Shang Dynasty (1600- 1046) is a dynasty after Xia Dynasty in China history. In the summer of 1600 BC, Shang Tang, the leader of the Shang tribe, was established, and the Shang Dynasty experienced 17 generations of 3 1 kings. After 554 years, it was destroyed by Zhou Wuwang before104665438+1October 20th. In the early Shang dynasty, the capital was moved many times. When Pan Geng was in office, it was decided in Yin. From then on, Shang Dynasty was also called Yin Dynasty. After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, there was a long-term struggle for the throne between the ruling classes of Shang Dynasty from Zhong Ding to Pan Geng for more than 100 years. The history of Shang Dynasty entered a period of mid-decline. In order to get rid of political turmoil and disasters, he moved the capital five times: Zhong Ding moved from Bo to Tao (now Xingyang, Henan); He moved from the hustle and bustle (now Henan Huang); Zu Ti Jupi (now Dingtao); Nan Geng moved from the bomb shelter to the election (now Qufu, Shandong Province); Pan Geng moved from Yan to Yin (now Anyang City, Henan Province). Pan Geng's move to Yin was a major turning point in the history of Shang Dynasty, which reversed the decline of Shang Dynasty and embarked on the road of rejuvenation, resulting in the political situation of "Ning Min Xing Yin, Dao Min Xing". From then on, the Shang Dynasty ended the turbulent years of moving the capital for many times, until the demise of the Shang Dynasty, and never moved the capital again, ushered in a new period of political, economic and cultural development. After Pan Geng moved to Xinyi, this place was not called Yin at that time, Oracle Bone Inscriptions called it "the merchant of Dayi", and Shang Dynasty didn't call it Yin. After the demise of the Zhou Dynasty, the Shang Dynasty named the hunting area near Shangdu as Yuan Yin in order to show its contempt for merchants. Therefore, Shang Dynasty was also called Yin or Yin Shang. This Shang dynasty king was destroyed after the demise of King Wu, gradually abandoned and became a ruin, so it was called "Yin Ruins".
Shang Dynasty (about 1600- 1046) is a dynasty after Xia Dynasty in China history. In the summer of about 1600 BC, Shang Tang, the leader of the Shang tribe, was founded, and the Shang Dynasty experienced 3 17 kings. More than 500 years later, it was destroyed by Zhou Wuwang before104665438+1October 20th.
Western scholars generally believe that Xia Dynasty is just a legendary dynasty in China, and there is no conclusive evidence to prove the existence of Xia Dynasty in history, so the first dynasty in China should be Shang Dynasty. Moreover, according to their civilization standards, the history of China's civilization can only be counted from Pan Geng to the Shang Dynasty at most, that is to say, the history of China's civilization is actually only 3,000 years, not 5,000 years as China scholars said.
At the end of the Xia dynasty, the internal affairs of the Xia royal family were not repaired, and foreign invasions continued. After Jie ascended the throne, he didn't think about reform, and he was arrogant and extravagant. The four princes betrayed each other one after another. Around 1600 BC, Tang, the leader of the Shang tribe, joined forces with other tribes to destroy the Xia Dynasty and established the Shang Dynasty. The capital of Shang Dynasty was in Bo (now Shangqiu, Henan Province). After the demise of Xia Dynasty, the capital moved west and was still called Bo (now Yanshi, Henan Province).
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Shang Tang adopted the policy of "forgiving the people and governing the people", and its national strength grew stronger with the assistance of sages Yi Yin and Zhong Zhong. After Shang Tang's death, because his son Dading died early, Dading's brother Vaic succeeded him. After the death of Waic, his brother Zhong Ren succeeded to the throne; After Zhong Ren's death, Tai Jia, the son of Dading, succeeded to the throne. Tai Jia ascended the throne for three years, and was put into the children's palace by Yi Yin because of his tyranny. Tai Jia lived in Tonggong for three years, repented and blamed himself, and Yi Yin welcomed Tai Jia back to his office. The later dignitaries deposed the emperor, calling it "doing the things of Yi Yin Huo Guang".
In the early Shang dynasty, the capital was moved many times. When Pan Geng was in office, he made his capital in Yin (now Anyang, Henan) and settled down. From then on, Shang Dynasty was also called Yin Dynasty. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the social economy of Shang Dynasty developed further. It was not until Wu Ding ascended the throne that the Shang Dynasty came out to crusade, conquered many small countries around it, expanded its territory and reached its peak.
After Wu Ding's death, the Shang Dynasty gradually declined. Di Xin (Shang Zhouwang), the last king of Shang Dynasty, greatly promoted the development of southeast China and the economic and cultural exchanges between Huaihe River Basin and Yangtze River Basin. However, due to years of war, the large-scale construction of Gong Qiong Yao Tai has greatly consumed social manpower and material resources and intensified social contradictions. Zhou Wuwang joined forces with Qiang, Kuai, Lu and other tribes and fought against * * * until it reached Chao Ge (now Qixian County, Hebi City, Henan Province). The slaves, unwilling to work for the dissolute and extravagant Zhou Wang, defected one after another. After the Battle of Makino, Zhou Wang set himself on fire, the Shang Dynasty perished and the Zhou Dynasty was established.
The sphere of influence of the Shang Dynasty was east to the sea, west to the west of Shaanxi Province, northeast to Liaoning Province, and south to the south of the Yangtze River (excluding southwest areas such as Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou). At that time, it was a world power, but the main ruling area was the Central Plains. Bo (now south of Cao County, Shandong Province) moved its capital many times, and later Pan Geng moved its capital to Yin (now Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province), so the Shang Dynasty was also called Yin.
The Shang Dynasty established a relatively complete set of state institutions. The central government has two institutions: Qingshiliang, who manages government affairs, and Taishiliao, who presides over sacrifices. The local government used Hou and Bumbo to strengthen its rule over various places, and a large number of imperial guards appeared. At the same time, the Shang royal family also had a large number of weapons and troops, and the nobles also set up cruel criminal laws and prisons. In addition, he also used religious thoughts to consolidate his dominant position. Shang Zhouwang even claimed to be the representative of "God" on earth, combining theocracy with kingship.
Agriculture in Shang Dynasty was relatively developed, and it was possible to make wine with various grains, and it was already possible to cast exquisite bronzes and white pottery. Due to the development of exchange, early cities appeared, which were developed countries in the world at that time. Due to the commercial development of Shang Dynasty, there were frequent economic and trade exchanges with neighboring countries. Today, the word merchant originated from the appellation of Shang people in neighboring countries at that time. Agriculture is the most important economic sector, and farmland has relatively neat planning. Farmland crops include Lebanon, millet, rice and wheat, and intertillage was invented. There is sericulture and the textile industry has developed; In Shang Dynasty, besides six animals, elephants were domesticated, and animal husbandry was quite developed.