Upon arrival, launch a general attack. In order to achieve unified command, French general Fauci was appointed as the supreme military commander of the Allied Forces. From July to September,
British and French troops launched local attacks and made progress. In September, the American Expeditionary Force led by Commander-in-Chief Pershing launched the Misson War.
Battle of Yale. On September 26, the British, French and American allied forces launched a general attack. Under the pressure of allied forces, German Hindenburg defended.
The line completely collapsed. Bulgaria surrendered on September 29th, Turkey1October 30th,110, Austria-Hungary1October 30th. 1 1 month
At the beginning, the November Revolution broke out in Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated, and the Social Democratic Party formed an interim government and announced the establishment of communist party.
And this country. On June165438+1October 1 1 day, the Comigne Forest Armistice Agreement was signed and Germany surrendered. The first time lasted 4 years and 3 months.
The world war ended with the victory of the allied forces.
The First World War brought unprecedented disasters to people all over the world. During the war, the allied forces mobilized troops in total.
42 1.8 million people lost 22 1 10,000 people, of which 5 1.5 million people died. The Allies mobilized a total of 22.85 million troops, resulting in heavy losses.
More than15.4 million people, including 3.8 million deaths. The direct war cost of the warring parties is about 654.38 $+086.3 billion.
World War I changed the balance of power among imperialist countries. Germany was defeated and ceded land for compensation;
The Austro-Hungarian Empire completely collapsed; Although Britain and France won, they were weakened and weakened in the war. America is at war.
Earn huge profits and become an economic power. After the war, imperialism enslaved and plundered defeated countries and slaughtered weak countries.
Treaties that share spoils, such as the Cyprus Peace Treaty, temporarily adjusted the relations between imperialist victors, but did not eliminate them.
The fundamental contradiction between the two countries laid the groundwork for the outbreak of the Second World War.
The First World War promoted the revolutionary movements in various countries. Under the influence of Russian October Revolution, Germany and Hungary, etc.
Revolution broke out in China, and the colonial and semi-colonial national liberation movement flourished. Held in1919-1920.
The Paris Peace Conference became a meeting for the imperialist powers to divide up the spoils. Soviet Russia was rejected and hostile; A small country like Serbia
Be discriminated against. As a member of the Allies, China did not taste the fruits of victory at the meeting, but became a column.
The object of forced slaughter. Japan colluded with Britain, France, the United States and other countries in an attempt to force China to recognize the transfer of German rights and interests in Shandong, China.
To Japan, which aroused strong opposition from the people of China, led to the outbreak of the great May 4th Movement.
The experience of World War I had a great influence on the development of military art. All-out war after the war,
The emergence of various military theories, such as blitzkrieg, tank winning theory and air force winning theory, all summed up the experience of the great war from different angles.
The results of the test.