There are many caves in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River in northern China. In Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Shanxi and other loess areas, local residents dig horizontal holes in natural earth walls, often connecting several holes, adding bricks and stones in the holes to build caves. Cave dwellings are fire-proof, noise-proof, warm in winter and cool in summer, land-saving, economical and labor-saving, and organically combine nature and life scenes. It is a perfect architectural form adapted to local conditions, which permeates people's love and attachment to the yellow land. /chinaabc/ China Northern Dwellings and Geographical Environment China has a long history, a vast territory, diverse natural environment and different social and economic environments. In the long historical development process, different forms of residential buildings have gradually formed in various places. This traditional residential building is deeply branded with geographical environment and vividly reflects the relationship between man and nature. Beijing quadrangle is a traditional residence in Beijing and even in North China. Its basic feature is that houses and courtyards are symmetrically arranged according to the north-south axis, facing south, and the gate is generally opened in the southeast corner. There is a screen wall inside the door, so outsiders can't see the activities in the yard. The main room is located on the central axis, with side wing and left and right wing. The principal room is the living room of the elders, and the wing room is for the younger generation. This solemn layout also embodies the orthodox and rigorous traditional character of the people in North China. Beijing has a warm temperate and semi-humid continental monsoon climate, with little snow in winter and heavy sandstorm in spring. Therefore, the residential design pays attention to heat preservation, cold protection, wind protection and sand avoidance, and is surrounded by brick walls. The whole yard is surrounded by houses and walls, hard gable roofs, thick walls and roofs. Mongolian yurts are typical tent houses in Inner Mongolia, and felt yurts are the most common. Due to the needs of nomadic life, herders in temperate grasslands of Inner Mongolia live in felt bags that are easy to disassemble and migrate. Mongolian herders traditionally live on aquatic plants and migrate four times a year, which are called "Chunwa, Xiagang, Qiu Ping and Dongyang". Therefore, yurts are the product of mobile grazing in grassland areas. Ningxia residence Ningxia is located in the northwest, far from the ocean, with less precipitation, large temperature difference, severe cold climate, obvious continental climate characteristics, dry and windy winter and spring, and prevailing northerly winds, so the residence generally does not open the north window. In order to keep warm and cold, a box courtyard is adopted. The house is compact and the roof form is one slope and two slopes coexist. Cave dwelling in northern Shaanxi is a common house form in northern Shaanxi and even the whole loess plateau. It is divided into cliff kiln, ground prevention kiln and masonry kiln. Cliff kiln is a small kiln dug in the vertical plane of loess, with holes connected or several floors up and down; Pit kiln is to dig a deep pit in the soil layer, so that the artificial cliff surface can dig caves on it; Masonry kiln is a one-story or two-story arch house built with bricks, stones or adobe on the ground. The climate of the Loess Plateau is relatively dry, and the loess has the characteristics of uniform texture, good cementation and straightness, with loose soil and easy excavation. Therefore, local people creatively dig holes according to local conditions, which not only saves building materials, but also has the advantages of being warm in winter and cool in summer. In recent years, because pit caves are difficult to defend against floods, with the improvement of economic conditions, some places have abandoned the construction of pit caves and built brick-wood houses on the ground. Shanxi, Shandong Taihang Mountain Shanxi and Shandong Jiaodong hilly areas have similar residential forms, with single houses, gatehouses and sloping roofs on both sides. Because mountains are high and stones are common, according to the traditional principle of using local materials for building materials. So there are more houses with masonry structure. Brick carvings and other decorations are also common in Shanxi folk houses. The latitudes of the two places are similar, but the precipitation is different, so the roof slope is slightly different. The former has a higher terrain, and the Taihang Mountain in the southeast blocks the ocean airflow, with little precipitation ( 700mm/ year) and steep roof slope, which is convenient for drainage. Selected from middle school geography teaching reference/edu/freeja/cz/banianji/rjbxkbdl/200605/edu _ 334519.html.