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Social state and humanistic spirit in Han and Tang dynasties
In the early Han Dynasty, the parallel system of counties and counties was implemented locally, but sometimes feudal countries confronted the imperial court, so on the basis of the suppression of the rebellion of the seven countries by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, pardons were implemented. The system of selecting officials is a procuratorial system, which is based on conduct and filial piety. In terms of science and technology, there was paper in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun, the eunuch of the Eastern Han Dynasty, improved papermaking. In handicraft industry, mature celadon was fired in the Eastern Han Dynasty. There are thousands of workers in Chang 'an East-West Weaving Room, which belongs to the government-run handicraft industry. At the same time, there were blast furnace ironmaking and steel explosion technologies in Han Dynasty. Du Fu of the Eastern Han Dynasty invented the hydraulic blast ironmaking tool and water drain. Since the Western Han Dynasty, China's porcelain has been exported to Asia and Europe, and the emerging trade route is called the Silk Road, so China is called a porcelain country.

During the Tang Dynasty, the vassal regions became independent, which weakened the centralization. The imperial system is three provinces and six departments. In the Tang Dynasty, there were two porcelain-making systems: Nanqing and Beibai. The Tang Dynasty absorbed the Persian weaving method, and the silk weaving technology was high. In the Tang Dynasty, cloth, silk and brocade were mostly made by farmers and weavers.

Founding of the Tang Dynasty: In July, the 13th year of Sui Daye (6 17), Li Yuan fought against Sui in Taiyuan. In the 14th year of the Great Cause, after Yang Di was killed in Jiangdu, Li Yuan abolished Yang Gang, officially proclaimed himself emperor, and established the Tang Dynasty (6 18-907) with Chang 'an as its capital. Taizong Zhenguan.

Xuanwumen Rebellion: In 626 AD, Li and Li Yuanji were killed in an ambush at Xuanwumen. Tang gaozu was forced to abdicate, and Li Shimin succeeded to the throne, namely Emperor Taizong.

The rule of Zhenguan: (627-649) The ruling measures implemented during Zhenguan period consolidated the political power of the Tang Dynasty, and the social economy recovered and developed rapidly, resulting in a good situation of Haiyan and Heqing, which was rare in the history of feudal society. Later generations called this period "the rule of chastity".

Three provinces and six departments: the central organs of the state are mainly composed of "three provinces and six departments". The three provinces are the highest authorities, namely Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province. The governors of the provinces were the highest officials who assisted the emperor in handling political affairs in the world. Zhongshu province is responsible for decision-making, while Xiamen province is responsible for blockade and deliberation. Shangshu province is the executive organ, and the next six departments are the official department, the household department and the official department.

The Law of the Tang Dynasty was promulgated in 637, which embodies a certain degree of legal civilization. It is the most important written law in the Tang Dynasty and the most complete code in ancient China.

Tenancy adjustment system: promulgated in 624, it is the concrete embodiment of the ruler's policy of light tax and light tax, which reduces the burden on farmers and is a major change in ancient tax system.

Imperial examination system: The imperial examination system in Sui Dynasty was further improved in Tang Dynasty, which became the most important way for the country to select talents. There is a relatively fair scale in selecting talents, which is conducive to the selection of talents in the country.

Pro-marriage policy: In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu were pro-married, which strengthened the friendly relations between the Han and Tibetan people.

Establishment of Xi 'an Temple and Northern Court Governor: Xi 'an Temple and Northern Court Governor were established in 640 and 702 respectively, which promoted the cultural exchange between Xicheng and the mainland, China and the West, and safeguarded the reunification of the motherland.

Japanese envoy to the Tang Dynasty: In 604, Japan sent an envoy to the Tang Dynasty, which promoted the changes in Japanese society and strengthened the ties between China and Japan.

Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor: In 690, Wu Zetian was abolished as emperor, changed the title of Zhou, established the regime of Wu Zhou, and produced the only female emperor in China history.

Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, ascended the throne in 7 12. After he ascended the throne, he made some major reforms in view of the shortcomings of political affairs at that time. On the basis of Zhenguan's rule, the society in the Tang Dynasty developed further, the social economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, and the national strength was significantly enhanced. Thousands of years of feudal society reached the peak of prosperity here.

Conscription system: In the 10th year of Kaiyuan (722), Emperor Xuanzong of Tang adopted a proposal and ordered a new method to recruit Su Wei. From then on, the conscription system was changed to the conscription system. This change in the conscription system has had a great impact on social politics and military affairs in the future. The conscription system was implemented in the late Song Dynasty, the early Ming Dynasty, the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

An Shi Rebellion: An Lushan, who was also an envoy of Fan Yang, Hedong and Pinglu, won the trust of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty. He was heavily armed and had different ambitions. In 755 AD, An Lushan and his Ministry Shi Siming, who had been plotting for a long time, rebelled against the Tang Dynasty in the name of attacking Yang, and the Anshi Rebellion broke out. In 763, the Anshi Rebellion, which lasted for eight years, finally subsided. The civil strife turned the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline.

The separatist regime of the vassal regions: After the Anshi Rebellion, the influence of local governors was further expanded, and the vassal regions under their control became independent kingdoms, but the central government was unable to control them, resulting in a situation of strong cadres and weak branches. The buffer regions ruled by Zhang Zhongzhi, Tian and Li Huaixian respect the court on the surface, but in fact they are in charge of their own taxes. The separatist regime in the buffer region made the political situation in the late Tang Dynasty extremely turbulent.

Two tax laws: In the first year of Tang Jianzhong (780), Tang Dezong adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Yang Yan and promulgated and implemented two tax laws, which was a major change in the ancient tax system and became a basic tax system used by later feudal rulers.

Eunuch autocracy: In the later years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, eunuchs began to intervene in state affairs. The Anshi Rebellion was put down. After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, seven of the 12 emperors were controlled by eunuchs and three were killed by eunuchs. Eunuchs not only controlled the state affairs, but also ran amok, annexed a lot of land and occupied private fields, which brought great disasters to the country and the people and were the confidants of the feudal dynasty.

Yongzhen's innovation: The eunuch monopolized the power and surpassed it in the late Tang Dynasty, which had a fierce conflict with the court. In the twenty-first year of Zhenyuan (805), with the support of the emperor, the reformists headed by Wang launched the Yongzheng reform movement aimed at changing the eunuch monopoly. Yongzhen's innovation lasted for about half a year, and finally failed. The eunuch disaster continued until the end of the Tang Dynasty.

Peasant Uprising in Late Tang Dynasty: In 874-884, Wang Xianzhi Huang Chao led the peasant uprising in Late Tang Dynasty, which was the first peasant uprising that held high the banner of "average".

There were many coups in the Tang Dynasty. I'll extract it for you.